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Graça D, Arias-Real R, Fernandes I, Cássio F, Pascoal C. Fungal identity mediates the impacts of multiple stressors on freshwater ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173466. [PMID: 38788941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Predicting how multiple anthropogenic stressors affect natural ecosystems is a major challenge in ecology. Freshwater ecosystems are threatened worldwide by multiple co-occurring stressors, which can affect aquatic biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing. In stream ecosystems, aquatic fungi play a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles and food web dynamics, therefore, assessing the functional consequences of fungal biodiversity loss under multiple stressors is crucial. Here, a microcosm approach was used to investigate the effects of multiple stressors (increased temperature and nutrients, drying, and biodiversity loss) on three ecosystem processes: organic matter decomposition, fungal reproduction, and fungal biomass accrual. Net effects of stressors were antagonistic for organic matter decomposition, but additive for fungal reproduction and biomass accrual. Net effects of biodiversity were mainly positive for all processes, even under stress, demonstrating that diversity assures the maintenance of ecosystem processes. Fungal species displayed distinct contributions to each ecosystem process. Furthermore, species with negligible contributions under control conditions changed their role under stress, either enhancing or impairing the communities' performance, emphasizing the importance of fungal species identity. Our study highlights that distinct fungal species have different sensitivities to environmental variability and have different influence on the overall performance of the community. Therefore, preserving high fungal diversity is crucial to maintain fungal species with key ecosystem functions within aquatic communities in face of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Graça
- CBMA, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Rebeca Arias-Real
- CBMA, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- CBMA, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- CBMA, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- CBMA, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Camelo FRB, Tonin AM, Salgueiro L, Sena G, Braga I, Medeiros AO, Gonçalves Júnior JF. Tropical stream microcosms of isolated fungal species suggest nutrient enrichment does not accelerate decomposition but might inhibit fungal biomass production. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6843576. [PMID: 36416839 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial leaf litter is an essential energy source in forest streams and in many tropical streams, including Cerrado, litter undergoes biological decomposition mainly by fungi. However, there is a limited understanding of the contribution of isolated fungal species to in-stream litter decomposition in the tropics. Here we set a full factorial microcosms experiment using four fungal species (Aquanectria penicillioides, Lunulospora curvula, Pestalotiopsis submerses, and Pestalotiopsis sp.) incubated in isolation, two litter types (rapid and slow decomposing litter) and two nutrient levels (natural and enriched), all characteristics of Cerrado streams, to elucidate the role of isolated fungal species on litter decomposition. We found that all fungal species promoted litter mass loss but with contributions that varied from 1% to 8% of the initial mass. The fungal species decomposed 1.5 times more the slow decomposing litter and water nutrient enrichment had no effect on their contribution to mass loss. In contrast, fungal biomass was reduced by nutrient enrichment and was different among fungal species. We showed fungal contribution to decomposition depends on fungal identity and litter type, but not on water nutrients. These findings suggest that the identity of fungal species and litter types may have more important repercussions to in-stream decomposition than moderate nutrient enrichment in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan M Tonin
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB) 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Laís Salgueiro
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB) 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Sena
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB) 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Isabela Braga
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB) 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Adriana Oliveira Medeiros
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia 40170-115, Campus Ondina, Salvador, Brazil
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Trabulo J, Pradhan A, Pascoal C, Cássio F. Can microplastics from personal care products affect stream microbial decomposers in the presence of silver nanoparticles? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155038. [PMID: 35390375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants of great concern due to their abundance and persistence over time in aquatic environments. However, studies on their impacts on freshwater organisms are scarce. In resemblance, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are incorporated into textiles and personal care products and are also classified as emerging contaminants. We used the leaf litter decomposition model system to investigate the effects of MPs from a commercially used personal care product, alone or in mixture with Ag-NPs, on the diversity and activities of freshwater microbial decomposers. We exposed stream microbial communities associated with leaf litter to increasing concentrations of MPs (polyethylene extracted from a personal care product; 100 μg L-1 up to 1 g L-1 5 concentrations plus 1 control) for 27 days in the absence or presence of Ag-NPs (0.1 mg L-1 and 1 mg L-1). The exposure to MPs, alone or in mixture with Ag-NPs, negatively affected fungal diversity and sporulation, with a reduction in leaf litter decomposition (Cohen's d > 1.5; r> 0.8; Bonferroni, P < 0.01). Shifts in community structure of sporulating fungi were observed, and effects were more pronounced in mixtures with Ag-NPs at the highest concentration. Mixtures of MPs with Ag-NPs (at the higher concentration) had the strongest impacts on extracellular enzymatic (β-glucosidase, Cohen's d > 1; r > 0.5; phenol oxidase, Cohen's d > 1; r > 0.4) activities (ANOVAs, P < 0.05). Apart from sporulation rates, observed toxicity in mixtures was lower than that expected based on individual toxicity effects, mainly for higher concentrations (Bonferroni, P < 0.05). Our study provided evidence of the potential harmful effects of MPs, alone or in mixtures with Ag-NPs, on the activities of aquatic fungi and on a key ecosystem process, determinant to organic matter turnover in streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Trabulo
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Biology Department, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Arunava Pradhan
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Biology Department, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Biology Department, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Biology Department, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Du J, Qv W, Niu Y, Yuan S, Zhang L, Yang H, Zhang Y. Co-exposures of acid rain and ZnO nanoparticles accelerate decomposition of aquatic leaf litter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128141. [PMID: 34968844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of acid rain is dependent on the ratio of SO42- and NO3-, which change may affect the dissolution activity of dull heavy metals in the aquatic environment and further complicate the ongoing challenge of ecosystem stability and increase risks. In this study, we assessed the combined effects of acid rain (SO42-: NO3- was 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) and ZnO nanoparticles (30 ng L-1) on plant litter decomposition through a microcosm experiment. The highest dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles was achieved when the SO42-: NO3- ratio was 1:2, and there were no significant differences among other treatments. The fungal biomass showed significant decreases under acute exposures but tended to be adaptive during chronic exposures. The co-exposure significantly stimulated the activities of leucine-aminopeptidase, glycine-aminopeptidase, polyphenol oxidase, and cellobiohydrolase. Besides, the fungal diversity and the relative abundance of some functional genera (e.g. Anguillospora) were enhanced when the SO42-: NO3- ratio was 1:2 and 2:1. In conclusion, the decomposition rate of plant litter was increased by 123-204% by co-exposures. Collectively, the findings underline the importance of considering environmental context to assess nanoparticle toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Du
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Treatment and Resource, China National Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Henan Province, China.
| | - Wenrui Qv
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yulong Niu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaikang Yuan
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huilian Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
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Fenoy E, Pradhan A, Pascoal C, Rubio-Ríos J, Batista D, Moyano-López FJ, Cássio F, Casas JJ. Elevated temperature may reduce functional but not taxonomic diversity of fungal assemblages on decomposing leaf litter in streams. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:115-127. [PMID: 34651383 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to a linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (B-EF). Global drivers, such as warming and nutrient enrichment, can alter species richness and composition of aquatic fungal assemblages associated with leaf-litter decomposition, a key ecosystem process in headwater streams. However, effects of biodiversity changes on ecosystem functions might be countered by the presumed high functional redundancy of fungal species. Here, we examined how environmental variables and leaf-litter traits (based on leaf chemistry) affect taxonomic and functional α- and β-diversity of fungal decomposers. We analysed taxonomic diversity (DNA-fingerprinting profiles) and functional diversity (community-level physiological profiles) of fungal communities in four leaf-litter species from four subregions differing in stream-water characteristics and riparian vegetation. We hypothesized that increasing stream-water temperature and nutrients would alter taxonomic diversity more than functional diversity due to the functional redundancy among aquatic fungi. Contrary to our expectations, fungal taxonomic diversity varied little with stream-water characteristics across subregions, and instead taxon replacement occurred. Overall taxonomic β-diversity was fourfold higher than functional diversity, suggesting a high degree of functional redundancy among aquatic fungi. Elevated temperature appeared to boost assemblage uniqueness by increasing β-diversity while the increase in nutrient concentrations appeared to homogenize fungal assemblages. Functional richness showed a negative relationship with temperature. Nonetheless, a positive relationship between leaf-litter decomposition and functional richness suggests higher carbon use efficiency of fungal communities in cold waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnación Fenoy
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), Almería, Spain
| | - Arunava Pradhan
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Juan Rubio-Ríos
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), Almería, Spain
| | - Daniela Batista
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Fernanda Cássio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - J Jesús Casas
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), Almería, Spain
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Abstract
AbstractInvestigating the influence of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning over environmental gradients is needed to anticipate ecosystem responses to global change. However, our understanding of the functional role of freshwater biodiversity, especially for microbes, is mainly based on manipulative experiments, where biodiversity and environmental variability are minimized. Here, we combined observational and manipulative experiments to analyse how fungal biodiversity responds to and mediates the impacts of drying on two key ecosystem processes: organic matter decomposition and fungal biomass accrual. Our observational data set consists of fungal biodiversity and ecosystem processes from 15 streams spanning a natural gradient of flow intermittence. Our manipulative design evaluates the responses of ecosystem processes to two fungal richness levels crossed with three levels of drying. For the observational experiment, we found that increasing the duration of drying reduced fungal species richness and caused compositional changes. Changes in species composition were driven by species turnover, suggesting resistance mechanisms to cope with drying. We also found that fungal richness had a positive effect on organic matter decomposition and fungal biomass accrual. Positive effects of fungal biodiversity were consistent when controlling for the effects of drying duration on richness by means of structural equation modelling. In addition, our results for the manipulative experiment showed that the positive effects of higher richness on both ecosystem processes were evident even when exposed to short or long simulated drying. Overall, our study suggests that maintaining high levels of biodiversity is crucial for maintaining functional freshwater ecosystems in response to ongoing and future environmental changes.
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Baudy P, Zubrod JP, Konschak M, Kolbenschlag S, Pollitt A, Baschien C, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Fungal-fungal and fungal-bacterial interactions in aquatic decomposer communities: bacteria promote fungal diversity. Ecology 2021; 102:e03471. [PMID: 34260739 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fungi produce a variety of extracellular enzymes making recalcitrant substrates bioavailable. Thus, fungi are central for decomposition of dead organic matter such as leaf litter. Despite their ecological importance, our understanding of relationships between fungal species diversity and ecosystem functioning is limited, especially with regard to aquatic habitats. Moreover, fungal interactions with other groups of microorganisms such as bacteria are rarely investigated. This lack of information may be attributed to methodological limitations in tracking the biomass of individual fungal species in communities, impeding a detailed assessment of deviations from the overall performance expected from the sum of individual species' performances, so-called net diversity effects (NDEs). We used fungal species-specific biomolecular tools to target fungal-fungal and fungal-bacterial interactions on submerged leaves using four cosmopolitan aquatic fungal species and a stream microbial community dominated by bacteria. In microcosms, we experimentally manipulated fungal diversity and bacterial absence/presence and assessed functional performances and fungal community composition after 14 days of incubation. Fungal community data was used to evaluate NDEs on leaf colonization. The individual fungal species were functionally distinct and fungal cultures were on average more efficient than the bacterial culture. In absence of bacteria, NDEs correlated with growth rate (negatively) and genetic divergence (positively), but were predominantly negative, suggesting that higher fungal diversity led to a lower colonization success (niche overlap). In both absence and presence of bacteria, the overall functional performances of the communities were largely defined by their composition (i.e., no interactions at the functional level). In presence of bacteria, NDEs correlated with genetic divergence (positively) and were largely positive, suggesting higher fungal diversity stimulated colonization (niche complementarity). This stimulation may be driven by a bacteria-induced inhibition of fungal growth, alleviating competition among fungi. Resulting feedback loops eventually promote fungal coexistence and synergistic interactions. Nonetheless, overall functional performances are reduced compared to bacteria-free cultures. These findings highlight the necessity to conduct future studies, investigating biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships using artificial systems, without exclusion of key organisms naturally co-occurring in the compartment of interest. Otherwise, study outcomes might not reflect true ecological relationships and ultimately misguide conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
- Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, Eußerthal, D-76857, Germany
| | - Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
| | - Sara Kolbenschlag
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
| | - Annika Pollitt
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, Braunschweig, D-38124, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
- Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, Eußerthal, D-76857, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, Uppsala, SWE-75007, Sweden
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Duarte S, Antunes B, Trabulo J, Seena S, Cássio F, Pascoal C. Intraspecific diversity affects stress response and the ecological performance of a cosmopolitan aquatic fungus. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Quality and quantity of leaf litter: Both are important for feeding preferences and growth of an aquatic shredder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208272. [PMID: 30540796 PMCID: PMC6291097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of leaf litter as a resource for shredders has emerged as a key topic in trophic links in ecology. However, thus far, most studies have emphasized the leaf quality as one of the main determinants of shredder behaviour and growth without simultaneously considering the leaf quantity availability. Nevertheless, the combined effects of leaf quantity and quality on shredder behaviour and growth is particularly crucial to further understand how ecosystem functioning may respond to the increasing flow intermittency due to climate change. In this study, we explore how changes in the leaf litter quality and quantity influence the feeding preferences and growth of an invertebrate shredder (Potamophylax latipennis). To do so, we used black poplar leaves conditioned in two streams with different flow regimens as a food resource. Afterwards, using a microcosm approach, we offered leaf discs that varied in terms of leaf quantity and quality to P. latipennis. Our results showed that flow intermittency had a negative effect on the quality of the food resource, and a lower quality had a negative effect on the consumption and growth rates of P. latipennis. Furthermore, we found that P. latipennis fed selectively on higher quality leaves even though the availability (quantity) of this resource was lower. In the context of climate change, with higher aridity/drier conditions/scenarios, our findings suggest that a decrease in the availability (quantity) of high-quality resources could potentially threaten links in global fluvial food webs and thus threaten ecosystem functioning.
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Gonçalves AL, Carvalho A, Bärlocher F, Canhoto C. Are fungal strains from salinized streams adapted to salt-rich conditions? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:rstb.2018.0018. [PMID: 30509917 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic salinization of freshwater is a global problem with largely unknown consequences for stream functions. We compared the effects of salt addition (6 g l-1 NaCl) in microcosms on leaf mass loss and microbial parameters in single- and multispecies assemblages of fungal strains (Heliscus lugdunensis, HELU; Tetracladium marchalianum, TEMA; Flagellospora curta, FLCU) isolated from a reference (R) or salinized (S) stream. Fungal growth and interactions were also assessed. Salinization inhibited leaf decomposition and fungal biomass, but no differences were observed between species, strains or species combinations. Sporulation rates in monocultures were not affected by added salt, but differed among species (FLCU > HELU > TEMA), with S strains releasing more conidia. Fungal assemblages did not differ significantly in total conidia production (either between strains or medium salt concentration). HELU was the dominant species, which also had highest growth and most pronounced antagonistic behaviour. Fungal species, irrespective of origin, largely maintained their function in salinized streams. Strains from salt-contaminated streams did not trade-off conidial production for vegetative growth at high salt levels. The expected reduction of fungal diversity and potential changes in nutritional litter quality owing to salinization may impact leaf incorporation into secondary production in streams.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Gonçalves
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Carvalho
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Felix Bärlocher
- Department of Biology, Mt. Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada E4L1G7
| | - Cristina Canhoto
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Canhoto C, Simões S, Gonçalves AL, Guilhermino L, Bärlocher F. Stream salinization and fungal-mediated leaf decomposition: A microcosm study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1638-1645. [PMID: 28535592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is of major global concern due to its effect on stream biota, and ecosystem functions and services. In small streams, litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process driven by decomposers, mainly fungi (aquatic hyphomycetes), which link litter and invertebrates. Here we assessed the effects of an environmentally relevant range of salt additions (0, 2, 4, 8, 16gL-1 NaCl) on (1) fungal growth and species-specific reproductive output and (2) fungal mediated-decomposition of Quercus robur leaves. Growth rates of eight out of nine species of aquatic hyphomycetes were negatively affected by salinity at concentrations ≥4gL-1. EC50s were species-specific and ≥7.80gL-1. Distinct thresholds were observed for reproduction: only five species sporulated at 2gL-1, and a single one (Flagellospora curta) sporulated at 4 and 8gL-1 NaCl. Based on these results, we evaluated if tolerant fungal assemblages, with increasingly fewer species (9, 5, 1), were able to maintain similar functional functions and processes at the different salt levels. No significant differences were found in oak mass loss or sporulation rates at 0 or 2gL-1 NaCl; a clear inhibition of both parameters was observed at the highest concentrations (i.e., 4 and 8gL-1 NaCl). Different dominance patterns in multi-species fungal assemblages may determine bottom-up impacts on the stream food webs through effects on detritivore feeding preferences. Specific growth rate, characterized by RNA concentration, was higher in the single species, at the highest salt-concentration, and lower in the 9-species assemblage. Respiration was almost 2-times higher in mixed assemblages without added salt. Under salt-contamination, trade-offs between growth and sporulation seem to guarantee high levels of fungal growth and decomposition, particularly in multi-species assemblages. In the presence of salt contamination, aquatic hyphomycetes, even at reduced diversity, remain important drivers of leaf decomposition and ensure organic matter recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Canhoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sara Simões
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Gonçalves
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS & CIIMAR, University of Porto, CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health, ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, Department of Population Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Felix Bärlocher
- Department of Biology, Mt. Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L1G7, Canada
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Zubrod JP, Englert D, Wolfram J, Rosenfeldt RR, Feckler A, Bundschuh R, Seitz F, Konschak M, Baudy P, Lüderwald S, Fink P, Lorke A, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Long-term effects of fungicides on leaf-associated microorganisms and shredder populations-an artificial stream study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2178-2189. [PMID: 28160498 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf litter is a major source of carbon and energy for stream food webs, while both leaf-decomposing microorganisms and macroinvertebrate leaf shredders can be affected by fungicides. Despite the potential for season-long fungicide exposure for these organisms, however, such chronic exposures have not yet been considered. Using an artificial stream facility, effects of a chronic (lasting up to 8 wk) exposure to a mixture of 5 fungicides (sum concentration 20 μg/L) on leaf-associated microorganisms and the key leaf shredder Gammarus fossarum were therefore assessed. While bacterial density and microorganism-mediated leaf decomposition remained unaltered, fungicide exposure reduced fungal biomass (≤71%) on leaves from day 28 onward. Gammarids responded to the combined stress from consumption of fungicide-affected leaves and waterborne exposure with a reduced abundance (≤18%), which triggered reductions in final population biomass (18%) and in the number of precopula pairs (≤22%) but could not fully explain the decreased leaf consumption (19%), lipid content (≤43%; going along with an altered composition of fatty acids), and juvenile production (35%). In contrast, fine particulate organic matter production and stream respiration were unaffected. Our results imply that long-term exposure of leaf-associated fungi and shredders toward fungicides may result in detrimental implications in stream food webs and impairments of detrital material fluxes. These findings render it important to understand decomposer communities' long-term adaptational capabilities to ensure that functional integrity is safeguarded. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2178-2189. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Dominic Englert
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Jakob Wolfram
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ricki R Rosenfeldt
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- nEcoTox, Schifferstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Feckler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Frank Seitz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- nEcoTox, Schifferstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Konschak
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Simon Lüderwald
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Fink
- Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Lorke
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Barros D, Oliveira P, Pascoal C, Cássio F. Ethanol and phenanthrene increase the biomass of fungal assemblages and decrease plant litter decomposition in streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:489-495. [PMID: 27186876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, particularly aquatic hyphomycetes, have been recognized as playing a dominant role in microbial decomposition of plant litter in streams. In this study, we used a microcosm experiment with different levels of fungal diversity (species number and identity) using monocultures and combinations with up to five aquatic hyphomycete species (Articulospora tetracladia, Tricladium splendens, Heliscus submersus, Tetrachaetum elegans and Flagellospora curta) to assess the effects of ethanol and phenanthrene on three functional measures: plant litter decomposition, fungal biomass accrual and reproduction. Alder leaves were conditioned by fungi for 7days and then were exposed to phenanthrene (1mgL(-1)) dissolved in ethanol (0.1% final concentration) or ethanol (at the concentration used to solubilise phenanthrene) for further 24days. Exposure to ethanol alone or in combination with phenanthrene decreased leaf decomposition and fungal reproduction, but increased fungal biomass produced. All aspects of fungal activity varied with species number. Fungal activity in polycultures was generally higher than that expected from the sum of the weighted performances of participating species in monoculture, suggesting complementarity between species. However, the activity of fungi in polycultures did not exceed the activity of the most productive species either in the absence or presence of ethanol alone or with phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barros
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Oliveira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Andrade R, Pascoal C, Cássio F. Effects of inter and intraspecific diversity and genetic divergence of aquatic fungal communities on leaf litter decomposition—a microcosm experiment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw102. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Ferreira V, Koricheva J, Duarte S, Niyogi DK, Guérold F. Effects of anthropogenic heavy metal contamination on litter decomposition in streams - A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:261-270. [PMID: 26774191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many streams worldwide are affected by heavy metal contamination, mostly due to past and present mining activities. Here we present a meta-analysis of 38 studies (reporting 133 cases) published between 1978 and 2014 that reported the effects of heavy metal contamination on the decomposition of terrestrial litter in running waters. Overall, heavy metal contamination significantly inhibited litter decomposition. The effect was stronger for laboratory than for field studies, likely due to better control of confounding variables in the former, antagonistic interactions between metals and other environmental variables in the latter or differences in metal identity and concentration between studies. For laboratory studies, only copper + zinc mixtures significantly inhibited litter decomposition, while no significant effects were found for silver, aluminum, cadmium or zinc considered individually. For field studies, coal and metal mine drainage strongly inhibited litter decomposition, while drainage from motorways had no significant effects. The effect of coal mine drainage did not depend on drainage pH. Coal mine drainage negatively affected leaf litter decomposition independently of leaf litter identity; no significant effect was found for wood decomposition, but sample size was low. Considering metal mine drainage, arsenic mines had a stronger negative effect on leaf litter decomposition than gold or pyrite mines. Metal mine drainage significantly inhibited leaf litter decomposition driven by both microbes and invertebrates, independently of leaf litter identity; no significant effect was found for microbially driven decomposition, but sample size was low. Overall, mine drainage negatively affects leaf litter decomposition, likely through negative effects on invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ferreira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW200EX, UK
| | - Sofia Duarte
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dev K Niyogi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - François Guérold
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Université de Lorraine, UMR 7360, Campus Bridoux, Rue du Géneral Delestraint, 57070, Metz, France; LIEC, CNRS, UMR 7360, 57070, Metz, France
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16
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Kuehn KA. Lentic and lotic habitats as templets for fungal communities: traits, adaptations, and their significance to litter decomposition within freshwater ecosystems. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Carvalho F, Pascoal C, Cássio F, Sousa R. Direct and indirect effects of an invasive omnivore crayfish on leaf litter decomposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:714-720. [PMID: 26437346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) can disrupt important ecological functions in aquatic ecosystems; however, many of these effects are not quantified and remain speculative. In this study, we assessed the effects of the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) on leaf litter decomposition (a key ecosystem process) and associated invertebrates using laboratory and field manipulative experiments. The crayfish had significant impacts on leaf decomposition due to direct consumption of leaf litter and production of fine particulate organic matter, and indirectly due to consumption of invertebrate shredders. The invertebrate community did not appear to recognize P. clarkii as a predator, at least in the first stages after its introduction in the system; but this situation might change with time. Overall, results suggested that the omnivore invader P. clarkii has the potential to affect detritus-based food webs through consumption of basal resources (leaf litter) and/or consumers. Recognizing that this IAS is widespread in Europe, Asia and Africa, and may attain high density and biomass in aquatic ecosystems, our results are important to develop strategies for improving stream ecosystem functioning and to support management actions aiming to control the invasive omnivore P. clarkii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Carvalho
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ronaldo Sousa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IB-S, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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19
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Gonçalves AL, Graça MA, Canhoto C. Is diversity a buffer against environmental temperature fluctuations? – A decomposition experiment with aquatic fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Kitz F, Steinwandter M, Traugott M, Seeber J. Increased decomposer diversity accelerates and potentially stabilises litter decomposition. SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 83:138-141. [PMID: 25859058 PMCID: PMC4381298 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of decomposer diversity on litter decomposition in alpine areas. Especially under the premise that alpine ecosystems are very sensitive to global change and are currently undergoing extensive land-use changes, a better understanding is needed to predict how environmental change will affect litter decomposition. A mesocosm experiment was conducted to compare the effects of the most common and functionally diverse invertebrates (earthworms, millipedes and sciarid larvae) found in alpine soils on decomposition rates and to assess how decomposer diversity affects litter decomposition. Experimental and estimated (i.e. projected to field decomposer-biomass) litter mass loss was 13-33% higher in the three-species treatment. Notably, the variability in decomposition was greatly reduced when decomposer diversity was high, indicating a portfolio effect. Our results suggest that invertebrate decomposer diversity is essential for sustaining litter decomposition in alpine areas and for the stability of this service.
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21
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Kaur K, Gupta R, Saraf SA, Saraf SK. Zinc: The Metal of Life. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:358-376. [PMID: 33412710 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of zinc was 1st reported for Aspergillus niger. It took over 75 y to realize that zinc is also an essential trace element for rats, and an additional 30 y went by before it was recognized that this was also true for humans. The adult body contains about 2 to 3 g of zinc. Zinc is found in organs, tissues, bones, fluids, and cells. It is essential for many physiological functions and plays a significant role in a number of enzyme actions in the living systems. Bioinformatics estimates report that 10% of the human proteome contains zinc-binding sites. Based on its role in such a plethora of cellular components, zinc has diverse biological functions from enzymatic catalysis to playing a crucial role in cellular neuronal systems. Thus, based on the various published studies and reports, it is pertinent to state that zinc is one of the most important essential trace metals in human nutrition and lifestyle. Its deficiency may severely affect the homeostasis of a biological system. This review compiles the role of zinc in prophylaxis/therapeutics and provides current information about its effect on living beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljeet Kaur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Natl. Inst. of Technology and Management (BBD Univ.), Lucknow, India
| | - Rajiv Gupta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Natl. Inst. of Technology and Management (BBD Univ.), Lucknow, India
| | - Shubhini A Saraf
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SB&BT, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ., Lucknow, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Inst. of Technology, Lucknow, India
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22
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Björk JR, Díez-Vives C, Coma R, Ribes M, Montoya JM. Specificity and temporal dynamics of complex bacteria--sponge symbiotic interactions. Ecology 2014; 94:2781-91. [PMID: 24597224 DOI: 10.1890/13-0557.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are known to form intricate and intimate relationships with most animal and plant taxa. Microbe--host symbiotic associations are poorly explored in comparison with other species interaction networks. The current paradigm on symbiosis research stems from species-poor systems where pairwise and reciprocally specialized interactions between a single microbe and a single host that coevolve are the norm. These symbioses involving just a few species are fascinating in their own right, but more diverse and complex host-associated microbial communities are increasingly found, with new emerging questions that require new paradigms and approaches. Here we adopt an intermediate complexity approach to study the specificity, phylogenetic community structure, and temporal variability of the subset of the most abundant bacteria associated with different sponge host species with diverse eco-evolutionary characteristics. We do so by using a monthly resolved annual temporal series of host-associated and free-living bacteria. Bacteria are very abundant and diverse within marine sponges, and these symbiotic interactions are hypothesized to have a very ancient origin. We show that host-bacteria reciprocal specialization depends on the temporal scale and level of taxonomic aggregation considered. Sponge hosts with similar eco-evolutionary characteristics (e.g., volume of tissue corresponding to microbes, water filtering rates, and microbial transmission type) have similar bacterial phylogenetic community structure when looking at interactions aggregated over time. In general, sponge hosts hypothesized to form more intricate relationships with bacteria show a remarkably persistent bacterial community over time. Other hosts, however, show a large turnover similar to that observed for free-living bacterioplankton. Our study highlights the importance of exploring temporal variability in host--microbe interaction networks if we aim to determine how specific and persistent these poorly explored but extremely common interactions are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R Björk
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Díez-Vives
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Coma
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), Accés Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Spain
| | - Marta Ribes
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Montoya
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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25
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Pérez J, Descals E, Pozo J. Aquatic hyphomycete communities associated with decomposing alder leaf litter in reference headwater streams of the Basque Country (northern Spain). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 64:279-290. [PMID: 22354313 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The community of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with decomposing alder leaf litter was studied during autumn-winter in nine headwater reference streams of the Basque Country (northern Spain). In order to study the spatial variability in composition and community structure, three streams from each of three different river basins were compared. The colonization dynamics and community changes throughout the decomposition process were also followed in three of the rivers (one per basin). The taxonomic richness and community structure of these fungi varied among rivers, including similar streams of a given watershed. However, neither species diversity nor total abundance was statistically related to environmental variables. Only the conidial production of two of the species, Flagellospora curvula and Lunulospora curvula appeared to be enhanced by nitrate availability in the water. The taxonomic richness and the reproductive activity (sporulation rate) were positively related to the leaf litter decomposition rate. The changes in conidial production along the process were similar for all the streams and helped explain leaf litter quality dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez
- Laboratory of Stream Ecology, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
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Seena S, Duarte S, Pascoal C, Cássio F. Intraspecific variation of the aquatic fungus Articulospora tetracladia: an ubiquitous perspective. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35884. [PMID: 22558256 PMCID: PMC3338785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide-distributed aquatic fungus Articulospora tetracladia Ingold is a dominant sporulating species in streams of the Northwest Iberian Peninsula. To elucidate the genetic diversity of A. tetracladia, we analyzed isolates collected from various types of plant litter or foam in streams from North and Central Portugal and North Spain, between 2000 and 2010. Genetic diversity of these fungal populations was assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprints and by using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 barcodes. Moreover, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 barcodes of A. tetracladia reported in other parts of the world (Central Europe, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and Malaysia) were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI) and the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation Biological Resource Center (NBRC) to probe into genetic diversity of A. tetracladia. PCR-DGGE of ITS2 region of 50 Iberian fungal isolates distinguished eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which were similar to those obtained from neighboring trees based on ITS2 gene sequences. On the other hand, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 barcodes of 68 fungal isolates yielded nine OTUs, but five fungal isolates were not assigned to any of these OTUs. Molecular diversity was highest for OTU-8, which included only European isolates. Two haplotypes were observed within OTU-8 and OTU-9, while only one haplotype was found within each of the remaining OTUs. Malaysia did not share haplotypes with other countries. Overall results indicate that, apart from the Malaysian genotypes, A. tetracladia genotypes were geographically widespread irrespective of sampling time, sites or substrates. Furthermore, PCR-DGGE appeared to be a rapid tool for assessing intraspecific diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahadevan Seena
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Proia L, Cassió F, Pascoal C, Tlili A, Romaní AM. The Use of Attached Microbial Communities to Assess Ecological Risks of Pollutants in River Ecosystems: The Role of Heterotrophs. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25722-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Krauss GJ, Solé M, Krauss G, Schlosser D, Wesenberg D, Bärlocher F. Fungi in freshwaters: ecology, physiology and biochemical potential. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:620-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Intraspecific traits change biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning under metal stress. Oecologia 2011; 166:1019-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Assessing the Contribution of Micro-Organisms and Macrofauna to Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning Relationships in Freshwater Microcosms. ADV ECOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385005-8.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Reiss J, Forster J, Cássio F, Pascoal C, Stewart R, Hirst AG. When Microscopic Organisms Inform General Ecological Theory. ADV ECOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385005-8.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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