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Leard E, Carmichael RH, Ortmann AC, Jones JL. Environmental Drivers of Vibrio cholerae Abundances in Mobile Bay, Alabama. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0173322. [PMID: 36692305 PMCID: PMC9927273 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01733-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the illness cholera. However, there are non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae (NOVC) strains that generally lack the toxin gene (ctx) and colonization factors that cause cholera. These NOVC strains are autochthonous members of estuarine environments and a significant cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis in the United States. The objective of this study was to identify environmental parameters that correlate with NOVC prevalence in oysters, water, and sediment at three ecologically diverse locations in Mobile Bay, AL, including Dog River (DR), Fowl River (FR), and Cedar Point (CP). Oyster, water, and sediment samples were collected twice a month when conditions were favorable for NOVC growth and once a month when they were not. A most probable number (MPN)/real-time PCR assay was used to determine NOVC abundances. Environmental parameters were measured during sampling to determine their relationship, if any, with NOVC at each site. NOVC abundances in oysters at DR, FR, and CP were 0.87, 0.87, and -0.13 log MPN/g, respectively. In water, the median NOVC levels at DR, FR, and CP were 1.18, -0.13, and -0.82 log MPN/mL, and in sediment, the levels were 1.48, 1.87, and -0.03 log MPN/g, respectively. Correlations of NOVC abundances in oyster, water, and sediment samples with environmental parameters were largely site specific. For example, the levels of NOVC in oysters at DR had a positive correlation with temperature but a negative correlation with dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrient concentrations, NO2-, NO3-, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). At FR, however, the levels of NOVC in oysters displayed only a negative correlation with NO2-. When grouping NOVC abundances by temperature, the main driving factor for prevalence, additional correlations with salinity, total cell counts, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) became evident regardless of the site. IMPORTANCE NOVC can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, which typically occurs after the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. Incidence rates of NOVC gastroenteritis have increased during the past decade. In this study, NOVC was enumerated from oysters, sediment, and water collected at three sites in Mobile Bay, with environmental parameters measured concurrently over the course of a year, to identify potential environmental drivers of NOVC abundances. The data from this study, from an area lacking in V. cholerae research, provide a useful baseline for risk analysis of V. cholerae infections. Defining correlations between NOVC and environmental attributes at different sites and temperatures within a dynamic system such as Mobile Bay provides valuable data to better understand the occurrence and proliferation of V. cholerae in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Leard
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Ruth H. Carmichael
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Alice C. Ortmann
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica L. Jones
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
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Sakihara E, Noge I, Suzuyama H, Takeoka H, Nabeshima S. Vibrio vulnificus sepsis after shrimp shelling in a patient with preexisting primary biliary cholangitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:27. [PMID: 36707865 PMCID: PMC9883871 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-03767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio vulnificus is typically present in seawater, fish, and shellfish, and is known to cause severe sepsis, particularly in patients with liver diseases such as cirrhosis. V. vulnificus is one of the most dangerous waterborne pathogens, and infection mainly occurs in western Japan during the summer, with an increased fatality rate. Herein, we report the case of a patient with primary biliary cholangitis and sepsis caused by V. vulnificus infection sustained through shrimp shelling. CASE PRESENTATION An 82-year-old Japanese Asian woman with no medical history or underlying disease developed redness, swelling, and pain, which extended from the right fingers to the upper arm. A diagnosis of sepsis due to cellulitis was made. Blood culture detected V. vulnificus; thus, minocycline was administered in addition to meropenem. The disease course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on day 28 of hospitalization. Symptoms in the right upper arm developed 1 day after the patient shelled a large number of shrimp; therefore, the infection route was assumed to be through wounds sustained during shrimp shelling. We suspected liver disease and measured serum anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody levels, leading to the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis. CONCLUSIONS As in this case, small wounds caused by handling fish and shrimp are a potential source of infection. Patients with severe V. vulnificus infection should be thoroughly assessed for the presence of liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eishi Sakihara
- grid.411556.20000 0004 0594 9821General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Ikuma Noge
- grid.411556.20000 0004 0594 9821General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Hiroki Suzuyama
- Tagawa Municipal Hospital, Tagawa City, Fukuoka Prefecture Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeoka
- grid.411556.20000 0004 0594 9821General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Shigeki Nabeshima
- grid.411556.20000 0004 0594 9821General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
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Vibrio spp.: Life Strategies, Ecology, and Risks in a Changing Environment. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vibrios are ubiquitous bacteria in aquatic systems, especially marine ones, and belong to the Gammaproteobacteria class, the most diverse class of Gram-negative bacteria. The main objective of this review is to update the information regarding the ecology of Vibrio species, and contribute to the discussion of their potential risk in a changing environment. As heterotrophic organisms, Vibrio spp. live freely in aquatic environments, from marine depths to the surface of the water column, and frequently may be associated with micro- and macroalgae, invertebrates, and vertebrates such as fish, or live in symbiosis. Some Vibrio spp. are pathogenic to humans and animals, and there is evidence that infections caused by vibrios are increasing in the world. This rise may be related to global changes in human behavior (increases in tourism, maritime traffic, consumption of seafood, aquaculture production, water demand, pollution), and temperature. Most likely in the future, Vibrio spp. in water and in seafood will be monitored in order to safeguard human and animal health. Regulators of the microbiological quality of water (marine and freshwater) and food for human and animal consumption, professionals involved in marine and freshwater production chains, consumers and users of aquatic resources, and health professionals will be challenged to anticipate and mitigate new risks.
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Li HF, Wang MR, Tian LY, Li ZJ. Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Vibrio alginolyticus Strains Isolated from Salt Fields. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206283. [PMID: 34684864 PMCID: PMC8537743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus is a halophilic organism usually found in marine environments. It has attracted attention as an opportunistic pathogen of aquatic animals and humans, but there are very few reports on polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production using V. alginolyticus as the host. In this study, two V. alginolyticus strains, LHF01 and LHF02, isolated from water samples collected from salt fields were found to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) from a variety of sugars and organic acids. Glycerol was the best carbon source and yielded the highest PHB titer in both strains. Further optimization of the NaCl concentration and culture temperature improved the PHB titer from 1.87 to 5.08 g/L in V. alginolyticus LHF01. In addition, the use of propionate as a secondary carbon source resulted in the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). V. alginolyticus LHF01 may be a promising host for PHA production using cheap waste glycerol from biodiesel refining.
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Grimes DJ. The Vibrios: Scavengers, Symbionts, and Pathogens from the Sea. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:501-506. [PMID: 32440699 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio are major carbon cycle drivers in marine and estuarine environments. As is the case for most carbon cycle participants, the vibrios metabolize degradable compounds such as sugars and amino acids; they can also degrade some more recalcitrant compounds including hydrocarbons and lignins. Several vibrios are symbionts and even fewer are pathogenic for animals, including humans and marine animals and plants. This paper reviews Vibrio ecology, metabolism, and survival, and it also discusses select vibrios-V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. coralliilyticus, V. cortegadensis, V. fischeri, V. harveyi, V. harveyi var. carahariae, V. ordalii, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jay Grimes
- Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA.
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Application of Bayesian statistics to model Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with fishery products and their geographical distribution in China. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Froelich BA, Daines DA. In hot water: effects of climate change on Vibrio-human interactions. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4101-4111. [PMID: 32114705 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sea level rise and the anthropogenic warming of the world's oceans is not only an environmental tragedy, but these changes also result in a significant threat to public health. Along with coastal flooding and the encroachment of saltwater farther inland comes an increased risk of human interaction with pathogenic Vibrio species, such as Vibrio cholerae, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus. This minireview examines the current literature for updates on the climatic changes and practices that impact the location and duration of the presence of Vibrio spp., as well as the infection routes, trends and virulence factors of these highly successful pathogens. Finally, an overview of current treatments and methods for the mitigation of both oral and cutaneous exposures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Froelich
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA, 20110
| | - Dayle A Daines
- College of Sciences, Office of the Dean, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529
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Deeb R, Tufford D, Scott GI, Moore JG, Dow K. Impact of Climate Change on Vibrio vulnificus Abundance and Exposure Risk. ESTUARIES AND COASTS : JOURNAL OF THE ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION 2018; 41:2289-2303. [PMID: 31263385 PMCID: PMC6602088 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-018-0424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species are marine bacteria that occur in estuaries worldwide; many are virulent human pathogens with high levels of antibiotic resistance. The average annual incidence of all Vibrio infections has increased by 41% between 1996 and 2005. V. vulnificus (Vv), a species associated with shellfish and occurring in the US Southeast, has ranges of temperature (16-33 °C) and salinity (5-20 ppt) dependencies for optimal growth. Increased water temperatures caused by atmospheric warming and increased salinity gradients caused by sea level rise raise concerns for the effect of climate change on the geographic range of Vv and the potential for increased exposure risk. This research combined monthly field sampling, laboratory analysis, and modeling to identify the current occurrence of Vv in the Winyah Bay estuary (South Carolina, USA) and assess the possible effects of climate change on future geographic range and exposure risk in the estuary. Vv concentrations ranged from 0 to 58 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, salinities ranged from 0 to 28 ppt, and temperature from 18 to 31 °C. A significant empirical relationship was found between Vv concentration and salinity and temperature that fit well with published optimal ranges for growth for these environmental parameters. These results, when coupled with an existing model of future specific conductance, indicated that sea level rise has a greater impact on exposure risk than temperature increases in the estuary. Risk increased by as much as four times compared to current conditions with the largest temporally widespread increase at the most upriver site where currently there is minimal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Deeb
- School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Daniel Tufford
- Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Geoffrey I. Scott
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Janet Gooch Moore
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Kirstin Dow
- Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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9
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Toulouse C, Claussen B, Muras V, Fritz G, Steuber J. Strong pH dependence of coupling efficiency of the Na+ – translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR) of Vibrio cholerae. Biol Chem 2017; 398:251-260. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) is the entry site for electrons into the respiratory chain of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera disease. NQR couples the electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone to the translocation of sodium ions across the membrane. We investigated the pH dependence of electron transfer and generation of a transmembrane voltage (ΔΨ) by NQR reconstituted in liposomes with Na+ or Li+ as coupling cation. ΔΨ formation was followed with the voltage-sensitive dye oxonol. With Na+, ΔΨ was barely influenced by pH (6.5–8.5), while Q reduction activity exhibited a maximum at pH 7.5–8.0. With Li+, ΔΨ was generally lower, and the pH profile of electron transfer activity did not reveal a pronounced maximum. We conclude that the coupling efficiency of NQR is influenced by the nature of the transported cation, and by the concentration of protons. The 3D structure of NQR reveals a transmembrane channel in subunit NqrB. It is proposed that partial uncoupling of the NQR observed with the smaller Li+, or with Na+ at pH 7.5–8.0, is caused by the backflow of the coupling cation through the channel in NqrB.
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10
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Vorburger T, Nedielkov R, Brosig A, Bok E, Schunke E, Steffen W, Mayer S, Götz F, Möller HM, Steuber J. Role of the Na(+)-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase in voltage generation and Na(+) extrusion in Vibrio cholerae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:473-82. [PMID: 26721205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For Vibrio cholerae, the coordinated import and export of Na(+) is crucial for adaptation to habitats with different osmolarities. We investigated the Na(+)-extruding branch of the sodium cycle in this human pathogen by in vivo (23)Na-NMR spectroscopy. The Na(+) extrusion activity of cells was monitored after adding glucose which stimulated respiration via the Na(+)-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na(+)-NQR). In a V. cholerae deletion mutant devoid of the Na(+)-NQR encoding genes (nqrA-F), rates of respiratory Na(+) extrusion were decreased by a factor of four, but the cytoplasmic Na(+) concentration was essentially unchanged. Furthermore, the mutant was impaired in formation of transmembrane voltage (ΔΨ, inside negative) and did not grow under hypoosmotic conditions at pH8.2 or above. This growth defect could be complemented by transformation with the plasmid encoded nqr operon. In an alkaline environment, Na(+)/H(+) antiporters acidify the cytoplasm at the expense of the transmembrane voltage. It is proposed that, at alkaline pH and limiting Na(+) concentrations, the Na(+)-NQR is crucial for generation of a transmembrane voltage to drive the import of H(+) by electrogenic Na(+)/H(+) antiporters. Our study provides the basis to understand the role of the Na(+)-NQR in pathogenicity of V. cholerae and other pathogens relying on this primary Na(+) pump for respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vorburger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart), Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ruslan Nedielkov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexander Brosig
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eva Bok
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart), Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Emina Schunke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart), Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wojtek Steffen
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart), Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sonja Mayer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko M Möller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Julia Steuber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart), Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Rapid proliferation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio cholerae during freshwater flash floods in French Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7600-9. [PMID: 26319881 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01848-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio cholerae of the non-O1/non-O139 serotype are present in coastal lagoons of southern France. In these Mediterranean regions, the rivers have long low-flow periods followed by short-duration or flash floods during and after heavy intense rainstorms, particularly at the end of the summer and in autumn. These floods bring large volumes of freshwater into the lagoons, reducing their salinity. Water temperatures recorded during sampling (15 to 24°C) were favorable for the presence and multiplication of vibrios. In autumn 2011, before heavy rainfalls and flash floods, salinities ranged from 31.4 to 36.1‰ and concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. cholerae varied from 0 to 1.5 × 10(3) most probable number (MPN)/liter, 0.7 to 2.1 × 10(3) MPN/liter, and 0 to 93 MPN/liter, respectively. Following heavy rainstorms that generated severe flash flooding and heavy discharge of freshwater, salinity decreased, reaching 2.2 to 16.4‰ within 15 days, depending on the site, with a concomitant increase in Vibrio concentration to ca. 10(4) MPN/liter. The highest concentrations were reached with salinities between 10 and 20‰ for V. parahaemolyticus, 10 and 15‰ for V. vulnificus, and 5 and 12‰ for V. cholerae. Thus, an abrupt decrease in salinity caused by heavy rainfall and major flooding favored growth of human-pathogenic Vibrio spp. and their proliferation in the Languedocian lagoons. Based on these results, it is recommended that temperature and salinity monitoring be done to predict the presence of these Vibrio spp. in shellfish-harvesting areas of the lagoons.
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Tey YH, Jong KJ, Fen SY, Wong HC. Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio vulnificus in the Aquacultural Environments of Taiwan. J Food Prot 2015; 78:969-76. [PMID: 25951392 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio cholerae in a total of 72 samples from six aquaculture ponds for groupers, milk fish, and tilapia in southern Taiwan was examined by the membrane filtration and colony hybridization method. The halophilic V. parahaemolyticus was only recovered in seawater ponds, with a high isolation frequency of 86.1% and a mean density of 2.6 log CFU/g. V. cholerae was found in both the seawater and freshwater ponds but preferentially in freshwater ponds, with a frequency of 72.2% and a mean density of 1.65 log CFU/g. V. vulnificus was identified mainly in seawater ponds, with an isolation frequency of 27.8%. The density of V. parahaemolyticus in seawater ponds was positively related to water temperature (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.555) and negatively related to salinity (r = 2 0.333). The density of V. cholerae in all six ponds was positively related to water temperature (r = 0.342) and negatively related to salinity (r = 2 0.432). Two putatively pathogenic tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus isolates (1.4% of the samples) and no ctx(+) V. cholerae isolates were identified. The experimental results may facilitate assessments of the risk posed by these pathogenic Vibrio species in Taiwan, where aquaculture provides a large part of the seafood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Hsien Tey
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China
| | - Koa-Jen Jong
- Department of Biological Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan 600, Republic of China
| | - Shin-Yuan Fen
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China
| | - Hin-Chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China.
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Halang P, Vorburger T, Steuber J. Serine 26 in the PomB subunit of the flagellar motor is essential for hypermotility of Vibrio cholerae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123518. [PMID: 25874792 PMCID: PMC4398553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is motile by means of its single polar flagellum which is driven by the sodium-motive force. In the motor driving rotation of the flagellar filament, a stator complex consisting of subunits PomA and PomB converts the electrochemical sodium ion gradient into torque. Charged or polar residues within the membrane part of PomB could act as ligands for Na+, or stabilize a hydrogen bond network by interacting with water within the putative channel between PomA and PomB. By analyzing a large data set of individual tracks of swimming cells, we show that S26 located within the transmembrane helix of PomB is required to promote very fast swimming of V. cholerae. Loss of hypermotility was observed with the S26T variant of PomB at pH 7.0, but fast swimming was restored by decreasing the H+ concentration of the external medium. Our study identifies S26 as a second important residue besides D23 in the PomB channel. It is proposed that S26, together with D23 located in close proximity, is important to perturb the hydration shell of Na+ before its passage through a constriction within the stator channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Halang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Vorburger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart), Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail: (TV); (JS)
| | - Julia Steuber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim (Stuttgart), Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail: (TV); (JS)
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Development of a matrix tool for the prediction of Vibrio species in oysters harvested from North Carolina. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1111-9. [PMID: 25452288 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03206-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States has federal regulations in place to reduce the risk of seafood-related infection caused by the estuarine bacteria Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. However, data to support the development of regulations have been generated in a very few specific regions of the nation. More regionally specific data are needed to further understand the dynamics of human infection relating to shellfish-harvesting conditions in other areas. In this study, oysters and water were collected from four oyster harvest sites in North Carolina over an 11-month period. Samples were analyzed for the abundances of total Vibrio spp., V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus; environmental parameters, including salinity, water temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation, were also measured simultaneously. By utilizing these data, preliminary predictive management tools for estimating the abundance of V. vulnificus bacteria in shellfish were developed. This work highlights the need for further research to elucidate the full suite of factors that drive V. parahaemolyticus abundance.
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Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-O1/O139 isolate from a case of human gastroenteritis in the U.S. Gulf Coast. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 53:9-14. [PMID: 25339398 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02187-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An occurrence of Vibrio cholerae non-O1/O139 gastroenteritis in the U.S. Gulf Coast is reported here. Genomic analysis revealed that the isolate lacked known virulence factors associated with the clinical outcome of a V. cholerae infection but did contain putative genomic islands and other accessory virulence factors. Many of these factors are widespread among environmental strains of V. cholerae, suggesting that there might be additional virulence factors in non-O1/O139 V. cholerae yet to be determined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to a phyletic lineage of environmental V. cholerae isolates associated with sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in the Western Hemisphere, suggesting a need to monitor non-O1/O139 V. cholerae in the interest of public health.
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Takemura AF, Chien DM, Polz MF. Associations and dynamics of Vibrionaceae in the environment, from the genus to the population level. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:38. [PMID: 24575082 PMCID: PMC3920100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vibrionaceae, which encompasses several potential pathogens, including V. cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, and V. vulnificus, the deadliest seafood-borne pathogen, are a well-studied family of marine bacteria that thrive in diverse habitats. To elucidate the environmental conditions under which vibrios proliferate, numerous studies have examined correlations with bulk environmental variables—e.g., temperature, salinity, nitrogen, and phosphate—and association with potential host organisms. However, how meaningful these environmental associations are remains unclear because data are fragmented across studies with variable sampling and analysis methods. Here, we synthesize findings about Vibrio correlations and physical associations using a framework of increasingly fine environmental and taxonomic scales, to better understand their dynamics in the wild. We first conduct a meta-analysis to determine trends with respect to bulk water environmental variables, and find that while temperature and salinity are generally strongly predictive correlates, other parameters are inconsistent and overall patterns depend on taxonomic resolution. Based on the hypothesis that dynamics may better correlate with more narrowly defined niches, we review evidence for specific association with plants, algae, zooplankton, and animals. We find that Vibrio are attached to many organisms, though evidence for enrichment compared to the water column is often lacking. Additionally, contrary to the notion that they flourish predominantly while attached, Vibrio can have, at least temporarily, a free-living lifestyle and even engage in massive blooms. Fine-scale sampling from the water column has enabled identification of such lifestyle preferences for ecologically cohesive populations, and future efforts will benefit from similar analysis at fine genetic and environmental sampling scales to describe the conditions, habitats, and resources shaping Vibrio dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison F Takemura
- Parsons Lab for Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diana M Chien
- Parsons Lab for Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin F Polz
- Parsons Lab for Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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