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Zubareva VM, Lapashina AS, Shugaeva TE, Litvin AV, Feniouk BA. Rotary Ion-Translocating ATPases/ATP Synthases: Diversity, Similarities, and Differences. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1613-1630. [PMID: 33705299 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920120135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ion-translocating ATPases and ATP synthases (F-, V-, A-type ATPases, and several P-type ATPases and ABC-transporters) catalyze ATP hydrolysis or ATP synthesis coupled with the ion transport across the membrane. F-, V-, and A-ATPases are protein nanomachines that combine transmembrane transport of protons or sodium ions with ATP synthesis/hydrolysis by means of a rotary mechanism. These enzymes are composed of two multisubunit subcomplexes that rotate relative to each other during catalysis. Rotary ATPases phosphorylate/dephosphorylate nucleotides directly, without the generation of phosphorylated protein intermediates. F-type ATPases are found in chloroplasts, mitochondria, most eubacteria, and in few archaea. V-type ATPases are eukaryotic enzymes present in a variety of cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane, vacuoles, late endosomes, and trans-Golgi cisternae. A-type ATPases are found in archaea and some eubacteria. F- and A-ATPases have two main functions: ATP synthesis powered by the proton motive force (pmf) or, in some prokaryotes, sodium-motive force (smf) and generation of the pmf or smf at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. In prokaryotes, both functions may be vitally important, depending on the environment and the presence of other enzymes capable of pmf or smf generation. In eukaryotes, the primary and the most crucial function of F-ATPases is ATP synthesis. Eukaryotic V-ATPases function exclusively as ATP-dependent proton pumps that generate pmf necessary for the transmembrane transport of ions and metabolites and are vitally important for pH regulation. This review describes the diversity of rotary ion-translocating ATPases from different organisms and compares the structural, functional, and regulatory features of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Zubareva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A S Lapashina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T E Shugaeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Litvin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - B A Feniouk
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Zhou L, Sazanov LA. Structure and conformational plasticity of the intact Thermus thermophilus V/A-type ATPase. Science 2020; 365:365/6455/eaaw9144. [PMID: 31439765 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
V (vacuolar)/A (archaeal)-type adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), found in archaea and eubacteria, couple ATP hydrolysis or synthesis to proton translocation across the plasma membrane using the rotary-catalysis mechanism. They belong to the V-type ATPase family, which differs from the mitochondrial/chloroplast F-type ATP synthases in overall architecture. We solved cryo-electron microscopy structures of the intact Thermus thermophilus V/A-ATPase, reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs, in three rotational states and two substates. These structures indicate substantial flexibility between V1 and Vo in a working enzyme, which results from mechanical competition between central shaft rotation and resistance from the peripheral stalks. We also describe details of adenosine diphosphate inhibition release, V1-Vo torque transmission, and proton translocation, which are relevant for the entire V-type ATPase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuberg 3400, Austria
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuberg 3400, Austria.
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Hayashi K. Application of the fluctuation theorem to motor proteins: from F 1-ATPase to axonal cargo transport by kinesin and dynein. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1311-1321. [PMID: 30019204 PMCID: PMC6233339 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluctuation theorem is a representative theorem in non-equilibrium statistical physics actively studied in the 1990s. Relating to entropy production in non-equilibrium states, the theorem has been used to estimate the driving power of motor proteins from fluctuation in their motion. In this review, usage of the fluctuation theorem in experiments on motor proteins is illustrated for biologists, especially those who study mechanobiology, in which force measurement is a central issue. We first introduce the application of the fluctuation theorem in measuring the rotary torque of the rotary motor protein F1-ATPase. Next, as an extension of this application, a recent trial estimating the force generated during cargo transport in vivo by the microtubule motors kinesin and dynein is introduced. Elucidation of the physical mechanism of such transport is important, especially for neurons, in which deficits in cargo transport are deeply related to neuronal diseases. Finally, perspectives on the fluctuation theorem as a new technique in the field of neuroscience are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Hayashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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Singh D, Sielaff H, Börsch M, Grüber G. Conformational dynamics of the rotary subunit F in the A 3 B 3 DF complex of Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase monitored by single-molecule FRET. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:854-862. [PMID: 28231387 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In archaea the A1 AO ATP synthase uses a transmembrane electrochemical potential to generate ATP, while the soluble A1 domain (subunits A3 B3 DF) alone can hydrolyse ATP. The three nucleotide-binding AB pairs form a barrel-like structure with a central orifice that hosts the rotating central stalk subunits DF. ATP binding, hydrolysis and product release cause a conformational change inside the A:B-interface, which enforces the rotation of subunits DF. Recently, we reported that subunit F is a stimulator of ATPase activity. Here, we investigated the nucleotide-dependent conformational changes of subunit F relative to subunit D during ATP hydrolysis in the A3 B3 DF complex of the Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer. We found two conformations for subunit F during ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hendrik Sielaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Michael Börsch
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Sielaff H, Martin J, Singh D, Biuković G, Grüber G, Frasch WD. Power Stroke Angular Velocity Profiles of Archaeal A-ATP Synthase Versus Thermophilic and Mesophilic F-ATP Synthase Molecular Motors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25351-25363. [PMID: 27729450 PMCID: PMC5207238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The angular velocities of ATPase-dependent power strokes as a function of the rotational position for the A-type molecular motor A3B3DF, from the Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase, and the thermophilic motor α3β3γ, from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (formerly known as Bacillus PS3) F-ATP synthase, are resolved at 5 μs resolution for the first time. Unexpectedly, the angular velocity profile of the A-type was closely similar in the angular positions of accelerations and decelerations to the profiles of the evolutionarily distant F-type motors of thermophilic and mesophilic origins, and they differ only in the magnitude of their velocities. M. mazei A3B3DF power strokes occurred in 120° steps at saturating ATP concentrations like the F-type motors. However, because ATP-binding dwells did not interrupt the 120° steps at limiting ATP, ATP binding to A3B3DF must occur during the catalytic dwell. Elevated concentrations of ADP did not increase dwells occurring 40° after the catalytic dwell. In F-type motors, elevated ADP induces dwells 40° after the catalytic dwell and slows the overall velocity. The similarities in these power stroke profiles are consistent with a common rotational mechanism for A-type and F-type rotary motors, in which the angular velocity is limited by the rotary position at which ATP binding occurs and by the drag imposed on the axle as it rotates within the ring of stator subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Sielaff
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - James Martin
- From the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Goran Biuković
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wayne D Frasch
- From the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
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Abstract
F1- and V1-ATPase are rotary molecular motors that convert chemical energy released upon ATP hydrolysis into torque to rotate a central rotor axle against the surrounding catalytic stator cylinder with high efficiency. How conformational change occurring in the stator is coupled to the rotary motion of the axle is the key unknown in the mechanism of rotary motors. Here, we generated chimeric motor proteins by inserting an exogenous rod protein, FliJ, into the stator ring of F1 or of V1 and tested the rotation properties of these chimeric motors. Both motors showed unidirectional and continuous rotation, despite no obvious homology in amino acid sequence between FliJ and the intrinsic rotor subunit of F1 or V1 These results showed that any residue-specific interactions between the stator and rotor are not a prerequisite for unidirectional rotation of both F1 and V1 The torque of chimeric motors estimated from viscous friction of the rotation probe against medium revealed that whereas the F1-FliJ chimera generates only 10% of WT F1, the V1-FliJ chimera generates torque comparable to that of V1 with the native axle protein that is structurally more similar to FliJ than the native rotor of F1 This suggests that the gross structural mismatch hinders smooth rotation of FliJ accompanied with the stator ring of F1.
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McMillan DGG, Watanabe R, Ueno H, Cook GM, Noji H. Biophysical Characterization of a Thermoalkaliphilic Molecular Motor with a High Stepping Torque Gives Insight into Evolutionary ATP Synthase Adaptation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23965-23977. [PMID: 27624936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
F1F0 ATP synthases are bidirectional molecular motors that translocate protons across the cell membrane by either synthesizing or hydrolyzing ATP. Alkaliphile ATP synthases are highly adapted, performing oxidative phosphorylation at high pH against an inverted pH gradient (acidin/alkalineout). Unlike mesophilic ATP synthases, alkaliphilic enzymes have tightly regulated ATP hydrolysis activity, which can be relieved in the presence of lauryldimethylamine oxide. Here, we characterized the rotary dynamics of the Caldalkalibacillus thermarum TA2.A1 F1 ATPase (TA2F1) with two forms of single molecule analysis, a magnetic bead duplex and a gold nanoparticle. TA2F1 rotated in a counterclockwise direction in both systems, adhering to Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a maximum rotation rate (Vmax) of 112.4 revolutions/s. TA2F1 displayed 120° unitary steps coupled with ATP hydrolysis. Torque measurements revealed the highest torque (52.4 piconewtons) derived from an F1 molecule using fluctuation theorem. The implications of high torque in terms of extreme environment adaptation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan G G McMillan
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and
| | - Rikiya Watanabe
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and
| | - Gregory M Cook
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and
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