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Algieri V, Algieri C, Costanzo P, Fiorani G, Jiritano A, Olivito F, Tallarida MA, Trombetti F, Maiuolo L, De Nino A, Nesci S. Novel Regioselective Synthesis of 1,3,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Pyrazoles and Biochemical Valuation on F 1F O-ATPase and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Formation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020498. [PMID: 36839821 PMCID: PMC9967880 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient, eco-compatible, and very cheap method for the construction of fully substituted pyrazoles (Pzs) via eliminative nitrilimine-alkene 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (ENAC) reaction was developed in excellent yield and high regioselectivity. Enaminones and nitrilimines generated in situ were selected as dipolarophiles and dipoles, respectively. A deep screening of the employed base, solvent, and temperature was carried out to optimize reaction conditions. Recycling tests of ionic liquid were performed, furnishing efficient performance until six cycles. Finally, a plausible mechanism of cycloaddition was proposed. Then, the effect of three different structures of Pzs was evaluated on the F1FO-ATPase activity and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. The Pz derivatives' titration curves of 6a, 6h, and 6o on the F1FO-ATPase showed a reduced activity of 86%, 35%, and 31%, respectively. Enzyme inhibition analysis depicted an uncompetitive mechanism with the typical formation of the tertiary complex enzyme-substrate-inhibitor (ESI). The dissociation constant of the ESI complex (Ki') in the presence of the 6a had a lower order of magnitude than other Pzs. The pyrazole core might set the specific mechanism of inhibition with the F1FO-ATPase, whereas specific functional groups of Pzs might modulate the binding affinity. The mPTP opening decreased in Pz-treated mitochondria and the Pzs' inhibitory effect on the mPTP was concentration-dependent with 6a and 6o. Indeed, the mPTP was more efficiently blocked with 0.1 mM 6a than with 1 mM 6a. On the contrary, 1 mM 6o had stronger desensitization of mPTP formation than 0.1 mM 6o. The F1FO-ATPase is a target of Pzs blocking mPTP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Algieri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Cristina Algieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Mitochondrial Biochemistry Lab, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Paola Costanzo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiorani
- Department Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Antonio Jiritano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Olivito
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonio Tallarida
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Mitochondrial Biochemistry Lab, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Loredana Maiuolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Antonio De Nino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Mitochondrial Biochemistry Lab, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
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Nesci S. Protein folding and unfolding: proline cis-trans isomerization at the c subunits of F 1 F O -ATPase might open a high conductance ion channel. Proteins 2022; 90:2001-2005. [PMID: 35532281 PMCID: PMC9790210 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The c subunits, which constitute the c-ring apparatus of the F1 FO -ATPase, could be the main components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). The well-known modulator of the mPTP formation and opening is the cyclophilin D (CyPD), a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. On the loop, which connects the two hairpin α-helix of c subunit, is present the unique proline residue (Pro40 ) that could be a biological target of CyPD. Indeed, the proline cis-trans isomerization might provide the switch that interconverts the open/closed states of the pore by pulling out the c-ring lipid plug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of Bolognavia Tolara di Sopra, 40Ozzano Emilia40064
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Nesci S, Pagliarani A. Ca 2+ as cofactor of the mitochondrial H + -translocating F 1 F O -ATP(hydrol)ase. Proteins 2021; 89:477-482. [PMID: 33378096 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial F1 FO -ATPase in the presence of the natural cofactor Mg2+ acts as the enzyme of life by synthesizing ATP, but it can also hydrolyze ATP to pump H+ . Interestingly, Mg2+ can be replaced by Ca2+ , but only to sustain ATP hydrolysis and not ATP synthesis. When Ca2+ inserts in F1 , the torque generation built by the chemomechanical coupling between F1 and the rotating central stalk was reported as unable to drive the transmembrane H+ flux within FO . However, the failed H+ translocation is not consistent with the oligomycin-sensitivity of the Ca2+ -dependent F1 FO -ATP(hydrol)ase. New enzyme roles in mitochondrial energy transduction are suggested by recent advances. Accordingly, the structural F1 FO -ATPase distortion driven by ATP hydrolysis sustained by Ca2+ is consistent with the permeability transition pore signal propagation pathway. The Ca2+ -activated F1 FO -ATPase, by forming the pore, may contribute to dissipate the transmembrane H+ gradient created by the same enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pagliarani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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Algieri V, Algieri C, Maiuolo L, De Nino A, Pagliarani A, Tallarida MA, Trombetti F, Nesci S. 1,5-Disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles as inhibitors of the mitochondrial Ca 2+ -activated F 1 F O -ATP(hydrol)ase and the permeability transition pore. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1485:43-55. [PMID: 32959908 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), a high-conductance channel triggered by a sudden Ca2+ concentration increase, is composed of the F1 FO -ATPase. Since mPTP opening leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a feature of many diseases, a great pharmacological challenge is to find mPTP modulators. In our study, the effects of two 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, five-membered heterocycles with three nitrogen atoms in the ring and capable of forming secondary interactions with proteins, were investigated. Compounds 3a and 3b were selected among a wide range of structurally related compounds because of their chemical properties and effectiveness in preliminary studies. In swine heart mitochondria, both compounds inhibit Ca2+ -activated F1 FO -ATPase without affecting F-ATPase activity sustained by the natural cofactor Mg2+ . The inhibition is mutually exclusive, probably because of their shared enzyme site, and uncompetitive with respect to the ATP substrate, since they only bind to the enzyme-ATP complex. Both compounds show the same inhibition constant (K'i ), but compound 3a has a doubled inactivation rate constant compared with compound 3b. Moreover, both compounds desensitize mPTP opening without altering mitochondrial respiration. The results strengthen the link between Ca2+ -activated F1 FO -ATPase and mPTP and suggest that these inhibitors can be pharmacologically exploited to counteract mPTP-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Algieri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Cristina Algieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Loredana Maiuolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Antonio De Nino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pagliarani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Nesci S, Pagliarani A, Algieri C, Trombetti F. Mitochondrial F-type ATP synthase: multiple enzyme functions revealed by the membrane-embedded F O structure. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:309-321. [PMID: 32580582 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1784084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Of the two main sectors of the F-type ATP synthase, the membrane-intrinsic FO domain is the one which, during evolution, has undergone the highest structural variations and changes in subunit composition. The FO complexity in mitochondria is apparently related to additional enzyme functions that lack in bacterial and thylakoid complexes. Indeed, the F-type ATP synthase has the main bioenergetic role to synthesize ATP by exploiting the electrochemical gradient built by respiratory complexes. The FO membrane domain, essential in the enzyme machinery, also participates in the bioenergetic cost of synthesizing ATP and in the formation of the cristae, thus contributing to mitochondrial morphology. The recent enzyme involvement in a high-conductance channel, which forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane and promotes the mitochondrial permeability transition, highlights a new F-type ATP synthase role. Point mutations which cause amino acid substitutions in FO subunits produce mitochondrial dysfunctions and lead to severe pathologies. The FO variability in different species, pointed out by cryo-EM analysis, mirrors the multiple enzyme functions and opens a new scenario in mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Algieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Algieri C, Trombetti F, Pagliarani A, Ventrella V, Bernardini C, Fabbri M, Forni M, Nesci S. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ -activated F 1 F O -ATPase hydrolyzes ATP and promotes the permeability transition pore. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1457:142-157. [PMID: 31441951 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the mitochondrial F1 FO -ATPase catalytic site, which can bind Mg2+ , Mn2+ , or Ca2+ and hydrolyze ATP, were explored by inhibition kinetic analyses to cast light on the Ca2+ -activated F1 FO -ATPase connection with the permeability transition pore (PTP) that initiates cascade events leading to cell death. While the natural cofactor Mg2+ activates the F1 FO -ATPase in competition with Mn2+ , Ca2+ is a noncompetitive inhibitor in the presence of Mg2+ . Selective F1 inhibitors (Is-F1 ), namely NBD-Cl, piceatannol, resveratrol, and quercetin, exerted different mechanisms (mixed and uncompetitive inhibition) on either Ca2+ - or Mg2+ -activated F1 FO -ATPase, consistent with the conclusion that the catalytic mechanism changes when Mg2+ is replaced by Ca2+ . In a partially purified F1 domain preparation, Ca2+ -activated F1 -ATPase maintained Is-F1 sensitivity, and enzyme inhibition was accompanied by the maintenance of the mitochondrial calcium retention capacity and membrane potential. The data strengthen the structural relationship between Ca2+ -activated F1 FO -ATPase and the PTP, and, in turn, on consequences, such as physiopathological cellular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Algieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Vittoria Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Micaela Fabbri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Nesci S. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore in cell death: A promising drug binding bioarchitecture. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:811-817. [PMID: 31617227 DOI: 10.1002/med.21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergetic failure often features programmed cell death involved in some severe pathologies. When the cell is fated to die, the inner mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to ions and solutes, due to the formation and opening of a channel known as mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Up to now, the still-elusive mPTP structure and mechanism prevented any attempt to identify/design drugs to rule its formation and limit cell death. Latest advances, which strongly suggest that the F1 FO -ATPase can coincide with the mPTP, open new perspectives in therapy. Compounds targeting and inhibiting cyclophilin D, a known mPTP promoter, could be exploited to block mPTP formation. Moreover, if the mPTP-F1 FO -ATPase connection will be consolidated, selected F1 FO -ATPase inhibitors could represent novel therapeutic options to attenuate mPTP-related diseases by directly acting on mPTP molecular mechanism. This intriguing perspective, which raises new hopes to counteract mPTP-related diseases, stimulates further studies to clarify the mPTP architecture and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Inabe K, Kondo K, Yoshida K, Wakabayashi KI, Hisabori T. The N-terminal region of the ϵ subunit from cyanobacterial ATP synthase alone can inhibit ATPase activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10094-10103. [PMID: 31068416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP hydrolysis activity catalyzed by chloroplast and proteobacterial ATP synthase is inhibited by their ϵ subunits. To clarify the function of the ϵ subunit from phototrophs, here we analyzed the ϵ subunit-mediated inhibition (ϵ-inhibition) of cyanobacterial F1-ATPase, a subcomplex of ATP synthase obtained from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1. We generated three C-terminal α-helix null ϵ-mutants; one lacked the C-terminal α-helices, and in the other two, the C-terminal conformation could be locked by a disulfide bond formed between two α-helices or an α-helix and a β-sandwich structure. All of these ϵ-mutants maintained ATPase-inhibiting competency. We then used single-molecule observation techniques to analyze the rotary motion of F1-ATPase in the presence of these ϵ-mutants. The stop angular position of the γ subunit in the presence of the ϵ-mutant was identical to that in the presence of the WT ϵ. Using magnetic tweezers, we examined recovery from the inhibited rotation and observed restoration of rotation by 80° forcing of the γ subunit in the case of the ADP-inhibited form, but not when the rotation was inhibited by the ϵ-mutants or by the WT ϵ subunit. These results imply that the C-terminal α-helix domain of the ϵ subunit of cyanobacterial enzyme does not directly inhibit ATP hydrolysis and that its N-terminal domain alone can inhibit the hydrolysis activity. Notably, this property differed from that of the proteobacterial ϵ, which could not tightly inhibit rotation. We conclude that phototrophs and heterotrophs differ in the ϵ subunit-mediated regulation of ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inabe
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and.,the School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kondo
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and.,the School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- From the Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and .,the School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Nesci S, Trombetti F, Ventrella V, Pirini M, Pagliarani A. The inhibition of the mitochondrial F1FO-ATPase activity when activated by Ca2+ opens new regulatory roles for NAD. Biol Chem 2018; 399:197-202. [PMID: 28976891 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial F1FO-ATPase is uncompetitively inhibited by NAD+ only when the natural cofactor Mg2+ is replaced by Ca2+, a mode putatively involved in cell death. The Ca2+-dependent F1FO-ATPase is also inhibited when NAD+ concentration in mitochondria is raised by acetoacetate. The enzyme inhibition by NAD+ cannot be ascribed to any de-ac(et)ylation or ADP-ribosylation by sirtuines, as it is not reversed by nicotinamide. Moreover, the addition of acetyl-CoA or palmitate, which would favor the enzyme ac(et)ylation, does not affect the F1FO-ATPase activity. Consistently, NAD+ may play a new role, not associated with redox and non-redox enzymatic reactions, in the Ca2+-dependent regulation of the F1FO-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Vittoria Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Maurizio Pirini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alessandra Pagliarani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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Ragunathan P, Sielaff H, Sundararaman L, Biuković G, Subramanian Manimekalai MS, Singh D, Kundu S, Wohland T, Frasch W, Dick T, Grüber G. The uniqueness of subunit α of mycobacterial F-ATP synthases: An evolutionary variant for niche adaptation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11262-11279. [PMID: 28495884 PMCID: PMC5500794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The F1F0 -ATP (F-ATP) synthase is essential for growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). In addition to their synthase function most F-ATP synthases possess an ATP-hydrolase activity, which is coupled to proton-pumping activity. However, the mycobacterial enzyme lacks this reverse activity, but the reason for this deficiency is unclear. Here, we report that a Mycobacterium-specific, 36-amino acid long C-terminal domain in the nucleotide-binding subunit α (Mtα) of F-ATP synthase suppresses its ATPase activity and determined the mechanism of suppression. First, we employed vesicles to show that in intact membrane-embedded mycobacterial F-ATP synthases deletion of the C-terminal domain enabled ATPase and proton-pumping activity. We then generated a heterologous F-ATP synthase model system, which demonstrated that transfer of the mycobacterial C-terminal domain to a standard F-ATP synthase α subunit suppresses ATPase activity. Single-molecule rotation assays indicated that the introduction of this Mycobacterium-specific domain decreased the angular velocity of the power-stroke after ATP binding. Solution X-ray scattering data and NMR results revealed the solution shape of Mtα and the 3D structure of the subunit α C-terminal peptide 521PDEHVEALDEDKLAKEAVKV540 of M. tubercolosis (Mtα(521-540)), respectively. Together with cross-linking studies, the solution structural data lead to a model, in which Mtα(521-540) comes in close proximity with subunit γ residues 104-109, whose interaction may influence the rotation of the camshaft-like subunit γ. Finally, we propose that the unique segment Mtα(514-549), which is accessible at the C terminus of mycobacterial subunit α, is a promising drug epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ragunathan
- From the Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hendrik Sielaff
- From the Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lavanya Sundararaman
- From the Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Goran Biuković
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Dhirendra Singh
- From the Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Subhashri Kundu
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- the Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and NUS Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Republic of Singapore, and
| | - Wayne Frasch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Thomas Dick
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- From the Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore,
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Abstract
Mitochondria are central to aerobic energy production and play a key role in neuronal signalling. During anoxia, however, the mitochondria of most vertebrates initiate deleterious cell death cascades. Nonetheless, a handful of vertebrate species, including some freshwater turtles, are remarkably tolerant of low oxygen environments and survive months of anoxia without apparent damage to brain tissue. This tolerance suggests that mitochondria in the brains of such species are adapted to withstand prolonged anoxia, but little is known about potential neuroprotective responses. In this study, we address such mechanisms by comparing mitochondrial function between brain tissues isolated from cold-acclimated red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) exposed to two weeks of either normoxia or anoxia. We found that brain mitochondria from anoxia-acclimated turtles exhibited a unique phenotype of remodelling relative to normoxic controls, including: (i) decreased citrate synthase and F1FO-ATPase activity but maintained protein content, (ii) markedly reduced aerobic capacity, and (iii) mild uncoupling of the mitochondrial proton gradient. These data suggest that turtle brain mitochondria respond to low oxygen stress with a unique suite of changes tailored towards neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Crisostomo R Gomez
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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12
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Sielaff H, Martin J, Singh D, Biuković G, Grüber G, Frasch WD. Power Stroke Angular Velocity Profiles of Archaeal A-ATP Synthase Versus Thermophilic and Mesophilic F-ATP Synthase Molecular Motors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25351-25363. [PMID: 27729450 PMCID: PMC5207238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The angular velocities of ATPase-dependent power strokes as a function of the rotational position for the A-type molecular motor A3B3DF, from the Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase, and the thermophilic motor α3β3γ, from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (formerly known as Bacillus PS3) F-ATP synthase, are resolved at 5 μs resolution for the first time. Unexpectedly, the angular velocity profile of the A-type was closely similar in the angular positions of accelerations and decelerations to the profiles of the evolutionarily distant F-type motors of thermophilic and mesophilic origins, and they differ only in the magnitude of their velocities. M. mazei A3B3DF power strokes occurred in 120° steps at saturating ATP concentrations like the F-type motors. However, because ATP-binding dwells did not interrupt the 120° steps at limiting ATP, ATP binding to A3B3DF must occur during the catalytic dwell. Elevated concentrations of ADP did not increase dwells occurring 40° after the catalytic dwell. In F-type motors, elevated ADP induces dwells 40° after the catalytic dwell and slows the overall velocity. The similarities in these power stroke profiles are consistent with a common rotational mechanism for A-type and F-type rotary motors, in which the angular velocity is limited by the rotary position at which ATP binding occurs and by the drag imposed on the axle as it rotates within the ring of stator subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Sielaff
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - James Martin
- From the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Goran Biuković
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wayne D Frasch
- From the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
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13
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García-Trejo JJ, Zarco-Zavala M, Mendoza-Hoffmann F, Hernández-Luna E, Ortega R, Mendoza-Hernández G. The Inhibitory Mechanism of the ζ Subunit of the F1FO-ATPase Nanomotor of Paracoccus denitrificans and Related α-Proteobacteria. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:538-46. [PMID: 26546676 PMCID: PMC4705375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ζ subunit is a novel inhibitor of the F1FO-ATPase of Paracoccus denitrificans and related α-proteobacteria. It is different from the bacterial (ϵ) and mitochondrial (IF1) inhibitors. The N terminus of ζ blocks rotation of the γ subunit of the F1-ATPase of P. denitrificans (Zarco-Zavala, M., Morales-Ríos, E., Mendoza-Hernández, G., Ramírez-Silva, L., Pérez-Hernández, G., and García-Trejo, J. J. (2014) FASEB J. 24, 599-608) by a hitherto unknown quaternary structure that was first modeled here by structural homology and protein docking. The F1-ATPase and F1-ζ models of P. denitrificans were supported by cross-linking, limited proteolysis, mass spectrometry, and functional data. The final models show that ζ enters into F1-ATPase at the open catalytic αE/βE interface, and two partial γ rotations lock the N terminus of ζ in an "inhibition-general core region," blocking further γ rotation, while the ζ globular domain anchors it to the closed αDP/βDP interface. Heterologous inhibition of the F1-ATPase of P. denitrificans by the mitochondrial IF1 supported both the modeled ζ binding site at the αDP/βDP/γ interface and the endosymbiotic α-proteobacterial origin of mitochondria. In summary, the ζ subunit blocks the intrinsic rotation of the nanomotor by inserting its N-terminal inhibitory domain at the same rotor/stator interface where the mitochondrial IF1 or the bacterial ϵ binds. The proposed pawl mechanism is coupled to the rotation of the central γ subunit working as a ratchet but with structural differences that make it a unique control mechanism of the nanomotor to favor the ATP synthase activity over the ATPase turnover in the α-proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Ortega
- From the Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, and
| | - Guillermo Mendoza-Hernández
- the Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, D.F., CP 04510, México
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14
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Abstract
F1-ATPase (F1) is the rotary motor protein fueled by ATP hydrolysis. Previous studies have suggested that three charged residues are indispensable for catalysis of F1 as follows: the P-loop lysine in the phosphate-binding loop, GXXXXGK(T/S); a glutamic acid that activates water molecules for nucleophilic attack on the γ-phosphate of ATP (general base); and an arginine directly contacting the γ-phosphate (arginine finger). These residues are well conserved among P-loop NTPases. In this study, we investigated the role of these charged residues in catalysis and torque generation by analyzing alanine-substituted mutants in the single-molecule rotation assay. Surprisingly, all mutants continuously drove rotary motion, even though the rotational velocity was at least 100,000 times slower than that of wild type. Thus, although these charged residues contribute to highly efficient catalysis, they are not indispensable to chemo-mechanical energy coupling, and the rotary catalysis mechanism of F1 is far more robust than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikiya Watanabe
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, and
| | - Yuki Matsukage
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ayako Yukawa
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuhito V Tabata
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, and
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- From the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo,
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15
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Carraro M, Giorgio V, Šileikytė J, Sartori G, Forte M, Lippe G, Zoratti M, Szabò I, Bernardi P. Channel formation by yeast F-ATP synthase and the role of dimerization in the mitochondrial permeability transition. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15980-5. [PMID: 24790105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.559633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified F-ATP synthase dimers of yeast mitochondria display Ca(2+)-dependent channel activity with properties resembling those of the permeability transition pore (PTP) of mammals. After treatment with the Ca(2+) ionophore ETH129, which allows electrophoretic Ca(2+) uptake, isolated yeast mitochondria undergo inner membrane permeabilization due to PTP opening. Yeast mutant strains ΔTIM11 and ΔATP20 (lacking the e and g F-ATP synthase subunits, respectively, which are necessary for dimer formation) display a striking resistance to PTP opening. These results show that the yeast PTP originates from F-ATP synthase and indicate that dimerization is required for pore formation in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Carraro
- From the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- From the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Justina Šileikytė
- From the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Geppo Sartori
- From the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Michael Forte
- the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, and
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- the Department of Food Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- From the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- the Department of Biology, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- From the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
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