1
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Das D, Rana N, Pramanik G, Sen K. Fluorosensing of benzaldehydes by CuI-graphene: A spectroscopy, thermodynamics and docking supported phenomenon. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1249:340897. [PMID: 36868777 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzaldehyde and 4-methyl benzaldehyde constitute a major part of the harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in the environment. Hence, rapid and selective detection of benzaldehyde derivatives are required to minimize the environmental degradation as well as the potential hazards on human health. In this study, the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets were functionalized with CuI nanoparticles for specific and selective detection of benzaldehyde derivatives by fluorescence spectroscopy. CuI-Gr nanoparticles exhibited higher efficiency towards the detection of benzaldehyde derivatives as compared to pristine CuI nanoparticles with detection limit (LOD) 2 ppm and 6 ppm for benzaldehyde and 4-methyl benzaldehyde respectively in aqueous medium. The LOD values for the detection of benzaldehyde and 4-methyl benzaldehyde by pristine CuI nanoparticles were poor and found to be 11 ppm and 15 ppm respectively. Fluorescence intensity of CuI-Gr nanoparticles were found to be quenched with increasing concentration (0-0.01 mg/mL) of the benzaldehyde and 4-methyl benzaldehyde. This novel graphene-based sensor was also found to be highly selective for the benzaldehyde derivatives as no changes in signal were detected in presence of other VOCs like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Nabakumar Rana
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, III/LB-8, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700098, India
| | - Kamalika Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.
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2
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Alhayyani S, Akhdhar A, Asseri AH, Mohammed AMA, Hussien MA, Roselin LS, Hosawi S, AlAbbasi F, Alharbi KH, Baty RS, Kalantan AA, Ali EMM. Potential Anticancer Activity of Juniperus procera and Molecular Docking Models of Active Proteins in Cancer Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052041. [PMID: 36903287 PMCID: PMC10004709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants provide a wide range of active compounds that can be exploited to create novel medicines with minimal side effects. The current study aimed to identify the anticancer properties of Juniperus procera (J. procera) leaves. Here, we demonstrate that J. procera leaves' methanolic extract suppresses cancer cells in colon (HCT116), liver (HepG2), breast (MCF-7), and erythroid (JK-1) cell lines. By applying GC/MS, we were able to determine the components of the J. procera extract that might contribute to cytotoxicity. Molecular docking modules were created that used active components against cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in colon cancer, aromatase cytochrome P450 in the breast cancer receptor protein, the -N terminal domain in the erythroid cancer receptor of the erythroid spectrin, and topoisomerase in liver cancer. The results demonstrate that, out of the 12 bioactive compounds generated by GC/MS analysis, the active ingredient 2-imino-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carbothiamide proved to be the best-docked chemical with the chosen proteins impacted by DNA conformational changes, cell membrane integrity, and proliferation in molecular docking studies. Notably, we uncovered the capacity of J. procera to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth in the HCT116 cell line. Collectively, our data propose that J. procera leaves' methanolic extract has an anticancer role with the potential to guide future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alhayyani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-507748344
| | - Abdullah Akhdhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer H. Asseri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhafeez M. A. Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum 13311, Sudan
| | - Mostafa A. Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42521, Egypt
| | - L. Selva Roselin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Hosawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad AlAbbasi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadijah H. Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua S. Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Kalantan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M. M. Ali
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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3
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Georgiou-Siafis SK, Samiotaki MK, Demopoulos VJ, Panayotou G, Tsiftsoglou AS. Glutathione-Hemin/Hematin Adduct Formation to Disintegrate Cytotoxic Oxidant Hemin/Hematin in Human K562 Cells and Red Blood Cells' Hemolysates: Impact of Glutathione on the Hemolytic Disorders and Homeostasis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101959. [PMID: 36290682 PMCID: PMC9598195 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemin, an oxidized form of heme, acts as potent oxidant to regulate glutathione (GSH) content in pro-erythroid K562 nucleated cells, via activation of the KEAP1/NRF2 defensive signaling pathway. Moreover, GSH, as an essential metabolite, is involved in the regulation of cell-redox homeostasis and proposed to scavenge cytotoxic free heme, which is released from hemoglobin of damaged red blood cells (RBCs) during different hemolytic disorders. In the present study, we aimed to uncover the molecular mechanism by which GSH inhibits hemin-induced cytotoxicity (HIC) by affecting hemin’s structural integrity in K562 cells and in RBC hemolysates. GSH, along with other thiols (cysteine, thioglycolic acid, and mercaptoethanol) altered the spectrum of hemin, while each of them co-added with hemin in cultures of K562 cells prevented HIC and growth arrest and markedly reduced the intracellular level of hemin. In addition, GSH endogenous levels served as a barrier to HIC in K562 cells, as shown by the depletion in GSH. LC-MS/MS analysis of the in vitro reaction between hemin and GSH revealed at least five different isomers of GSH–hemin adducts, as well as hydroxy derivatives as reaction products, which are characterized by unique mass spectra (MS). The latter allowed the detection of adducts in human RBC hemolysates. Based on these findings, we proposed a molecular mechanism via which GSH prevents HIC and structurally disintegrates heme. An analogous reaction was observed in RBC hemolysates via direct inter-reaction between hematin (ferric and hydroxide heme) released from hemoglobin and GSH. Overall, GSH–hematin adducts could be considered as novel entities of the human metabolome of RBCs in hemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia K. Georgiou-Siafis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis J. Demopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Asterios S. Tsiftsoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Bose D, Aggarwal S, Das D, Narayana C, Chakrabarti A. Erythroid spectrin binding modulates peroxidase and catalase activity of heme proteins. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:474-487. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Bose
- Crystallography & Molecular Biology Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
| | - Shantanu Aggarwal
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bengaluru India
| | - Debashree Das
- Crystallography & Molecular Biology Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
| | - Chandrabhas Narayana
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bengaluru India
| | - Abhijit Chakrabarti
- Crystallography & Molecular Biology Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
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Hopp MT, Imhof D. Linking Labile Heme with Thrombosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:427. [PMID: 33499296 PMCID: PMC7865584 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. As such, it also occurs as one of the major complications in hemolytic diseases, like hemolytic uremic syndrome, hemorrhage and sickle cell disease. Under these conditions, red blood cell lysis finally leads to the release of large amounts of labile heme into the vascular compartment. This, in turn, can trigger oxidative stress and proinflammatory reactions. Moreover, the heme-induced activation of the blood coagulation system was suggested as a mechanism for the initiation of thrombotic events under hemolytic conditions. Studies of heme infusion and subsequent thrombotic reactions support this assumption. Furthermore, several direct effects of heme on different cellular and protein components of the blood coagulation system were reported. However, these effects are controversially discussed or not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the existing reports on heme and its interference in coagulation processes, emphasizing the relevance of considering heme in the context of the treatment of thrombosis in patients with hemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
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Das D, Sen K. Effect of organo-selenium anticancer drugs on nitrite induced methemoglobinemia: A spectroscopic study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 245:118946. [PMID: 32979808 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Selenium containing drugs like selenomethionine, selenocystine, selenourea and methylseleninic acid are reported to exhibit potential anticancer effect. However, these anticancer drugs may exert adverse effects when used over a prolonged period. Little is known about the interaction of these selenium containing drugs with the vital erythroid protein hemoglobin. In this work a comparative study of the interaction of organo-selenium drugs with hemoglobin and heme moiety has been performed using different spectroscopic techniques to find out their role on drug induced methemoglobinemia. We found that though these selenium containing drugs have similar binding affinity towards hemoglobin, they have differential interactions with the heme group. Isothermal calorimetric titration study showed that selenourea has the lowest binding affinity (Kd 19.28 μM) towards HbA as compared to other drugs, selenomethionine, selenocystine and methylseleninic acid (Kd 7.69 μM, 4.88 μM and 10.5 μM at 37 °C respectively). This result is also supported by the molecular docking study. Methylseleninic acid was found to have detrimental effects on nitrite induced methemoglobinemia, a hematological disorder caused due to excessive conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+ in hemoglobin. Hence the results of the study would help to develop a better insight on the mechanism of action and anticipate the toxicity of these drugs which require further optimization before their actual use in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Kamalika Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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7
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Bose D, Chakrabarti A. Multiple Functions of Spectrin: Convergent Effects. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:499-508. [PMID: 32990795 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spectrin is a multifunctional, multi-domain protein most well known in the membrane skeleton of mature human erythrocytes. Here we review the literature on the crosstalk of the chaperone activity of spectrin with its other functionalities. We hypothesize that the chaperone activity is derived from the surface exposed hydrophobic patches present in individual "spectrin-repeat" domains and show a competition between the membrane phospholipid binding functionality and chaperone activity of spectrin. Moreover, we show that post-translational modifications such as glycation which shield these surface exposed hydrophobic patches, reduce the chaperone function. On the other hand, oligomerization which is linked to increase of hydrophobicity is seen to increase it. We note that spectrin seems to prefer haemoglobin as its chaperone client, binding with it preferentially over other denatured proteins. Spectrin is also known to interact with unstable haemoglobin variants with a higher affinity than in the case of normal haemoglobin. We propose that chaperone activity of spectrin could be important in the cellular biochemistry of haemoglobin, particularly in the context of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Bose
- Crystallography & Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Abhijit Chakrabarti
- Crystallography & Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Das D, Sen S, Sen K. Caffeine and catechin towards prevention of drug induced oxidation of hemoglobin: A spectroscopic study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 232:118167. [PMID: 32106030 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Administration of low doses of nitrates over prolonged periods in patients suffering from coronary heart disease may lead to chronic methemoglobinemia, a disease caused by oxidation of hemoglobin. Previous reports have shown that natural products like curcumin, vitamin E, vitamin C, resveratrol, etc., are capable of inhibition of nitrite induced oxidation of hemoglobin. Hence in this study we aimed to investigate the preventive role of antioxidants present in our diet, like caffeine and catechin hydrate which are commonly found in coffee and tea towards methemoglobin (met-Hb) formation. Our study revealed that when the hemolysate was pre-incubated with equimolar concentration of caffeine and its metabolite with respect to nitrite, the rate of the nitrite induced oxidation of HbA decreased from (7.33 ± 0.54) × 10-5 min-1 to (7.09 ± 1.05) × 10-5 min-1 and (2.98 ± 0.06) × 10-5 min-1 respectively. Hence it was evident that the metabolite of caffeine, 1-methyluric acid, exhibited better efficiency at physiological concentration than its precursor. On the contrary, only 4 mM catechin hydrate could enhance the rate of methemoglobin formation even in absence of nitrite and the rate of the reaction was (6.088 ± 0.31) × 10-5 min-1 which is comparable with that of 400 μM nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Souvik Sen
- KPC Medical College & Hospital, 1F, Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Kamalika Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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9
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Bose D, Patra M, Chakrabarti A. Effect of pH on stability, conformation, and chaperone activity of erythroid & non-erythroid spectrin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:694-702. [PMID: 28373029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spectrin, a major component of the eukaryotic membrane skeleton, has been shown to have chaperone like activity. Here we investigate the pH induced changes in the structure and stability of erythroid and brain spectrin by spectroscopic methods. We also correlate these changes with modulations of chaperone potential at different pH. We have followed the pH induced structural changes by circular dichroism spectroscopy and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. It is seen that lowering the pH from 9 has little effect on structure of the proteins till about pH6. At pH4, there is significant change of the secondary structure of the proteins, along with a 5nm hypsochromic shift of the emission maxima. Below pH4 the proteins undergo acid denaturation. Probing exposed hydrophobic patches on the proteins using protein-bound 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate fluorescence demonstrates that there is higher solvent accessibility of hydrophobic surfaces in both forms of spectrin at around pH4. Dynamic light scattering and 90° light scattering studies show that the both forms of spectrin forms oligomers at pH~4. Chemical unfolding data shows that these oligomers are less stable than the tetrameric form. Aggregation studies with BSA show that at pH4, both spectrins exhibit better chaperone activity. This enhancement of chaperone like activity appears to result from an increase in regions of solvent-exposed hydrophobicity and oligomeric state of the spectrins which in turn are induced by moderately acid pH. This may have in-vivo implications in cells facing stress conditions where cytoplasmic pH is lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Bose
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata, India
| | - Malay Patra
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chakrabarti
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata, India.
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10
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Hu J, Allen R, Rozinek S, Brancaleon L. Experimental and computational characterization of photosensitized conformational effects mediated by protoporphyrin ligands on human serum albumin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:694-710. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00096g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free and Zn-chelated protoporphyrins were bound to human serum albumin. Their binding parameters and locations were characterized and the effect of their irradiation on the conformation of the protein was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- 78249 San Antonio
- USA
| | - Ryan Allen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- 78249 San Antonio
- USA
| | - Sarah Rozinek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- 78249 San Antonio
- USA
| | - Lorenzo Brancaleon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- 78249 San Antonio
- USA
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Das D, Pramanik U, Patra M, Banerjee M, Chakrabarti A. Differential interactions of imatinib mesylate with the membrane skeletal protein spectrin and hemoglobin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-leukaemia drug imatinib has been shown to bind to spectrin, and to hemoglobin in its oxy-form with binding dissociation constants of 48 μM and 63 μM at 25 °C respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Das
- Crystallography & Molecular Biology Division
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- HBNI
- Kolkata 700064
- India
| | - Ushasi Pramanik
- Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata 700009
- India
| | - Malay Patra
- Chemistry Department
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata 700009
- India
| | | | - Abhijit Chakrabarti
- Crystallography & Molecular Biology Division
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- HBNI
- Kolkata 700064
- India
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12
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Fluorescence study of the effect of cholesterol on spectrin–aminophospholipid interactions. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2015; 44:635-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-015-1057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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