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Wagner B. Monoclonal antibody development advances immunological research in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110771. [PMID: 38729028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Host immune analyses require specific reagents to identify cellular and soluble components of the immune system. These immune reagents are often species-specific. For horses, various immunological tools have been developed and tested by different initiatives during the past decades. This article summarizes the development of well characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for equine immune cells, immunoglobulin isotypes, cytokines, and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Gnanesh Kumar B, Rawal A. Sequence characterization and N-glycoproteomics of secretory immunoglobulin A from donkey milk. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:605-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Freer H, Wagner B. Quantification of equine immunoglobulin A in serum and secretions by a fluorescent bead-based assay. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 188:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Palm AKE, Wattle O, Lundström T, Wattrang E. Secretory immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G in horse saliva. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 180:59-65. [PMID: 27692097 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase the knowledge on salivary antibodies in the horse since these constitute an important part of the immune defence of the oral cavity. For that purpose assays to detect horse immunoglobulin A (IgA) including secretory IgA (SIgA) were set up and the molecular weights of different components of the horse IgA system were estimated. Moreover, samples from 51 clinically healthy horses were tested for total SIgA and IgG amounts in saliva and relative IgG3/5 (IgG(T)) and IgG4/7 (IgGb) content were tested in serum and saliva. Results showed a mean concentration of 74μg SIgA/ml horse saliva and that there was a large inter-individual variation in salivary SIgA concentration. For total IgG the mean concentration was approx. 5 times lower than that of SIgA, i.e. 20μg IgG/ml saliva and the inter-individual variation was lower than that observed for SIgA. The saliva-serum ratio for IgG isotypes IgG3/5 and IgG4/7 was also assessed in the sampled horses and this analysis showed that the saliva-serum ratio of IgG4/7 was in general approximately 4 times higher than that of IgG3/5. The large inter-individual variation in salivary SIgA levels observed for the normal healthy horses in the present study emphasises the need for a large number of observations when studying this parameter especially in a clinical setting. Moreover, our results also indicated that some of the salivary IgG does not originate from serum but may be produced locally. Thus, these results provide novel insight, and a base for further research, into salivary antibody responses of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Palm
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ove Wattle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Torbjörn Lundström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Eva Wattrang
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Coevolution of Mucosal Immunoglobulins and the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor: Evidence That the Commensal Microbiota Provided the Driving Force. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/541537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) in mucosal secretions contribute to immune homeostasis by limiting access of microbial and environmental antigens to the body proper, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. The emergence of IgM in cartilaginous fish represented the primordial mucosal Ig, which is expressed in all higher vertebrates. Expansion and diversification of the mucosal Ig repertoire led to the emergence of IgT in bony fishes, IgX in amphibians, and IgA in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Parallel evolution of cellular receptors for the constant (Fc) regions of Igs provided mechanisms for their transport and immune effector functions. The most ancient of these Fc receptors is the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), which first appeared in an ancestor of bony fishes. The pIgR transports polymeric IgM, IgT, IgX, and IgA across epithelial cells into external secretions. Diversification and refinement of the structure of mucosal Igs during tetrapod evolution were paralleled by structural changes in pIgR, culminating in the multifunctional secretory IgA complex in mammals. In this paper, evidence is presented that the mutualistic relationship between the commensal microbiota and the vertebrate host provided the driving force for coevolution of mucosal Igs and pIgR.
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Lewis MJ, Wagner B, Irvine RM, Woof JM. IgA in the horse: cloning of equine polymeric Ig receptor and J chain and characterization of recombinant forms of equine IgA. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:610-21. [PMID: 20631692 PMCID: PMC3125105 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As in other mammals, immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the horse has a key role in immune defense. To better dissect equine IgA function, we isolated complementary DNA (cDNA) clones for equine J chain and polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). When coexpressed with equine IgA, equine J chain promoted efficient IgA polymerization. A truncated version of equine pIgR, equivalent to secretory component, bound with nanomolar affinity to recombinant equine and human dimeric IgA but not with monomeric IgA from either species. Searches of the equine genome localized equine J chain and pIgR to chromosomes 3 and 5, respectively, with J chain and pIgR coding sequence distributed across 4 and 11 exons, respectively. Comparisons of transcriptional regulatory sequences suggest that horse and human pIgR expression is controlled through common regulatory mechanisms that are less conserved in rodents. These studies pave the way for full dissection of equine IgA function and open up possibilities for immune-based treatment of equine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lewis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - B Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - R M Irvine
- Veterinary Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J M Woof
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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Kunhareang S, Zhou H, Hickford JGH. Novel sequence of the porcine IGHA gene. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:147-8. [PMID: 19781787 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two alleles of porcine IGHA have been reported previously. These have been detected by transcriptional length analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. However, these methods may not be able to detect all polymorphism in porcine IGHA as they rely on the presence of either length variation or polymorphism in a restriction endonuclease recognition site respectively. Here we report a novel sequence occurring in the hinge region of the porcine IGHA gene that was detected using PCR-SSCP analysis. The novel sequence had two nucleotides that are missing at the splice-acceptor site relative to the previously reported IGHA-A sequence. Further identification of allelic variation in porcine IGHA may require an alternative typing system to be developed.
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Mancia A, Romano TA, Gefroh HA, Chapman RW, Middleton DL, Warr GW, Lundqvist ML. Characterization of the immunoglobulin A heavy chain gene of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 118:304-9. [PMID: 17572508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin constant region heavy chain genes of the dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) have been described for IgM and IgG but not for IgA. Here, the heavy chain sequence of dolphin IgA has been cloned and sequenced as cDNA. RT-PCR amplification from blood peripheral lymphocytes was carried out using degenerate primers and a single sequence was detected. The inferred heavy chain structure shows conserved features typical of mammalian IgA heavy chains, including three constant (C) regions, a hinge region between constant region domain 1 (C1) and constant region domain 2 (C2), and conserved residues for interaction with the Fc alpha R1 and N-glycosylation sites. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of the IgA heavy chain for the dolphin and the evolutionarily related artiodactyl species showed high similarity. In cattle and sheep, as in dolphins, a single IgA subclass has been identified. Southern blot analysis as well as genomic PCR confirmed the presence of multiple IGHA sequences suggesting that IGHA pseudogenes may be present in the dolphin genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Mancia
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Science Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Wagner B. Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin genes of the horse. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:155-64. [PMID: 16046236 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies of the horse were studied intensively by many notable immunologists throughout the past century until the early 1970's. After a large gap of interest in horse immunology, additional basic studies on horse immunoglobulin genes performed during the past 10 years have resulted in new insights into the equine humoral immune system. These include the characterization of the immunoglobulin lambda and kappa light chain genes, the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant (IGHC) gene regions, and initial studies regarding the heavy chain variable genes. Horses express predominately lambda light chains and seem to have a relatively restricted germline repertoire of both lambda and kappa chain variable genes. The IGHC region contains eleven constant heavy chain genes, seven of which are gamma heavy chain genes. It is suggested that all seven genes encoding IgG isotypes are expressed and have distinct functions in equine immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wagner
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Morton HC, Pleass RJ, Storset AK, Brandtzaeg P, Woof JM. Cloning and characterization of equine CD89 and identification of the CD89 gene in chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. Immunology 2005; 115:74-84. [PMID: 15819699 PMCID: PMC1782135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the major antibody class present in external secretions of mammals. At the vulnerable mucosal surfaces, IgA provides a crucial first-line defence by neutralizing pathogens. Primates also have a substantial level of IgA in serum and although not well understood, the biological role of this IgA depends, at least partly, on its ability to interact with specific receptors (FcalphaRs) on the surface of leucocytes. The human FcalphaR, CD89, was the first IgA Fc receptor to be identified and binding of IgA-coated particles to CD89 triggers numerous cellular effector functions, including phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and release of inflammatory mediators, all of which may play an important role in both systemic and mucosal immunity. For many years humans were the only species known to express CD89, however, it has recently been cloned from cows and rats. Here, we describe the identification of the CD89 gene in three additional species: horses, chimpanzees, and Rhesus macaques. Equine CD89 was identified at the cDNA level, whereas the chimpanzee and Rhesus macaque genes were identified from the available draft genomic sequence. Interestingly, when compared with humans and other primates, horses, cows and rats have a relatively low concentration of serum IgA, so the role of CD89 in these species is of particular interest. The identification and characterization of CD89 in different species will contribute to a greater understanding of the biological role of IgA and CD89 in mucosal and systemic immunity throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Craig Morton
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Woof
- Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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Wagner B, Miller DC, Lear TL, Antczak DF. The Complete Map of the Ig Heavy Chain Constant Gene Region Reveals Evidence for Seven IgG Isotypes and for IgD in the Horse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3230-42. [PMID: 15322185 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report contains the first map of the complete Ig H chain constant (IGHC) gene region of the horse (Equus caballus), represented by 34 overlapping clones from a new bacterial artificial chromosome library. The different bacterial artificial chromosome inserts containing IGHC genes were identified and arranged by hybridization using overgo probes specific for individual equine IGHC genes. The analysis of these IGHC clones identified two previously undetected IGHC genes of the horse. The newly found IGHG7 gene, which has a high homology to the equine IGHG4 gene, is located between the IGHG3 and IGHG4 genes. The high degree of conservation shared between the nucleotide sequences of the IGHG7 and IGHG4 genes is unusual for the IGHG genes of the horse and suggests that these two genes duplicated most recently during evolution of the equine IGHG genes. Second, we present the genomic nucleotide sequence of the equine IGHD gene, which is located downstream of the IGHM gene. Both the IGHG7 and IGHD genes were found to be expressed at the mRNA level. The order of the 11 IGHC genes in the IGH-locus of the horse was determined to be 5'-M-D-G1-G2-G3-G7-G4-G6-G5-E-A-3', confirming previous studies using lambda phage clones, with the exception that the IGHG5 gene was found to be the most downstream-located IGHG gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to localize the IGHC region to Equus caballus (ECA) 24qter, the horse chromosome corresponding to human chromosome 14, where the human IGH locus is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wagner
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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