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Betancor G. You Shall Not Pass: MX2 Proteins Are Versatile Viral Inhibitors. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050930. [PMID: 37243034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance (MX) proteins are pivotal players in the innate immune response to viral infections. Less than 10 years ago, three independent groups simultaneously showed that human MX2 is an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) activity. Thenceforth, multiple research works have been published highlighting the ability of MX2 to inhibit RNA and DNA viruses. These growing bodies of evidence have identified some of the key determinants regulating its antiviral activity. Therefore, the importance of the protein amino-terminal domain, the oligomerization state, or the ability to interact with viral components is now well recognized. Nonetheless, there are still several unknown aspects of MX2 antiviral activity asking for further research, such as the role of cellular localization or the effect of post-translational modifications. This work aims to provide a comprehensive review of our current knowledge on the molecular determinants governing the antiviral activity of this versatile ISG, using human MX2 and HIV-1 inhibition as a reference, but drawing parallelisms and noting divergent mechanisms with other proteins and viruses when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Betancor
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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2
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Fabbri MC, Crovetti A, Tinacci L, Bertelloni F, Armani A, Mazzei M, Fratini F, Bozzi R, Cecchi F. Identification of candidate genes associated with bacterial and viral infections in wild boars hunted in Tuscany (Italy). Sci Rep 2022; 12:8145. [PMID: 35581286 PMCID: PMC9114367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is one of the large mammals most spread worldwide, highly adaptable, and its population rapidly increased in many areas in Europe, including Italy, where Tuscany is considered particularly suitable for wild boar. Wild boars are potential hosts for different etiological agents, such as Brucella spp., Leptospira spp. and Pseudorabies virus and they can contribute to maintain and/or to disseminate some bacterial or viral pathogens to humans and domestic animals, above all-in free-range farms. In order to identify hypothetical genomic regions associated with these infection diseases, 96 samples of wild boars hunted in Tuscany during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 hunting seasons were considered. Diagnosis was achieved by serological tests and 42 Pseudorabies, 31 Leptospira and 15 Brucella positive animals were identified. All animals were genotyped with Geneseek Genomic Profiler Porcine HD (70 k) and a genome-wide scan was then performed. Significant markers were highlighted for Pseudorabies (two SNPs), Brucella (seven SNPs), and Leptospira (four SNPs) and they were located within, or nearby, 29 annotated genes on chromosome 6, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 18. Eight genes are implicated in viral (SEC14L1, JMJD6, SRSF2, TMPRSS2, MX1, MX2) or bacterial (COL8A1, SPIRE1) infections, seven genes (MFSD11, METTL23, CTTNBP2, BACE2, IMPA2, MPPE1 and GNAL) are involved in mental disorders and one gene (MGAT5B) is related to the Golgi complex. Results presented here provide interesting starting points for future research, validation studies and fine mapping of candidate genes involved in bacterial and viral infections in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
| | - A Crovetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Tinacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bertelloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Armani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Fratini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Bozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - F Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Fernández-Barroso MÁ, García-Casco JM, Núñez Y, Ramírez-Hidalgo L, Matos G, Muñoz M. Understanding the role of myoglobin content in Iberian pigs fattened in an extensive system through analysis of the transcriptome profile. Anim Genet 2022; 53:352-367. [PMID: 35355298 PMCID: PMC9314091 DOI: 10.1111/age.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Meat color is the first perceived sensory feature and one of the most important quality traits. Myoglobin is the main pigment in meat, giving meat its characteristic cherry‐red color, highly appreciated by the consumers. In the current study, we used the RNA‐seq technique to characterize the longissimus dorsi muscle transcriptome in two groups of Iberian pigs with divergent breeding values for myoglobin content. As a result, we identified 57 differentially expressed genes and transcripts (DEGs). Moreover, we have validated the RNA‐seq expression of a set of genes by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Functional analyses revealed an enrichment of DEGs in biological processes related to oxidation (HBA1), lipid metabolism (ECH1, PLA2G10, PLD2), inflammation (CHST1, CD209, PLA2G10), and immune system (CD209, MX2, LGALS3, LGALS9). The upstream analysis showed a total of five transcriptional regulatory factors and eight master regulators that could moderate the expression of some DEGs, highlighting SPI1 and MAPK1, since they regulate the expression of DEGs involved in immune defense and inflammatory processes. Iberian pigs with high myoglobin content also showed higher expression of the HBA1 gene and both molecules, myoglobin and hemoglobin, have been described as having a protective effect against oxidative and inflammatory processes. Therefore, the HBA1 gene is a very promising candidate gene to harbor polymorphisms underlying myoglobin content, whereby further studies should be carried out for its potential use in an Iberian pig selection program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Fernández-Barroso
- Centro Nacional de I+D del Cerdo Ibérico, INIA-CSIC, Zafra, Spain.,Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan María García-Casco
- Centro Nacional de I+D del Cerdo Ibérico, INIA-CSIC, Zafra, Spain.,Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gema Matos
- Sánchez Romero Carvajal-Jabugo, SRC, Huelva, Spain
| | - María Muñoz
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Glud HA, George S, Skovgaard K, Larsen LE. Zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission of viruses between humans and pigs. APMIS 2021; 129:675-693. [PMID: 34586648 PMCID: PMC9297979 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans and pigs share a close contact relationship, similar biological traits, and one of the highest estimated number of viruses compared to other mammalian species. The contribution and directionality of viral exchange between humans and pigs remain unclear for some of these viruses, but their transmission routes are important to characterize in order to prevent outbreaks of disease in both host species. This review collects and assesses the evidence to determine the likely transmission route of 27 viruses between humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Aagaard Glud
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie George
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Transcriptional Profiling of Leucocyte Count Variation from Porcine Peripheral Blood Reveals Differential Gene Expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1496536. [PMID: 30581844 PMCID: PMC6276489 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1496536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leucocytes have tremendous health-check importance related to the individual antiviral capacity of pigs and other mammals. However, the molecular mechanism of the immune response of blood leucocytes in pigs is not completely known. This study investigated the leucocyte-count variation before and after poly I:C stimulation in a Duroc–Erhualian F2 population. Pigs with increased and decreased differences in leucocyte counts were coded as increased responder (IR) and decreased responder (DR), respectively. Then, we used microarray technology to compare the gene-expression profiles of both groups of pigs. Transcriptomic analysis identified 129 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IR pigs and 136 DEGs in DR pigs. Forty-one common DEGs showed that both groups had similar expression patterns of immune responses. These results illustrated a differential expression in both groups. Furthermore, qPCR experiment was performed to verify the differential-expression profile. Functional annotation of the DEGs indicated that both IR and DR pigs were similar in several biological processes, including innate immune response, and also exhibited distinct differences in biological processes, molecular function, and pathways. These results provided insights into the mechanism underlying the antiviral capacity of pigs. Trial registration number is CAS Registry Number 24939-03-5.
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Chen S, Zeng M, Liu P, Yang C, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Cheng A. The 125th Lys and 145th Thr Amino Acids in the GTPase Domain of Goose Mx Confer Its Antiviral Activity against the Tembusu Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070361. [PMID: 29986463 PMCID: PMC6070871 DOI: 10.3390/v10070361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tembusu virus (TMUV) is an avian pathogenic flavivirus that causes a highly contagious disease and catastrophic losses to the poultry industry. The myxovirus resistance protein (Mx) of innate immune effectors is a key antiviral “workhorse” of the interferon (IFN) system. Although mammalian Mx resistance against myxovirus and retrovirus was witnessed for decades, whether or not bird Mx has anti-flavivirus activity remains unknown. In this study, we found that the transcription of goose Mx (goMx) was obviously driven by TMUV infection, both in vivo and in vitro, and that the titers and copies of TMUV were significantly reduced by goMx overexpression. In both primary (goose embryo fibroblasts, GEFs) and passaged cells (baby hamster kidney cells, BHK21, and human fetal kidney cells, HEK 293T), it was shown that goMx was mainly located in the cytoplasm, and sporadically distributed in the nucleus. The intracellular localization of this protein is attributed to the predicted bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS; 30 residues: the 441st–471st amino acids of goMx). Intuitively, it seems that the cells with a higher level of goMx expression tend to have lower TMUV loads in the cytoplasm, as determined by an immunofluorescence assay. To further explore the antiviral determinants, a panel of variants was constructed. Two amino acids at the 125th (Lys) and 145th (Thr) positions in GTP-binding elements, not in the L4 loop (40 residues: the 532nd–572nd amino acids of goMx), were vital for the antiviral function of goMx against TMUV in vitro. These findings will contribute to our understanding of the functional significance of the antiviral system in aquatic birds, and the development of goMx could be a valuable therapeutic agent against TMUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Miao Zeng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Porcine Mx1 Protein Inhibits Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication by Targeting Nonstructural Protein NS5B. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02147-17. [PMID: 29343573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02147-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mx proteins are interferon (IFN)-induced GTPases that have broad antiviral activity against a wide range of RNA and DNA viruses; they belong to the dynamin superfamily of large GTPases. In this study, we confirmed the anti-classical swine fever virus (CSFV) activity of porcine Mx1 in vitro and showed that porcine Mx2 (poMx2), human MxA (huMxA), and mouse Mx1 (mmMx1) also have anti-CSFV activity in vitro Small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments revealed that depletion of endogenous poMx1 or poMx2 enhanced CSFV replication, suggesting that porcine Mx proteins are responsible for the antiviral activity of interferon alpha (IFN-α) against CSFV infection. Confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) demonstrated that poMx1 associated with NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of CSFV. We used mutations in the poMx1 protein to elucidate the mechanism of their anti-CSFV activity and found that mutants that disrupted the association with NS5B lost all anti-CSV activity. Moreover, an RdRp activity assay further revealed that poMx1 undermined the RdRp activities of NS5B. Together, these results indicate that porcine Mx proteins exert their antiviral activity against CSFV by interacting with NS5B.IMPORTANCE Our previous studies have shown that porcine Mx1 (poMx1) inhibits classical swine fever virus (CSFV) replication in vitro and in vivo, but the molecular mechanism of action remains largely unknown. In this study, we dissect the molecular mechanism of porcine Mx1 and Mx2 against CSFV in vitro Our results show that poMx1 associates with NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of CSFV, resulting in the reduction of CSFV replication. Moreover, the mutants of poMx1 further elucidate the mechanism of their anti-CSFV activities.
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Chen N, Wang F, Yu N, Gao Y, Huang J, Dang R, Huang Y, Lan X, Lei C, Chen H. Polymorphisms in MX2 Gene Are Related with SCS in Chinese Dairy Cows. Anim Biotechnol 2017; 29:81-89. [PMID: 28471716 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2017.1307217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections can play direct or indirect roles in the etiology of the bovine mastitis. Mx dynamin-like GTPase 2 (MX2) gene is a main effector of the antiviral innate immune defense mediated by type I interferon (IFN I), which was demonstrated to confer positive antiviral responses to many viruses. Given the importance of the MX2 in modulating the host immune response, MX2 gene may be a suitable candidate gene for studying disease resistance in dairy cattle. Here, we scanned the sequence variation of the MX2 gene in Chinese indigenous cattle breeds. Twenty-three previously reported SNPs were identified. To further analyze the effects of SNPs detected on mastitis disease, analysis of two SNPs (g.787527 C > T and g.787610 T > C) from 297 Chinese Holstein cows revealed a significant association with somatic cell score (SCS). Although functional studies are necessary to ascertain whether these two SNPs are causal polymorphisms or merely in linkage with the true causal SNPs, implementation of these two SNPs as genetic markers in the dairy industry may be beneficial in selecting individuals with lower SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Chen
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - FengQiao Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Nongqi Yu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Yuan Gao
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jieping Huang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Ruihua Dang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Hong Chen
- a College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
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9
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Whole Blood Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Gene Expression Differences between Dapulian and Landrace Piglets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2016:7907980. [PMID: 28105431 PMCID: PMC5220446 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7907980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is little genomic information regarding gene expression differences at the whole blood transcriptome level of different pig breeds at the neonatal stage. To solve this, we characterized differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the whole blood of Dapulian (DPL) and Landrace piglets using RNA-seq (RNA-sequencing) technology. In this study, 83 DEGs were identified between the two breeds. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses identified immune response and metabolism as the most commonly enriched terms and pathways in the DEGs. Genes related to immunity and lipid metabolism were more highly expressed in the DPL piglets, while genes related to body growth were more highly expressed in the Landrace piglets. Additionally, the DPL piglets had twofold more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and alternative splicing (AS) than the Landrace piglets. These results expand our knowledge of the genes transcribed in the piglet whole blood of two breeds and provide a basis for future research of the molecular mechanisms underlying the piglet differences.
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10
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McRae KM, Good B, Hanrahan JP, McCabe MS, Cormican P, Sweeney T, O'Connell MJ, Keane OM. Transcriptional profiling of the ovine abomasal lymph node reveals a role for timing of the immune response in gastrointestinal nematode resistance. Vet Parasitol 2016; 224:96-108. [PMID: 27270397 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in grazing ruminants. The major ovine defence mechanism is acquired immunity, with protective immunity developing over time in response to infection. Nematode resistance varies both within and between breeds and is moderately heritable. A detailed understanding of the genes and mechanisms involved in protective immunity, and the factors that regulate this response, is required to aid both future breeding strategies and the development of effective and sustainable nematode control methods. The aim of this study was to compare the abomasal lymph node transcriptome of resistant and susceptible lambs in order to determine biological processes differentially expressed between resistant and susceptible individuals. Scottish Blackface lambs, with divergent phenotypes for resistance, were challenged with 30,000 Teladorsagia circumcincta larvae (L3), and abomasal lymph nodes recovered at 7 and 14days post-infection (dpi). High-throughput sequencing of cDNA from the abomasal lymph node was used to quantitatively sample the transcriptome with an average of 32 million reads per sample. A total of 194 and 144 genes were differentially expressed between resistant and susceptible lambs at 7 and 14 dpi respectively. Differentially expressed networks and biological processes were identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Genes involved in the inflammatory response, attraction of T lymphocytes and binding of leukocytes were more highly expressed in resistant animals at 7 dpi and in susceptible animals at 14 dpi indicating that resistant animals respond to infection earlier than susceptible animals. Twenty-four Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) within 11 differentially expressed genes, were tested for association with gastrointestinal nematode resistance in the Scottish Blackface lambs. Four SNP, in 2 genes (SLC30A2 and ALB), were suggestively associated with faecal egg count. In conclusion, a large number of genes were differentially expressed in the abomasal lymph node of resistant and susceptible lambs responding to gastrointestinal nematode challenge. Resistant Scottish Blackface lambs appear to generate an earlier immune response to T. circumcincta. In susceptible lambs this response appears to be delayed. SNP in 2 differentially expressed genes were suggestively associated with faecal egg count indicating that differentially expressed genes may be considered candidate loci for mediating nematode resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M McRae
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland; Bioinformatics & Molecular Evolution Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Barbara Good
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | - James P Hanrahan
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | - Matthew S McCabe
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Mary J O'Connell
- Bioinformatics & Molecular Evolution Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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Bähr A, Singer A, Hain A, Vasudevan AAJ, Schilling M, Reh J, Riess M, Panitz S, Serrano V, Schweizer M, König R, Chanda S, Häussinger D, Kochs G, Lindemann D, Münk C. Interferon but not MxB inhibits foamy retroviruses. Virology 2016; 488:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Wang H, Bai J, Fan B, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang P. The Interferon-Induced Mx2 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 36:129-39. [PMID: 26566027 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes one of the most economically important diseases of swine in the world. Current vaccination strategies provide only limited protection against PRRSV infection. Recently, myxovirus resistance 2 (Mx2) has been identified as a novel interferon (IFN)-induced, innate immunity restriction factor that inhibits some viral infections. However, the role of Mx2 in PRRSV infection is not well understood. In this study, we cloned the full-length monkey Mx2 (mMx2) complementary DNA (cDNA) from IFN-β-treated African green monkey Marc-145 cells, and found that overexpression of mMx2 inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells. IFN-β induced expression of mMx2 in Marc-145 cells and suppressed PRRSV replication in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of mMx2 impaired the antiviral activity mediated by IFN-β. Confocal imaging and immunoprecipitation assays indicated that mMx2 interacted with PRRSV N protein in virus-infected cells. Furthermore, we showed that GTPase activity of mMx2 is necessary, but that the first N-terminal 51 amino acids are dispensable for antiviral activity. Finally, porcine Mx2 was also found to have the antiviral activity against PRRSV in Marc-145 cells. We conclude that mMx2 protein inhibits PRRSV replication by interaction with the viral N protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Bai
- 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China .,2 Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China
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Zhang X, Jing J, Li W, Liu K, Shi B, Xu Q, Ma Z, Zhou B, Chen P. Porcine Mx1 fused to HIV Tat protein transduction domain (PTD) inhibits classical swine fever virus infection in vitro and in vivo. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:264. [PMID: 26472464 PMCID: PMC4608112 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by CSF virus (CSFV) is highly contagious andcauses significant economic losses in the pig industry throughout the world. Previously we demonstrated that porcine Mx1 (poMx1), when fused to HIV Tat protein transduction domain (PTD), inhibits CSFV propagation in PK-15 cells, but it is unknown whether PTD-poMx1 exhibits antiviral activity in other porcine lines and it is efficacious for controlling CSFV infection in pigs in China. Methods Two porcine cell lines, ST and 3D4/21, were used to investigate in vitro antiviral activity of PTD-poMx1 against CSFV using confocal microscopy, western blot, flow cytometry, and real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, in vivo antiviral activity of PTD-poMx1 was assessed by means of rectal temperature, clinical score, pathological lesion, white blood cell count, viral load, etc. Results PTD-poMx1 entered both cell lines within 3 h and maintained for 16 h, but did not affect CSFV binding and uptake. Viral titers and qRT-PCR data showed that PTD-poMx1 inhibited CSFV replication in both cell lines, showing significant antiviral activity after infection. Injection of PTD-poMx1 into CSFV-challenged pigs attenuated CSFV symptoms and viremia in dose-dependent manner but did not completely block virus replication within 14 days post challenge, suggesting that PTD-poMx1 confers partial protection against a lethal challenge. Conclusion We demonstrated the anti-CSFV activity of PTD-poMx1 in vitro and in vivo. The results have shown that treatment with PTD-poMx1 alleviated symptoms and viral load in infected pigs. The results support our previous in vitro studies and suggest that PTD-poMx1 could be promising in reducing the clinical signs caused by CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jiao Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Baojun Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qianqian Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Puyan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Mx1 and Mx2 key antiviral proteins are surprisingly lost in toothed whales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8036-40. [PMID: 26080416 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501844112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral outbreaks in dolphins and other Delphinoidea family members warrant investigation into the integrity of the cetacean immune system. The dynamin-like GTPase genes Myxovirus 1 (Mx1) and Mx2 defend mammals against a broad range of viral infections. Loss of Mx1 function in human and mice enhances infectivity by multiple RNA and DNA viruses, including orthomyxoviruses (influenza A), paramyxoviruses (measles), and hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B), whereas loss of Mx2 function leads to decreased resistance to HIV-1 and other viruses. Here we show that both Mx1 and Mx2 have been rendered nonfunctional in Odontoceti cetaceans (toothed whales, including dolphins and orcas). We discovered multiple exon deletions, frameshift mutations, premature stop codons, and transcriptional evidence of decay in the coding sequence of both Mx1 and Mx2 in four species of Odontocetes. We trace the likely loss event for both proteins to soon after the divergence of Odontocetes and Mystocetes (baleen whales) ∼33-37 Mya. Our data raise intriguing questions as to what drove the loss of both Mx1 and Mx2 genes in the Odontoceti lineage, a double loss seen in none of 56 other mammalian genomes, and suggests a hitherto unappreciated fundamental genetic difference in the way these magnificent mammals respond to viral infections.
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Sironi M, Biasin M, Cagliani R, Gnudi F, Saulle I, Ibba S, Filippi G, Yahyaei S, Tresoldi C, Riva S, Trabattoni D, De Gioia L, Lo Caputo S, Mazzotta F, Forni D, Pontremoli C, Pineda JA, Pozzoli U, Rivero-Juarez A, Caruz A, Clerici M. Evolutionary analysis identifies an MX2 haplotype associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2402-14. [PMID: 24930137 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein product of the myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2) gene restricts HIV-1 and simian retroviruses. We demonstrate that MX2 evolved adaptively in mammals with distinct sites representing selection targets in distinct branches; selection mainly involved residues in loop 4, previously shown to carry antiviral determinants. Modeling data indicated that positively selected sites form a continuous surface on loop 4, which folds into two antiparallel α-helices protruding from the stalk domain. A population genetics-phylogenetics approach indicated that the coding region of MX2 mainly evolved under negative selection in the human lineage. Nonetheless, population genetic analyses demonstrated that natural selection operated on MX2 during the recent history of human populations: distinct selective events drove the frequency increase of two haplotypes in the populations of Asian and European ancestry. The Asian haplotype carries a susceptibility allele for melanoma; the European haplotype is tagged by rs2074560, an intronic variant. Analyses performed on three independent European cohorts of HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals with different geographic origin and distinct exposure route showed that the ancestral (G) allele of rs2074560 protects from HIV-1 infection with a recessive effect (combined P = 1.55 × 10(-4)). The same allele is associated with lower in vitro HIV-1 replication and increases MX2 expression levels in response to IFN-α. Data herein exploit evolutionary information to identify a novel host determinant of HIV-1 infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salomè Ibba
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Filippi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Yahyaei
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Tresoldi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Stefania Riva
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca De Gioia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Pontremoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Juan Antonio Pineda
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Clinical Unit, Valme Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Maimonides Institut for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Universitary Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyDon C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Potential applications for antiviral therapy and prophylaxis in bovine medicine. Anim Health Res Rev 2014; 15:102-17. [PMID: 24810855 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252314000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral disease is one of the major causes of financial loss and animal suffering in today's cattle industry. Increases in global commerce and average herd size, urbanization, vertical integration within the industry and alterations in global climate patterns have allowed the spread of pathogenic viruses, or the introduction of new viral species, into regions previously free of such pathogens, creating the potential for widespread morbidity and mortality in naïve cattle populations. Despite this, no antiviral products are currently commercially licensed for use in bovine medicine, although significant progress has been made in the development of antivirals for use against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and bovine herpesvirus (BHV). BVDV is extensively studied as a model virus for human antiviral studies. Consequently, many compounds with efficacy have been identified and a few have been successfully used to prevent infection in vivo although commercial development is still lacking. FMDV is also the subject of extensive antiviral testing due to the importance of outbreak containment for maintenance of export markets. Thirdly, BHV presents an attractive target for antiviral development due to its worldwide presence. Antiviral studies for other bovine viral pathogens are largely limited to preliminary studies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of antiviral compounds against several key bovine pathogens and the potential for commercial antiviral applications in the prevention and control of several selected bovine diseases.
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