1
|
Saulle I, Gidaro A, Donadoni M, Vanetti C, Mutti A, Romano ME, Clerici M, Cogliati C, Biasin M. Immunological Profiles in Parry-Romberg Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1219. [PMID: 38592689 PMCID: PMC10932088 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) is a rare craniofacial disorder. The aim of this study is to provide information on the immunological profile of this pathology. Since PRS can be included in a wider spectrum of sclerodermic diseases, we propose a case-control study comparing a patient affected by PRS with one with a diagnosis of scleroderma, herein used as control (CTR). Methods: B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, and monocyte phenotypes and functions were assessed by flow cytometry in influenza (Flu)- or anti cluster differentiation (CD)3/CD28-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cytokine concentration was evaluated as well in PBMC supernatants, plasma, and saliva by Luminex assay. Results: T and B lymphocytes were similarly activated in unstimulated PRS and CTR cells but differed following antigen stimulation. T helper (Th)17 lymphocytes were expanded in PRS compared to CTR; this increase correlated with higher interleukin (IL)-17 concentration. Conclusions: Our case-control study is the first to compare the immunological profiles of PRS and scleroderma patients. The higher percentage of Th17 cells in PRS suggests the use of anti-IL17 receptor monoclonal antibody in this rare disease; however, further studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to confirm our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Gidaro
- Department of Rheumatology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Donadoni
- Department of Rheumatology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mutti
- Department of Rheumatology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Eva Romano
- Department of Rheumatology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cogliati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Limanaqi F, Zecchini S, Saulle I, Strizzi S, Vanetti C, Garziano M, Cappelletti G, Parolin D, Caccia S, Trabattoni D, Fenizia C, Clerici M, Biasin M. Alpha-synuclein dynamics bridge Type-I Interferon response and SARS-CoV-2 replication in peripheral cells. Biol Res 2024; 57:2. [PMID: 38191441 PMCID: PMC10775536 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests a double-faceted role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) following infection by a variety of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Although α-syn accumulation is known to contribute to cell toxicity and the development and/or exacerbation of neuropathological manifestations, it is also a key to sustaining anti-viral innate immunity. Consistently with α-syn aggregation as a hallmark of Parkinson's disease, most studies investigating the biological function of α-syn focused on neural cells, while reports on the role of α-syn in periphery are limited, especially in SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Results herein obtained by real time qPCR, immunofluorescence and western blot indicate that α-syn upregulation in peripheral cells occurs as a Type-I Interferon (IFN)-related response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Noteworthy, this effect mostly involves α-syn multimers, and the dynamic α-syn multimer:monomer ratio. Administration of excess α-syn monomers promoted SARS-CoV-2 replication along with downregulation of IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs) in epithelial lung cells, which was associated with reduced α-syn multimers and α-syn multimer:monomer ratio. These effects were prevented by combined administration of IFN-β, which hindered virus replication and upregulated ISGs, meanwhile increasing both α-syn multimers and α-syn multimer:monomer ratio in the absence of cell toxicity. Finally, in endothelial cells displaying abortive SARS-CoV-2 replication, α-syn multimers, and multimer:monomer ratio were not reduced following exposure to the virus and exogenous α-syn, suggesting that only productive viral infection impairs α-syn multimerization and multimer:monomer equilibrium. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel insights into the biology of α-syn, showing that its dynamic conformations are implicated in the innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection in peripheral cells. In particular, our results suggest that promotion of non-toxic α-syn multimers likely occurs as a Type-I IFN-related biological response which partakes in the suppression of viral replication. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings in neuronal cells as well as animal models, and to ascertain the nature of such α-syn conformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, Milan, Italy
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Parolin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Caccia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saulle I, Garziano M, Cappelletti G, Limanaqi F, Strizzi S, Vanetti C, Lo Caputo S, Poliseno M, Santantonio TA, Clerici M, Biasin M. Salivary miRNA Profiles in COVID-19 Patients with Different Disease Severities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10992. [PMID: 37446170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is the first site of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication, and it plays a central role in the early defense against infection. Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 viral load, miRNAs, cytokines, and neutralizing activity (NA) were assessed in saliva and plasma from mild (MD) and severe (SD) COVID-19 patients. Here we showed that of the 84 miRNAs analyzed, 8 were differently expressed in the plasma and saliva of SD patients. In particular: (1) miRNAs let-7a-5p, let-7b-5p, and let-7c-5p were significantly downregulated; and (2) miR-23a and b and miR-29c, as well as three immunomodulatory miRNAs (miR-34a-5p, miR-181d-5p, and miR-146) were significantly upregulated. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, and TNFα) and chemokines (CCL2 and RANTES) increased in both the saliva and plasma of SD and MD patients. Notably, disease severity correlated with NA and immune activation. Monitoring these parameters could help predict disease outcomes and identify new markers of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Lo Caputo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Poliseno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Antonia Santantonio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Via A. Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Limanaqi F, Vicentini C, Saulle I, Clerici M, Biasin M. The role of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Life Sci 2023; 323:121701. [PMID: 37059356 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Type-I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is generally considered as a chronic, T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. This notwithstanding, both the endogenous characteristics of β-cells, and their response to environmental factors and exogenous inflammatory stimuli are key events in disease progression and exacerbation. As such, T1DM is now recognized as a multifactorial condition, with its onset being influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors, among which, viral infections represent major triggers. In this frame, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) and 2 (ERAP2) hold center stage. ERAPs represent the main hydrolytic enzymes specialized in trimming of N-terminal antigen peptides to be bound by MHC class I molecules and presented to CD8+ T cells. Thus, abnormalities in ERAPs expression alter the peptide-MHC-I repertoire both quantitatively and qualitatively, fostering both autoimmune and infectious diseases. Although only a few studies succeeded in determining direct associations between ERAPs variants and T1DM susceptibility/outbreak, alterations of ERAPs do impinge on a plethora of biological events which might indeed contribute to the disease development/exacerbation. Beyond abnormal self-antigen peptide trimming, these include preproinsulin processing, nitric oxide (NO) production, ER stress, cytokine responsiveness, and immune cell recruitment/activity. The present review brings together direct and indirect evidence focused on the immunobiological role of ERAPs in T1DM onset and progression, covering both genetic and environmental aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Vicentini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Via A. Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vanetti C, Lampasona V, Stracuzzi M, Fenizia C, Biasin M, Saulle I, Limanaqi F, Abdelsalam A, Loretelli C, Paradiso L, Longoni E, Barcellini L, Piemonti L, Marzinotto I, Dispinseri S, Amendola A, Fappani C, Tanzi E, Clerici MS, Scarlatti G, Zuccotti GV, Giacomet V, Trabattoni D. The Immunological Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children Is Linked to Clinical Severity and Age. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076779. [PMID: 37047752 PMCID: PMC10095251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is clinically less severe in children, even if the wide variety and degree of severity of symptoms reported in children pose a still-unresolved challenge for clinicians. We performed an in-depth analysis of the immunological profiles of 18 hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected children, whose results were compared to those obtained from 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). The patients were categorized as paucisymptomatic/moderate (55.6%) or severe/critical (44.5%) according to established diagnostic criteria and further stratified into the categories of infants (1–12 months), children (1–12 years), and adolescents (>12 years). We assessed SARS-CoV-2-specific RBD antibodies (Ab), neutralizing antibodies (nAb), and circulating cytokines/chemokines in the plasma, and the SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response was measured in PBMCs by gene expression and secretome analyses. Our results showed peculiar circulating cytokine/chemokine profiles among patients sharing a similar clinical phenotype. A cluster of patients consisting of infants with severe symptoms presented hyperinflammatory profiles, together with extremely polarized antibody profiles. In a second cluster consisting of paucisymptomatic patients, a less pronounced increase in the level of inflammatory cytokines, together with an association between the selected cytokines and humoral responses, was observed. A third cluster, again consisting of paucisymptomatic patients, showed a circulating cytokine/chemokine profile which overlapped with that of the HC. The SARS-CoV-2-stimulated production of pro-inflammatory proteins, T lymphocyte activation, and migration-specific proteins, were significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2-infected children compared to the HC. Our findings suggest that immune response activation in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is directly correlated with clinical severity and, to a lesser extent, age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Vito Lampasona
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Stracuzzi
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelsalam
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- International Center for T1D, Paediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristian Loretelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- International Center for T1D, Paediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Paradiso
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Longoni
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Barcellini
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marzinotto
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Amendola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Fappani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salvatore Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vania Giacomet
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garziano M, Utyro O, Strizzi S, Vanetti C, Saulle I, Conforti C, Cicilano F, Ardizzone F, Cappelletti G, Clerici M, Limanaqi F, Biasin M. Saliva and Plasma Neutralizing Activity Induced by the Administration of a Third bnt162b2 Vaccine Dose. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214341. [PMID: 36430815 PMCID: PMC9693379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing activity (NA) in serum, but no data are available on whether a third-dose activates specific-immunity within the oral mucosa, representing the primary route of viral-entry. To carefully address this issue, we investigated if such immunity is boosted by SARS-CoV-2-infection; how long it is maintained over-time; and if it protects against the SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1 (EU) and the emerging Delta and Omicron variants. NA was measured in plasma and saliva samples from: uninfected SARS-CoV-2-Vaccinated (SV), subjects infected prior to vaccination (SIV), and subjects who were infected after the second (SIV2) or the third (SIV3) vaccine dose. Samples were collected immediately before (T0), 15 days (T1), and 90 days (T2) post third-dose administration (SV and SIV), or 15 days post-infection (SIV2 and SIV3). In all the enrolled groups, NA in plasma and saliva: (i) was higher against EU compared to the other variants at all time-points (SV: T0 and T1, EU vs. both Delta and Omicron p < 0.001; T2 p < 0.01) (SIV: T0, EU vs. Delta p < 0.05; EU vs. Omi p < 0.01; T1 and T2 EU vs. Delta p < 0.01; EU vs. Omi p < 0.001); (ii) was boosted by the administration of the third dose; iii) declined over-time, albeit being detectable in almost all subjects at T2. The monitoring of NA over time will be important in clarifying if different NA levels may influence either acquisition or course of infection to properly plan the timing of a fourth vaccine dose administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Utyro
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Conforti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cicilano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ardizzone
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Via A. Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sironi M, Cagliani R, Biasin M, Lo Caputo S, Saulle I, Forni D, Real LM, Pineda JA, Exposito A, Saez ME, Sinangil F, Forthal D, Caruz A, Clerici M. No association of a risk variant for severe COVID-19 with HIV protection in three cohorts of highly exposed individuals. PNAS Nexus 2022; 1:pgac138. [PMID: 36741450 PMCID: PMC9896871 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An extended haplotype on chromosome 3 is the major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19. The risk haplotype, which was inherited from Neanderthals, decreases the expression of several cytokine receptors, including CCR5. Recently, a study based on three general population cohorts indicated that the minor allele of one of the variants in the haplotype (rs17713054) protects against HIV infection. We thus expected this allele to be over-represented in highly exposed individuals who remain uninfected (exposed seronegative individuals, ESN). To perform a meta-analysis, we genotyped rs17713054 in three ESN cohorts of European ancestry exposed to HIV through different routes. No evidence of association was detected in the single cohorts. The meta-analysis also failed to detect any effect of the variant on protection from HIV-1. The same results were obtained in a Cox-regression analysis for the time to seroconversion. An in-vitro infection assay did not detect differences in viral replication as a function of rs17713054 genotype status. We conclude that the rs17713054 minor allele is not associated with the ESN phenotype and does not modulate HIV infection in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mara Biasin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Lo Caputo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. Hospital Universitario de Valme, 41014 Sevilla, Spain,Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Pineda
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. Hospital Universitario de Valme, 41014 Sevilla, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Sevilla. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Almudena Exposito
- Unidad de Inmunogenética, Genética, Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, Lafayette, 94549 CA, USA
| | - Donald Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, 92697 CA, USA
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Unidad de Inmunogenética, Genética, Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mozzi A, Cagliani R, Pontremoli C, Forni D, Saulle I, Saresella M, Pozzoli U, Cappelletti G, Vantaggiato C, Clerici M, Biasin M, Sironi M. Simplexviruses successfully adapt to their host by fine-tuning immune responses. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6613336. [PMID: 35731846 PMCID: PMC9250107 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate herpes simplex viruses are species-specific and relatively harmless to their natural hosts. However, cross-species transmission is often associated with severe disease, as exemplified by the virulence of macacine herpesvirus 1 (B virus) in humans. We performed a genome-wide scan for signals of adaptation of simplexviruses to their hominin hosts. Among core genes, we found evidence of episodic positive selection in three glycoproteins, with several selected sites located in antigenic determinants. Positively selected noncore genes were found to be involved in different immune-escape mechanisms. The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1/HSV-2 encoded product (ICP47) of one of these genes is known to down-modulate major histocompatibility complex class I expression. This feature is not shared with B virus, which instead up-regulates Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G, an immunomodulatory molecule. By in vitro expression of different ICP47 mutants, we functionally characterized the selection signals. Results indicated that the selected sites do not represent the sole determinants of binding to the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Conversely, the amino acid status at these sites was sufficient to determine HLA-G up-regulation. In fact, both HSV-1 and HSV-2 ICP47 induced HLA-G when mutated to recapitulate residues in B virus, whereas the mutated version of B virus ICP47 failed to determine HLA-G expression. These differences might contribute to the severity of B virus infection in humans. Importantly, they indicate that the evolution of ICP47 in HSV-1/HSV-2 led to the loss of an immunosuppressive effect. Thus, related simplexviruses finely tune the balance between immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory pathways to promote successful co-existence with their primate hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Pontremoli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Vantaggiato
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fenizia C, Cetin I, Mileto D, Vanetti C, Saulle I, Di Giminiani M, Saresella M, Parisi F, Trabattoni D, Clerici M, Biasin M, Savasi V. Pregnant Women Develop a Specific Immunological Long-Lived Memory Against SARS-COV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827889. [PMID: 35251011 PMCID: PMC8889908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that pregnancy induces deep changes in the immune system. This is part of the physiological adaptation of the female organism to the pregnancy and the immunological tolerance toward the fetus. Indeed, over the three trimesters, the suppressive T regulatory lymphocytes are progressively more represented, while the expression of co-stimulatory molecules decreases overtime. Such adaptations relate to an increased risk of infections and progression to severe disease in pregnant women, potentially resulting in an altered generation of long-lived specific immunological memory of infection contracted during pregnancy. How potent is the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in infected pregnant women and how long the specific SARS-CoV-2 immunity might last need to be urgently addressed, especially considering the current vaccinal campaign. To address these questions, we analyzed the long-term immunological response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women from delivery to a six-months follow-up. In particular, we investigated the specific antibody production, T cell memory subsets, and inflammation profile. Results show that 80% developed an anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG response, comparable with the general population. While IgG were present only in 50% of the asymptomatic subjects, the antibody production was elicited by infection in all the mild-to-critical patients. The specific T-cell memory subsets rebalanced over-time, and the pro-inflammatory profile triggered by specific SARS-CoV-2 stimulation faded away. These results shed light on SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in pregnant women; understanding the immunological dynamics of the immune system in response to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for defining proper obstetric management of pregnant women and fine tune gender-specific vaccinal plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate Buzzi Children's Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mileto
- Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bio-emergence Diagnosis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Di Giminiani
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Parisi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Savasi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garziano M, Utyro O, Poliseno M, Santantonio TA, Saulle I, Strizzi S, Lo Caputo S, Clerici M, Introini A, Biasin M. Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection Affects Neutralizing Activity in Saliva of Vaccinees. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820250. [PMID: 35359971 PMCID: PMC8962193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 transmission mainly occurs through exposure of the upper airway mucosa to infected secretions such as saliva, which are excreted by an infected person. Thus, oral mucosal immunity plays a central role in the prevention of and early defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although virus-specific antibody response has been extensively investigated in blood samples of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and vaccinees, local humoral immunity in the oral cavity and its relationship to systemic antibody levels needs to be further addressed. Material and Methods We fine-tuned a virus neutralization assay (vNTA) to measure the neutralizing activity (NA) of plasma and saliva samples from 20 SARS-CoV-2-infected (SI), 40 SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated (SV), and 28 SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated subjects with a history of infection (SIV) using the “wild type” SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1 (EU) and the Delta (B.1.617.2) strains. To validate the vNTA results, the presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) was evaluated with an ELISA assay. Results NA to SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1 (EU) was present in plasma samples from all the tested subjects, with higher titers in SIV compared to both SI and SV. Conversely, NA was detected in saliva samples from 10.3% SV, 45% SI, and 92.6% SIV, with significantly lower titers in SV compared to both SI and SIV. The detection of NAbs in saliva reflected its reduced NA in SV. Discussion The difference in NA of plasma vs. saliva was confirmed in a vNTA where the SARS-CoV-2 B.1 and Delta strains were tested head-to-head, which also revealed a reduced NA of both specimens compared to the B.1 variant. Conclusions The administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was associated with limited virus NA in the oral cavity, as measured in saliva and in comparison to plasma. This difference was more evident in vaccinees without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, possibly highlighting the importance of local exposure at the site of virus acquisition to effectively prevent the infection and block its spread. Nevertheless, the presence of immune escape mutations as possibly represented by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant negatively affects both local and systemic efficacy of NA associated with vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Garziano
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Utyro
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Poliseno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Antonia Santantonio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Lo Caputo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Introini
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mara Biasin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mara Biasin,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saulle I, Vicentini C, Clerici M, Biasin M. Antigen presentation in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of class I HLA and ERAP polymorphisms. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:551-560. [PMID: 34116863 PMCID: PMC8108382 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Given the highly polymorphic nature of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules, it is not surprising that they function as key regulators of the host immune response to almost all invading pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Several correlations have already been established between the expression of a specific HLA allele/haplotype and susceptibility/progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection and new ones are continuously emerging. Protective and harmful HLA variants have been described in both mild and severe forms of the disease, but considering the huge amount of existing variants, the data gathered in such a brief span of time are to some extent confusing and contradictory. The aim of this mini-review is to provide a snap-shot of the main findings so far collected on the HLA-SARS-CoV-2 interaction, so as to partially untangle this intricate yarn. As key factors in the generation of antigenic peptides to be presented by HLA molecules, ERAP1 and ERAP2 role in SARS-CoV-2 infection will be revised as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences- L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Vicentini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences- L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy; SM Nascente Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Don C Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences- L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fenizia C, Saulle I, Di Giminiani M, Vanetti C, Trabattoni D, Parisi F, Biasin M, Savasi V. Unlikely SARS-CoV-2 Transmission During Vaginal Delivery. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2939-2941. [PMID: 34296422 PMCID: PMC8298043 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women display a higher risk of progression to disease and higher viral loads during infections due to their more permissive, tolerogenic immune system. However, only few studies have focused on SARS-CoV-2 intrapartum vertical transmission via vaginal secretions or faeces. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of the virus in vaginal, rectal and blood specimens from pregnant women characterized by different COVID-19 disease severity. We enrolled 56 SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant women, of which 46 (82%) were in the third trimester of pregnancy, 6 (10%) in the second and 4 (7%) in the first. QPCR was performed to detect the virus in vaginal and rectal swabs and in plasma samples. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 27% of rectal swabs of pregnant women in the third trimester, while no virus particles were detected in vaginal swabs of the same patients. Furthermore, only 4% plasma samples tested positive to SARS-CoV-2. No virus was detected in newborn’s nasopharyngeal swabs. Despite the low number of subjects enrolled, our data suggest that, while theoretically possible, intrapartum vaginal or orofecal SARS-CoV-2 transmission seems to be unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Di Giminiani
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Savasi
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saulle I, Garziano M, Fenizia C, Cappelletti G, Parisi F, Clerici M, Cetin I, Savasi V, Biasin M. MiRNA Profiling in Plasma and Placenta of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Pregnant Women. Cells 2021; 10:1788. [PMID: 34359957 PMCID: PMC8305278 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are gene expression regulators associated with several human pathologies, including those generated by viral infections. Their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 has been investigated and reviewed in many informative studies; however, a thorough miRNA outline in SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women (SIPW), at both systemic and placental levels, is missing. To fill this gap, blood and placenta biopsies collected at delivery from 15 asymptomatic SIPW were immediately analysed for: miRNA expression (n = 84) (QPCR array), antiviral/immune mRNA target expression (n = 74) (QGene) and cytokine/chemokines production (n = 27) (Multiplex ELISA). By comparing these results with those obtained from six uninfected pregnant women (UPW), we observed that, following SARS-CoV-2 infection, the transcriptomic profile of pregnant women is significantly altered in different anatomical districts, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and vertical transmission. This characteristic combination of miRNA and antiviral/immune factors seems to control both the infection and the dysfunctional immune reaction, thus representing a positive correlate of protection and a potential therapeutic target against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (G.C.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (G.C.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (G.C.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (G.C.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (F.P.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (G.C.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate Buzzi Children’s Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Savasi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (G.C.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (F.P.)
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (G.C.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saulle I, Marventano I, Saresella M, Vanetti C, Garziano M, Fenizia C, Trabattoni D, Clerici M, Biasin M. ERAPs Reduce In Vitro HIV Infection by Activating Innate Immune Response. J Immunol 2021; 206:1609-1617. [PMID: 33619214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human (rh) ERAP2-treated PBMCs are less susceptible to in vitro HIV-1 infection even when CD8+ T cells are depleted. We therefore investigated whether ERAP2 can trigger other immunocompetent cells, boosting their antiviral potential. To this end, human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) differentiated from PBMCs of 15 healthy donors were in vitro HIV-1 infected in the presence/absence of 100 ng/ml of rhERAP2, rhERAP1, or rhERAP1+rhERAP2. Notably, rhERAP2 treatment resulted in a 7-fold reduction of HIV-1 replication in MDMs (p < 0.05). This antiviral activity was associated with an increased mRNA expression of CD80, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α (p < 0.01 for cytokine) in in vitro ERAP2-treated HIV-1-infected MDMs and a greater release of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 (p < 0.01 for each cytokine). The rhERAPs addition also induced the functional inflammasome activation by ASC speck formation in monocytes (p < 0.01) and in THP1-derived macrophages (p < 0.01) as well as a rise in the percentage of activated classical (CD14+CD16-HLA-DRII+CCR7+) and intermediate (CD14++CD16+HLA-DRII+CCR7+) monocytes (p < 0.02). Finally, THP-1-derived macrophages showed an increased phagocytosis following all ERAPs treatments. The discovery that ERAPs are able to trigger several antiviral mechanisms in monocyte/macrophages suggests that their anti-HIV potential is not limited to their canonical role in Ag presentation and CD8+ T cell activation. These findings pose the premise to further investigate the role of ERAPs in both innate and adaptive immunostimulatory pathways and suggest their potential use in novel preventive and therapeutic approaches against HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; and
| | | | | | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; and.,Fondazione IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biasin M, Bianco A, Pareschi G, Cavalleri A, Cavatorta C, Fenizia C, Galli P, Lessio L, Lualdi M, Tombetti E, Ambrosi A, Redaelli EMA, Saulle I, Trabattoni D, Zanutta A, Clerici M. UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 replication. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6260. [PMID: 33737536 PMCID: PMC7973506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential virucidal effects of UV-C irradiation on SARS-CoV-2 were experimentally evaluated for different illumination doses and virus concentrations (1000, 5, 0.05 MOI). At a virus density comparable to that observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, an UV-C dose of just 3.7 mJ/cm2 was sufficient to achieve a more than 3-log inactivation without any sign of viral replication. Moreover, a complete inactivation at all viral concentrations was observed with 16.9 mJ/cm2. These results could explain the epidemiological trends of COVID-19 and are important for the development of novel sterilizing methods to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pareschi
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Adalberto Cavalleri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cavatorta
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- University Life and Health San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Galli
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Luigi Lessio
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Padova Astronomical Observatory, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Lualdi
- Department of Imaging Diagnostic and Radioterapy, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Tombetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Zanutta
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Biasin M, Bianco A, Pareschi G, Cavalleri A, Cavatorta C, Fenizia C, Galli P, Lessio L, Lualdi M, Tombetti E, Ambrosi A, Redaelli EMA, Saulle I, Trabattoni D, Zanutta A, Clerici M. UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 replication. Sci Rep 2021. [PMID: 33737536 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.05.20123463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential virucidal effects of UV-C irradiation on SARS-CoV-2 were experimentally evaluated for different illumination doses and virus concentrations (1000, 5, 0.05 MOI). At a virus density comparable to that observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, an UV-C dose of just 3.7 mJ/cm2 was sufficient to achieve a more than 3-log inactivation without any sign of viral replication. Moreover, a complete inactivation at all viral concentrations was observed with 16.9 mJ/cm2. These results could explain the epidemiological trends of COVID-19 and are important for the development of novel sterilizing methods to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pareschi
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Adalberto Cavalleri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cavatorta
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- University Life and Health San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Galli
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Luigi Lessio
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Padova Astronomical Observatory, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Lualdi
- Department of Imaging Diagnostic and Radioterapy, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Tombetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Zanutta
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)-Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saulle I, Vanetti C, Goglia S, Vicentini C, Tombetti E, Garziano M, Clerici M, Biasin M. A New ERAP2/Iso3 Isoform Expression Is Triggered by Different Microbial Stimuli in Human Cells. Could It Play a Role in the Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Cells 2020; 9:E1951. [PMID: 32847031 PMCID: PMC7563522 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following influenza infection, rs2248374-G ERAP2 expressing cells may transcribe an alternative spliced isoform: ERAP2/Iso3. This variant, unlike ERAP2-wt, is unable to trim peptides to be loaded on MHC class I molecules, but it can still dimerize with both ERAP2-wt and ERAP1-wt, thus contributing to profiling an alternative cellular immune-peptidome. In order to verify if the expression of ERAP2/Iso3 may be induced by other pathogens, PBMCs and MDMs isolated from 20 healthy subjects were stimulated with flu, LPS, CMV, HIV-AT-2, SARS-CoV-2 antigens to analyze its mRNA and protein expression. In parallel, Calu3 cell lines and PBMCs were in vitro infected with growing doses of SARS-CoV-2 (0.5, 5, 1000 MOI) and HIV-1BAL (0.1, 1, and 10 ng p24 HIV-1Bal/1 × 106 PBMCs) viruses, respectively. Results showed that: (1) ERAP2/Iso3 mRNA expression can be prompted by many pathogens and it is coupled with the modulation of several determinants (cytokines, interferon-stimulated genes, activation/inhibition markers, antigen-presentation elements) orchestrating the anti-microbial immune response (Quantigene); (2) ERAP2/Iso3 mRNA is translated into a protein (western blot); (3) ERAP2/Iso3 mRNA expression is sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 concentration. Considering the key role played by ERAPs in antigen processing and presentation, it is conceivable that these enzymes may be potential targets and modulators of the pathogenicity of infectious diseases and further analyses are needed to define the role played by the different isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Goglia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Chiara Vicentini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Enrico Tombetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (I.S.); (C.V.); (S.G.); (C.V.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidases ERAP1 and ERAP2 (ERAPs) are crucial enzymes shaping the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) immunopeptidome. In the ER, these enzymes cooperate in trimming the N-terminal residues from precursors peptides, so as to generate optimal-length antigens to fit into the MHC class I groove. Alteration or loss of ERAPs function significantly modify the repertoire of antigens presented by MHC I molecules, severely affecting the activation of both NK and CD8+ T cells. It is, therefore, conceivable that variations affecting the presentation of pathogen-derived antigens might result in an inadequate immune response and onset of disease. After the first evidence showing that ERAP1-deficient mice are not able to control Toxoplasma gondii infection, a number of studies have demonstrated that ERAPs are control factors for several infectious organisms. In this review we describe how susceptibility, development, and progression of some infectious diseases may be affected by different ERAPs variants, whose mechanism of action could be exploited for the setting of specific therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Cattedra di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (M.B.)
- Cattedra di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Chiara Vicentini
- Cattedra di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- Cattedra di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Cattedra di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fenizia C, Saulle I, Clerici M, Biasin M. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of natural resistance to HIV-1 infection: new approaches to unveil the HESN secret. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:429-445. [PMID: 32085689 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1732820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Since the identification of HIV, several studies reported the unusual case of small groups of subjects showing natural resistance to HIV infection. These subjects are referred to as HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals and include people located in different areas, with diverse ethnic backgrounds and routes of exposure. The mechanism/s responsible for protection from infection in HESN individuals are basically indefinite and most likely are multifactorial.Areas covered: Host factors, including genetic background as well as natural and acquired immunity, have all been associated with this phenomenon. Recently, epigenetic factors have been investigated as possible determinants of reduced susceptibility to HIV infection. With the advent of the OMICS era, the availability of techniques such as GWAS, RNAseq, and exome-sequencing in both bulk cell populations and single cells will likely lead to great strides in the understanding of the HESN mystery.Expert opinion: The employment of increasingly sophisticated techniques is allowing the gathering of enormous amounts of data. The integration of such information will provide important hints that could lead to the identification of viral and host correlates of protection against HIV infection, allowing the development of more effective preventative and therapeutic regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saulle I, Ibba SV, Torretta E, Vittori C, Fenizia C, Piancone F, Minisci D, Lori EM, Trabattoni D, Gelfi C, Clerici M, Biasin M. Corrigendum: Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) Is Released in the Secretome of Activated MDMs and Reduces in vitro HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2838. [PMID: 31853242 PMCID: PMC6910119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Irma Saulle
| | - Salomè Valentina Ibba
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Vittori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Davide Minisci
- Department of Infectious Disease, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Maria Lori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- I.R.C.C.S Orthopaedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jaimes-Bernal C, Rallón N, Benito JM, Omar M, Gómez-Vidal MA, Márquez FJ, Sánchez-Arcas B, Trujillo M, Royo JL, Saulle I, Biasin M, Rivero-Juárez A, Caruz A. A Knockout IFNL4 Variant Is Associated With Protection From Sexually Transmitted HIV-1 Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:772-776. [PMID: 30289470 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An interferon λ4 gene (IFNL4) knockout allele (rs368234815; TT) is associated with spontaneous and IFN-α-dependent cure of hepatitis C virus infection. The role of this polymorphism in the susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is controversial. This study aimed to assess the association of this knockout IFNL4 variant and sexually transmitted HIV-1 infection. A total of 228 HIV-1-positive individuals and 136 HIV-exposed seronegative individuals were investigated for their association with IFNL4 rs368234815 genotypes. The IFNL4 ΔG functional allele is associated with increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection through the sexual route (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3.6; P = .004). A meta-analysis including a population of injection drug users suggests a codominant mode of inheritance of this risk factor (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.2; P = .001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jaimes-Bernal
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaen.,Research Group of the Bacteriology and Clinical Laboratory Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Norma Rallón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles
| | - José M Benito
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles
| | - Mohamed Omar
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Unit. Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, Jaen
| | | | | | | | | | - José Luis Royo
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.-Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.-Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaen
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ibba SV, Fenizia C, Serna Ortega P, Mercurio V, Saulle I, Lori EM, Trabattoni D, Clerici M, Biasin M. Analysing the role of STAT3 in HIV-1 infection. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2019; 33:1635-1639. [PMID: 31489808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S V Ibba
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | - C Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan
| | - P Serna Ortega
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | - V Mercurio
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | - I Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | - E M Lori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | - D Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | - M Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - M Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saulle I, Ibba SV, Torretta E, Vittori C, Fenizia C, Piancone F, Minisci D, Lori EM, Trabattoni D, Gelfi C, Clerici M, Biasin M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) Is Released in the Secretome of Activated MDMs and Reduces in vitro HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1648. [PMID: 31379846 PMCID: PMC6646713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Haplotype-specific alternative splicing of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidase type 2 (ERAP2) gene results in either full-length (FL, haplotype A) or alternatively spliced (AS, haplotype B) mRNA. HapA/HapA homozygous (HomoA) subjects show a reduced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, probably secondary to the modulation of the antigen processing/presenting machinery. ERAP1 was recently shown to be secreted from the plasma membrane in response to activation; we investigated whether ERAP2 can be released as well and if the secreted form of this enzyme retains its antiviral function. Methods: Human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) were differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 6 HomoA healthy controls and stimulated with IFNγ and LPS. ERAP2-FL secretion was evaluated by mass spectrometry. PBMCs (14 HomoA and 16 HomoB) and CD8-depleted PBMCs (CD8−PBMCs) (4 HomoA and 4 HomoB) were in vitro HIV-infected in the absence/presence of recombinant human ERAP2-FL (rhERAP2) protein; p24 viral antigen quantification was used to assess viral replication. IFNγ and CD69 mRNA expression, as well as the percentage of perforin-producing CD8+ T Lymphocytes, were analyzed 3 and 7-days post in vitro HIV-1-infection, respectively. The effect of rhERAP2 addition in cell cultures on T cell apoptosis, proliferation, activation, and maturation was evaluated as well on 24 h-stimulated PBMCs. Results: ERAP2 can be secreted from human MDMs in response to IFNγ/LPS stimulation. Notably, the addition of rhERAP2 to PBMC and CD8−PBMC cultures resulted in the reduction of viral replication, though these differences were statistically significant only in PBMCs (p < 0.05 in both HomoA and HomoB). This protective effect was associated with an increase in IFNγ and CD69 mRNA expression and in the percentage of perforin-expressing CD107+CD8+ cells. RhERAP2 addition also resulted in an increase in CD8+ activated lymphocyte (CD25+HLA−DRII+) and Effector Memory/Terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells ratio. Conclusions: This is the first report providing evidence for the release of ERAP2 in the secretome of immunocompetent cells. Data herein also indicate that exogenous ERAP2-FL exerts its protective function against HIV-1 infection, even in HomoB subjects who do not genetically produce it. Presumably, this defensive extracellular feature is only partially dependent on immune system modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salomè Valentina Ibba
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Vittori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Davide Minisci
- Department of Infectious Disease, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Maria Lori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S Orthopaedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Aguilar-Jimenez W, Saulle I, Trabattoni D, Vichi F, Lo Caputo S, Mazzotta F, Rugeles MT, Clerici M, Biasin M. High Expression of Antiviral and Vitamin D Pathway Genes Are a Natural Characteristic of a Small Cohort of HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative Individuals. Front Immunol 2017; 8:136. [PMID: 28243241 PMCID: PMC5303892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural resistance to HIV-1 infection is influenced by genetics, viral-exposure, and endogenous immunomodulators such as vitamin D (VitD), being a multifactorial phenomenon that characterizes HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs). We compared mRNA expression of 10 antivirals, 5 immunoregulators, and 3 VitD pathway genes by qRT-PCR in cells of a small cohort of 11 HESNs, 16 healthy-controls (HCs), and 11 seropositives (SPs) at baseline, in response to calcidiol (VitD precursor) and/or aldithriol-2-(AT2)-inactivated HIV-1. In addition, the expression of TIM-3 on T and NK cells of six HCs after calcidiol and calcitriol (active VitD) treatments was evaluated by flow cytometry. Calcidiol increased the mRNA expression of HAVCR2 (TIM-3; Th1-cells inhibitor) in HCs and HESNs. AT2-HIV-1 increased the mRNA expression of the activating VitD enzyme CYP27B1, of the endogenous antiviral proteins MX2, TRIM22, APOBEC3G, and of immunoregulators ERAP2 and HAVCR2, but reduced the mRNA expression of VitD receptor (VDR) and antiviral peptides PI3 and CAMP in all groups. Remarkably, higher mRNA levels of VDR, CYP27B1, PI3, CAMP, SLPI, and of ERAP2 were found in HESNs compared to HCs either at baseline or after stimuli. Furthermore, calcitriol increases the percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing TIM-3 protein compared to EtOH controls. These results suggest that high mRNA expression of antiviral and VitD pathway genes could be genetically determined in HESNs more than viral-induced at least in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, the virus could potentiate bio-activation and use of VitD, maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. Interestingly, VitD-induced TIM-3 on T cells, a T cell inhibitory and anti-HIV-1 molecule, requires further studies to analyze the functional outcomes during HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wbeimar Aguilar-Jimenez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche-Luigi Sacco, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche-Luigi Sacco, Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche-Luigi Sacco, Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Mario Clerici
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche-Luigi Sacco, Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Merlini E, Tincati C, Biasin M, Saulle I, Cazzaniga FA, d'Arminio Monforte A, Cappione AJ, Snyder-Cappione J, Clerici M, Marchetti GC. Stimulation of PBMC and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages via Toll-Like Receptor Activates Innate Immune Pathways in HIV-Infected Patients on Virally Suppressive Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:614. [PMID: 28066424 PMCID: PMC5165253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-infected, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated patients, immune activation and microbial translocation persist and associate with inadequate CD4 recovery and morbidity/mortality. We analyzed whether alterations in the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway could be responsible for the immune hyperactivation seen in these patients. PBMC/monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) of 28 HIV+ untreated and 35 cART-treated patients with HIV-RNA < 40 cp/mL [20 Full Responders (FRs): CD4 ≥ 350; 15 Immunological Non-Responders (INRs): CD4 < 350], as well as of 16 healthy controls were stimulated with a panel of TLR agonists. We measured: CD4/CD8/CD14/CD38/HLA-DR/Ki67/AnnexinV/CD69/TLR4/8 (Flow Cytometry); PBMC expression of 84 TLR pathway genes (qPCR); PBMC/MDM cytokine release (Multiplex); and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/sCD14 (LAL/ELISA). PBMC/MDM from cART patients responded weakly to LPS stimulation but released high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. MDM from these patients were characterized by a reduced expression of HLA-DR+ MDM and failed to expand activated HLA-DR+ CD38+ T-lymphocytes. PBMC/MDM from cART patients responded more robustly to ssRNA stimulation; this resulted in a significant expansion of activated CD38 + CD8 and the release of amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines comparable to those seen in untreated viremic patients. Despite greater constitutive TLR pathway gene expression, PBMC from INRs seemed to upregulate only type I IFN genes following TLR stimulation, whereas PBMC from full responders showed a broader response. Systemic exposure to microbial antigens drives immune activation during cART by triggering TLRs. Bacterial stimulation modifies MDM function/pro-inflammatory profile in cART patients without affecting T-lymphocytes; this suggests translocating bacteria as selective stimulus to chronic innate activation during cART. High constitutive TLR activation is seen in patients lacking CD4 recovery, suggesting an exhausted immune milieu, anergic to further antigen encounters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Merlini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Camilla Tincati
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences - "L. Sacco", University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences - "L. Sacco", University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Federico Angelo Cazzaniga
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Antonella d'Arminio Monforte
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Carla Marchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rainone V, Schneider L, Saulle I, Ricci C, Biasin M, Al-Daghri NM, Giani E, Zuccotti GV, Clerici M, Trabattoni D. Upregulation of inflammasome activity and increased gut permeability are associated with obesity in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1026-33. [PMID: 26876434 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune activation contributes to the persistent state of inflammation associated with metabolic dysfunction in obesity. The specific immune receptors that sense metabolic stress signals and trigger inflammation are nevertheless largely unknown, and little is known on inflammatory and immune gene regulation in obesity. METHODS The study includes a cross-sectional and a longitudinal arm. Forty children and adolescents were enrolled: 22 obese subjects and 18 age-matched normal weight controls. Obese subjects participated in an 18-month therapeutic protocol, based on intensive lifestyle modification (dietary regimen, physical activity and behavioral interventions). Expression of genes involved in the inflammasome pathway, plasma concentration of the inflammasome-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18) and indexes of microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), soluble CD14 (sCD14) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein) were analyzed at baseline in obese subjects compared with controls, and after 18 months in obese subjects. RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses showed that the LPS-induced expression of genes involved in inflammasome (NLRP3, caspase 5 and NAIP), Nod-like receptors (NLRX1 and NOD1), downstream signaling (P2RX7, RAGE, RIPk2, TIRAP and BIRC2) and effector molecules (IFN-γ, IL-12β, IL-1β, CCL2, CCL5, IL-6 and TNFα) was significantly increased in obese subjects at baseline as compared with normal weight controls. The baseline plasma concentration of inflammasome-related cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) and of microbial translocation markers (LPS and sCD14) was augmented in obese subjects as compared with controls as well. Longitudinal analyses indicated that intensive lifestyle modification resulted in a normalization of parameters in subjects with a significant reduction of BMI after 18 months. CONCLUSIONS In children and adolescents, obesity is characterized by the activation of the inflammasome and by an alteration of gut permeability. Successful lifestyle modification is effective in reducing inflammation, suggesting that inhibition of the inflammasome may be a potential therapeutic strategy in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Rainone
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milan, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - I Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Ricci
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - N M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - E Giani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - G V Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milan, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - M Clerici
- Department of Medical-Surgery Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - D Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saulle I, Biasin M, Gnudi F, Rainone V, Ibba SV, Caputo SL, Mazzotta F, Trabattoni D, Clerici M. Short Communication: Immune Activation Is Present in HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative Individuals and Is Independent of Microbial Translocation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:129-33. [PMID: 26414485 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyses of immune activation in HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESN) yielded discrepant results. To clarify this issue we performed an extensive investigation of immune parameters in HESN and, in particular, we analyzed in these individuals the possible presence of microbial translocation, the most widely accepted reason driving immune activation in HIV-infected patients. Results showed that immune activation, a skewing of T lymphocyte maturation, and increased responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) characterize the HESN phenotype; this is not driven by alterations of the gastrointestinal barrier and microbial translocation. The activation state seen in HESN may influence the induction of stronger adaptive antiviral immune responses and may represent a virus exposure-induced innate immune protective phenotype against HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Rainone
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Don C Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sironi M, Biasin M, Pontremoli C, Cagliani R, Saulle I, Trabattoni D, Vichi F, Lo Caputo S, Mazzotta F, Aguilar-Jimenez W, Rugeles MT, Cedeno S, Sanchez J, Brander C, Clerici M. Variants in the CYP7B1 gene region do not affect natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2015; 12:80. [PMID: 26399852 PMCID: PMC4581478 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic bases of natural resistance to HIV-1 infection remain largely unknown. Recently, two genome-wide association studies suggested a role for variants within or in the vicinity of the CYP7B1 gene in modulating HIV susceptibility. CYP7B1 is an appealing candidate for this due to its contribution to antiviral immune responses. We analyzed the frequency of two previously described CYP7B1 variants (rs6996198 and rs10808739) in three independent cohorts of HIV-1 infected subjects and HIV-1 exposed seronegative individuals (HESN). Findings rs6996198 and rs10808739 were genotyped in three case/control cohorts of sexually-exposed HESN and HIV-1-infected individuals from Italy, Peru and Colombia. Comparison of the allele and genotype frequencies of the two SNPs under different models showed that the only significant difference was seen for rs6996198 in the Peruvian sample (nominal p = 0.048, dominant model). For this variant, a random-effect meta-analysis yielded non-significant results (dominant model, p = 0.78) and revealed substantial heterogeneity among cohorts. No significant effect of the rs10808739 allelic status on HIV-1 infection susceptibility (additive model, p = 0.30) emerged from the meta-analysis. Conclusions Although our study had limited power to detect association due to the small sample size, comparisons among the three cohorts revealed very similar allelic and genotypic frequencies in HESN and HIV-1 positive subjects. Overall, these data indicate that the two GWAS-defined variants in the CYP7B1 region do not strongly influence HIV-1 infection susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Pontremoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Teresa Rugeles
- Immunovirology Group, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Samandhy Cedeno
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain. .,University of Vic and Central Catalonia, Vic, Spain.
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Peru.
| | - Christian Brander
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain. .,University of Vic and Central Catalonia, Vic, Spain.
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090, Milan, Italy. .,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, 20148, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Herrero R, Real LM, Rivero-Juárez A, Pineda JA, Camacho Á, Macías J, Laplana M, Konieczny P, Márquez FJ, Souto JC, Soria JM, Saulle I, Lo Caputo S, Biasin M, Rivero A, Fibla J, Caruz A. Association of complement receptor 2 polymorphisms with innate resistance to HIV-1 infection. Genes Immun 2015; 16:134-41. [PMID: 25569262 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 induces activation of complement through the classical and lectin pathways. However, the virus incorporates several membrane-bound or soluble regulators of complement activation (RCA) that inactivate complement. HIV-1 can also use the complement receptors (CRs) for complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (Ć-ADE). We hypothesize that hypofunctional polymorphisms in RCA or CRs may protect from HIV-1 infection. For this purpose, 139 SNPs located in 19 RCA and CRs genes were genotyped in a population of 201 Spanish HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals (HESN) and 250 HIV-1-infected patients. Two SNPs were associated with infection susceptibility, rs1567190 in CR2 (odds ratio (OR) = 2.27, P = 1 × 10(-4)) and rs2842704 in C4BPA (OR = 2.11, P = 2 × 10(-4)). To replicate this finding, we analyzed a cohort of Italian, sexually HESN individuals. Although not significant (P = 0.25, OR = 1.57), similar genotypic proportions were obtained for the CR2 marker rs1567190. The results of the two association analyses were combined through a random effect meta-analysis, with a significant P-value of 2.6 x 10(-5) (OR = 2.07). Furthermore, we found that the protective CR2 genotype is correlated with lower levels CR2 mRNA as well as differences in the ratio of the long and short CR2 isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Herrero
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - L M Real
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Clinical Unit. Valme Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - A Rivero-Juárez
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - J A Pineda
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Clinical Unit. Valme Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Á Camacho
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - J Macías
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Clinical Unit. Valme Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - M Laplana
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Lleida IRBLleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Konieczny
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - F J Márquez
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - J C Souto
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau, Barcelone, Spain
| | - J M Soria
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau, Barcelone, Spain
| | - I Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - M Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Rivero
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - J Fibla
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Lleida IRBLleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Caruz
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saulle I, Biasin M, Gnudi F, Ibba S, Garziano M, Sironi M, Trabattoni D, Caputo SL, Mazzotta F, Caruz A, De Gioia L, Clerici MS. Evolutionary Analysis Identifies an MX2 Haplotype Associated with Natural Resistance to HIV-1 Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5034.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Saulle
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Salomè Ibba
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Milan, Jamaica
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luca De Gioia
- University of Milan-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Biasin M, Yahyaei S, De Luca M, Saulle I, Gnudi F, Ibba S, Garziano M, Berzi A, Rainone V, Trabattoni D, Caputo SL, Mazzotta F, Clerici M. Plasma and PBMC miRNA Profile in Sexually HIV-1 Exposed Seronegative Individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5154.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Biasin
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Yahyaei
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Irma Saulle
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Salomè Ibba
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Berzi
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Rainone
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- University of Milan, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sironi M, Biasin M, Gnudi F, Cagliani R, Saulle I, Forni D, Rainone V, Trabattoni D, Garziano M, Mazzotta F, Real LM, Rivero-Juarez A, Caruz A, Caputo SL, Clerici M. A regulatory polymorphism in HAVCR2 modulates susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106442. [PMID: 25180498 PMCID: PMC4152274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The HAVCR2 gene encodes TIM-3, an immunoglobulin superfamily member expressed by exhausted CD8+ T cells during chronic viral infection. We investigated whether genetic variation at HAVCR2 modulates the susceptibility to HIV-1 acquisition; specifically we focused on a 3′ UTR variant (rs4704846, A/G) that represents a natural selection target. We genotyped rs4704846 in three independent cohorts of HIV-1 exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals with different geographic origin (Italy and Spain) and distinct route of exposure to HIV-1 (sexual and injection drug use). Matched HIV-1 positive subjects and healthy controls were also analyzed. In all case-control cohorts the minor G allele at rs4704846 was more common in HIV-1 infected individuals than in HESN, with healthy controls showing intermediate frequency. Results from the three association analyses were combined through a random effect meta-analysis, which revealed no heterogeneity among samples (Cochrane's Q, p value = 0.89, I2 = 0) and yielded a p value of 6.8 ×10−4. The minor G allele at rs4704846 was found to increase HAVCR2 expression after in vitro HIV-1 infection. Thus, a positively selected polymorphism in the 3′ UTR, which modulates HAVCR2 expression, is associated with the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. These data warrant further investigation into the role of TIM-3 in the prevention and treatment of HIV-1/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Veronica Rainone
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Mazzotta
- Infectious Disease Unit, S. Maria Annunziata Hospital Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Clinical Unit, Valme Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Maimonides Institut for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC)-Reina Sofia Universitary Hospital-University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Sergio Lo Caputo
- Infectious Disease Unit, S. Maria Annunziata Hospital Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Chair of Immunology, Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Al-Daghri NM, Guerini FR, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Draz HM, Agliardi C, Costa AS, Saulle I, Mohammed AK, Biasin M, Clerici M. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with obesity and inflammosome activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102141. [PMID: 25020064 PMCID: PMC4096505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms underlying the suggested role of the vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) complex in the pathogenesis of obesity we performed genetic and immunologic analyses in obese and non-obese Saudi individuals without other concomitant chronic diseases. Genomic DNA was genotyped for gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of VDR by allelic discrimination in 402 obese (body mass index –BMI≥30 kg/m2) and 489 non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m2) Saudis. Q-PCR analyses were performed using an ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System. The inflammosome pathway was analysed by PCR, cytokines and plasma lipopolysaccaride (LPS) concentrations with ELISA assays. Results showed that the VDR SNPs rs731236 (G) (TaqI) and rs1544410 (T) (Bsm-I) minor allele polymorphisms are significantly more frequent in obese individuals (p = 0.009, β = 0.086 and p = 0.028, β = 0.072, respectively). VDR haplotypes identified are positively (GTA) (p = 0.008, β = 1.560); or negatively (ACC) (p = 0.044, β = 0.766) associated with obesity and higher BMI scores. The GTA "risk" haplotype was characterized by an up-regulation of inflammosome components, a higher production of proinflammatory cytokines (p<0.05) and a lower VDR expression. Plasma LPS concentration was also increased in GTA obese individuals (p<0.05), suggesting an alteration of gut permeability leading to microbial translocation. Data herein indicate that polymorphisms affecting the vitamin D/VDR axis play a role in obesity that is associated with an ongoing degree of inflammation, possibly resulting from alterations of gut permeability and microbial translocation. These results could help the definition of VDR fingerprints that predict an increased risk of developing obesity and might contribute to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for this metabolic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
- * E-mail:
| | - Franca R. Guerini
- Don Gnocchi Foundation, ONLUS, Milano and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Omar S. Al-Attas
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Majed S. Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Khalid M. Alkharfy
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Hossam M. Draz
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
- INRS-Institute Armand Frappier, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cristina Agliardi
- Don Gnocchi Foundation, ONLUS, Milano and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea S. Costa
- Don Gnocchi Foundation, ONLUS, Milano and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Abdul Khader Mohammed
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
- Don Gnocchi Foundation, ONLUS, Milano and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sironi M, Biasin M, Cagliani R, Gnudi F, Saulle I, Ibba S, Filippi G, Yahyaei S, Tresoldi C, Riva S, Trabattoni D, De Gioia L, Lo Caputo S, Mazzotta F, Forni D, Pontremoli C, Pineda JA, Pozzoli U, Rivero-Juarez A, Caruz A, Clerici M. Evolutionary analysis identifies an MX2 haplotype associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2402-14. [PMID: 24930137 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein product of the myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2) gene restricts HIV-1 and simian retroviruses. We demonstrate that MX2 evolved adaptively in mammals with distinct sites representing selection targets in distinct branches; selection mainly involved residues in loop 4, previously shown to carry antiviral determinants. Modeling data indicated that positively selected sites form a continuous surface on loop 4, which folds into two antiparallel α-helices protruding from the stalk domain. A population genetics-phylogenetics approach indicated that the coding region of MX2 mainly evolved under negative selection in the human lineage. Nonetheless, population genetic analyses demonstrated that natural selection operated on MX2 during the recent history of human populations: distinct selective events drove the frequency increase of two haplotypes in the populations of Asian and European ancestry. The Asian haplotype carries a susceptibility allele for melanoma; the European haplotype is tagged by rs2074560, an intronic variant. Analyses performed on three independent European cohorts of HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals with different geographic origin and distinct exposure route showed that the ancestral (G) allele of rs2074560 protects from HIV-1 infection with a recessive effect (combined P = 1.55 × 10(-4)). The same allele is associated with lower in vitro HIV-1 replication and increases MX2 expression levels in response to IFN-α. Data herein exploit evolutionary information to identify a novel host determinant of HIV-1 infection susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salomè Ibba
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Filippi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Yahyaei
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Tresoldi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Stefania Riva
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca De Gioia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Pontremoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Juan Antonio Pineda
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Clinical Unit, Valme Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Maimonides Institut for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Universitary Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyDon C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sironi M, Biasin M, Cagliani R, Forni D, De Luca M, Saulle I, Lo Caputo S, Mazzotta F, Macías J, Pineda JA, Caruz A, Clerici M. A common polymorphism in TLR3 confers natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 2011; 188:818-23. [PMID: 22174453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TLR3 recognizes dsRNA and activates antiviral immune responses through the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs. Genetic association studies have provided evidence concerning the role of a polymorphism in TLR3 (rs3775291, Leu412Phe) in viral infection susceptibility. We genotyped rs3775291 in a population of Spanish HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals who remain HIV seronegative despite repeated exposure through i.v. injection drug use (IDU-HESN individuals) as witnessed by their hepatitis C virus seropositivity. The frequency of individuals carrying at least one 412Phe allele was significantly higher in IDU-HESN individuals compared with that of a matched control sample (odds ratio for a dominant model = 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-3.34; p = 0.023). To replicate this finding, we analyzed a cohort of Italian, sexually HESN individuals. Similar results were obtained: the frequency of individuals carrying at least one 412Phe allele was significantly higher compared with that of a matched control sample (odds ratio, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.08; p = 0.029). In vitro infection assays showed that in PBMCs carrying the 412Phe allele, HIV-1(Ba-L) replication was significantly reduced (p = 0.025) compared with that of Leu/Leu homozygous samples and was associated with a higher expression of factors suggestive of a state of immune activation (IL-6, CCL3, CD69). Similarly, stimulation of PBMCs with a TLR3 agonist indicated that the presence of the 412Phe allele results in a significantly increased expression of CD69 and higher production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and CCL3. The data of this study indicate that a common TLR3 allele confers immunologically mediated protection from HIV-1 and suggest the potential use of TLR3 triggering in HIV-1 immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute for Recovery and Care E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|