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Yang HD, Tang ZS, Xue TT, Xu HL, Hou BL, Zhu YY, Su ZH, Xu HB. Monoterpenoids from the root bark of Acanthopanax gracilistylus and their inhibitory effects on neutrophil elastase, 5-lipoxygenase, andcyclooxygenase-2 in vitro. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 215:113851. [PMID: 37683990 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four monoterpenoids, including three previously undescribed compounds (1-3), were isolated from the root bark of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith (Acanthopanacis Cortex). Their structures were unambiguously established based on spectroscopic analysis (HR-ESIMS, IR, 1D, and 2D NMR), and the absolute configurations of 1-3 were elucidated by comparing their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. In addition, the structure of 8 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The inhibitory activities of 1-24 against neutrophil elastase, 5-lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were studied in vitro for the first time, and the results showed that compound 24 possessed a significant inhibitory effect on COX-2 with an IC50 value of 1.53 ± 0.10 μΜ. This research first reported the presence of monoterpenoids in Acanthopanacis Cortex, including one monoterpenoid 2 with an unusual 4/5 bicyclic lactone system, and compounds 4 and 5 have never been reported in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Dong Yang
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Zhi-Shu Tang
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083, Xianyang, PR China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Tao-Tao Xue
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Huai-Li Xu
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Bao-Long Hou
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Ya-Ya Zhu
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Zeng-Hu Su
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Hong-Bo Xu
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712083, Xianyang, PR China.
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Prieto I, Klimm A, Roldán F, Vetter W, Arbeli Z. Evidence for cometabolic transformation of weathered toxaphene under aerobic conditions using camphor as a co-substrate. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:221-235. [PMID: 33305511 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Toxaphene is a persistent organic pollutant, composed of approximately 1000 highly chlorinated bicyclic terpenes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if camphor, a structural analogue of toxaphene, could stimulate aerobic biotransformation of weathered toxaphene. METHODS AND RESULTS Two enrichment cultures that degrade camphor as the sole carbon source were established from contaminated soil and biosolids. These cultures were used to evaluate aerobic transformation of weathered toxaphene. Only the biosolids culture could transform compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) in the presence of camphor, while no transformation was observed in the presence of glucose or with toxaphene as a sole carbon source. The transformed toxaphene had lower concentration of CTTs with longer retention times, and higher concentration of compounds with lower retention times. Gas chromatography with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) showed that aerobic biotransformation mainly occurred with Cl8 - and Cl9 -CTTs compounds. The patterns of Cl6 - and Cl7 -CTTs were also simplified albeit to a much lesser extent. Seven camphor-degrading bacteria were isolated from the enrichment culture but none of them could degrade toxaphene. CONCLUSION Camphor degrading culture can aerobically transform CCTs via reductive pathway probably by co-metabolism using camphor as a co-substrate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Since camphor is naturally produced by different plants, this study suggests that stimulation of aerobic transformation of toxaphene may occur in nature. Moreover plants, which produce camphor or similar compounds, might be used in bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Prieto
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - A Klimm
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F Roldán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - W Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Z Arbeli
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Saneamiento y Biotecnología Ambiental (USBA), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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Greule A, Stok JE, De Voss JJ, Cryle MJ. Unrivalled diversity: the many roles and reactions of bacterial cytochromes P450 in secondary metabolism. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:757-791. [PMID: 29667657 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2018 The cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that perform diverse catalytic roles in many species, including bacteria. The P450 superfamily is widely known for the hydroxylation of unactivated C-H bonds, but the diversity of reactions that P450s can perform vastly exceeds this undoubtedly impressive chemical transformation. Within bacteria, P450s play important roles in many biosynthetic and biodegradative processes that span a wide range of secondary metabolite pathways and present diverse chemical transformations. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the range of chemical transformations that P450 enzymes can catalyse within bacterial secondary metabolism, with the intention to provide an important resource to aid in understanding of the potential roles of P450 enzymes within newly identified bacterial biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Greule
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. and EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jeanette E Stok
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Max J Cryle
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. and EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia and Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Roth S, Funk I, Hofer M, Sieber V. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a Novel Borneol-Based Polyester. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3574-3580. [PMID: 28772002 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are a class of natural compounds that have recently moved into the focus as a bio-based resource for chemical production, owing to their abundance, their mostly cyclic structures, and the presence of olefin or single hydroxy groups. To apply this raw material in new industrial fields, a second hydroxy group is inserted into borneol by cytochrome P450cam (CYP101) enzymes in a whole-cell catalytic biotransformation with Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Next, a semi-continuous batch system was developed to produce 5-exo-hydroxyborneol with a final concentration of 0.54 g L-1 . The bifunctional terpene was then used for the synthesis of a bio-based polyester by a solvent-free polycondensation reaction. The resulting polymer showed a glass transition temperature of around 70 °C and a molecular weight in the range of 2000-4000 g mol-1 (Mw ). These results show that whole-cell catalytic biotransformation of terpenes could lead to bio-based, higher-functionalized monomers, which might be basic raw materials for different fields of application, such as biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Roth
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Irina Funk
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Michael Hofer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
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Stok JE, Hall EA, Stone IS, Noble MC, Wong SH, Bell SG, De Voss JJ. In vivo and in vitro hydroxylation of cineole and camphor by cytochromes P450CYP101A1, CYP101B1 and N242A CYP176A1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Grishko VV, Nogovitsina YM, Ivshina IB. Bacterial transformation of terpenoids. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n04abeh004396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hofer M, Strittmatter H, Sieber V. Biocatalytic Synthesis of a Diketobornane as a Building Block for Bifunctional Camphor Derivatives. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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O'Reilly E, Aitken SJ, Grogan G, Kelly PP, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Regio- and stereoselective oxidation of unactivated C-H bonds with Rhodococcus rhodochrous. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:496-500. [PMID: 22509221 PMCID: PMC3326629 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Rhodococcus rhodochrous (NCIMB 9703) to catalyse the regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of a range of benzyloxy-substituted heterocycles has been investigated. Incubation of 2-benzyloxytetrahydropyrans with resting cell suspensions of the organism yielded predominantly a mixture of 5-hydroxylated isomers in combined yields of up to 40%. Exposure of the corresponding 2-benzyloxytetrahydrofuran derivatives to the cell suspensions gave predominantly the 4-hydroxylated isomers in yields of up to 26%. Most interestingly, 2-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)tetrahydrofuran and 2-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)tetrahydropyran were transformed in high yields to the 4-hydroxylated and 5-hydroxylated products, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7ND, UK, , Tel: +44 (0)161 3065172
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O'Reilly E, Köhler V, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ. Cytochromes P450 as useful biocatalysts: addressing the limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2490-501. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Biotransformations of 2-methylisoborneol by camphor-degrading bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:583-8. [PMID: 19060161 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02126-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many camphor-degrading bacteria that are able to transform 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) have been identified. Three of these strains have been examined in detail. Rhodococcus ruber T1 metabolizes camphor through 6-hydroxycamphor but converts 2-MIB to 3-hydroxy-2-MIB. Pseudomonas putida G1, which metabolizes camphor through 5-hydroxycamphor, converts MIB primarily to 6-hydroxy-2-MIB. Rhodococcus wratislaviensis DLC-cam converts 2-MIB through 5-hydroxy-2-MIB to 5-keto-2-MIB. Together, these three strains produce metabolites resulting from hydroxylation at all of the three available secondary carbons on the six-member ring of 2-MIB.
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Hannemann F, Bichet A, Ewen KM, Bernhardt R. Cytochrome P450 systems—biological variations of electron transport chains. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:330-44. [PMID: 16978787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450) are hemoproteins encoded by a superfamily of genes nearly ubiquitously distributed in different organisms from all biological kingdoms. The reactions carried out by P450s are extremely diverse and contribute to the biotransformation of drugs, the bioconversion of xenobiotics, the bioactivation of chemical carcinogens, the biosynthesis of physiologically important compounds such as steroids, fatty acids, eicosanoids, fat-soluble vitamins and bile acids, the conversion of alkanes, terpenes and aromatic compounds as well as the degradation of herbicides and insecticides. Cytochromes P450 belong to the group of external monooxygenases and thus receive the necessary electrons for oxygen cleavage and substrate hydroxylation from different redox partners. The classical as well as the recently discovered P450 redox systems are compiled in this paper and classified according to their composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hannemann
- FR 8.3-Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Nodate M, Kubota M, Misawa N. Functional expression system for cytochrome P450 genes using the reductase domain of self-sufficient P450RhF from Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:455-62. [PMID: 16195793 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450RhF from Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784 is a self-sufficient P450 monooxygenase. We report here a simple system for the functional expression of various P450 genes using the reductase domain of this P450RhF, which comprises flavin mononucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate binding motifs and a [2Fe2S] ferredoxin-like center. Vector pRED was constructed, which carried the T7 promoter, cloning sites for a P450, a linker sequence, and the P450RhF reductase domain, in this order. The known P450 genes, encoding P450cam from Pseudomonas putida (CYP101A) and P450bzo from an environmental metagenome library (CYP203A), were expressed on vector pRED as soluble fusion enzymes with their natural spectral features in Escherichia coli. These E. coli cells expressing the P450cam and P450bzo genes could convert (+)-camphor and 4-hydroxybenzoate into 5-exo-hydroxycamphor and protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate), respectively (the expected products). Using this system, we also succeeded in directly identifying the function of P450 CYP153A as alkane 1-monooxygenase for the first time, i.e., E. coli cells expressing a P450 CYP153A gene named P450balk, which was isolated form Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2, converted octane into 1-octanol with high efficiency (800 mg/l). The system presented here may be applicable to the functional identification of a wide variety of bacterial cytochromes P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nodate
- Marine Biotechnology Institute, 3-75-1 Heita, Kamaishi, Iwate, 026-0001, Japan
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Suzuki M, Li Y, Smith PC, Swenberg JA, Martin DE, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Anti-AIDS agents 65: investigation of the in vitro oxidative metabolism of 3',4'-Di-O-(-)-camphanoyl-(+)-cis-khellactone derivatives as potent anti-hiv agents. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:1588-92. [PMID: 16087699 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.004218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3',4'-Di-O-(-)-camphanoyl-(+)-cis-khellactone (DCK) is a synthetic khellactone ester that exhibits potent in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity with a mechanism distinct from clinically used anti-HIV agents. Several series of mono- and di-substituted DCK derivatives (DCKs) have previously been synthesized, and their structure-activity relationships are well established. To optimize DCK as a drug lead and to guide further structural modifications, metabolic stabilities and metabolite structures were analyzed. In vitro metabolic stabilities of DCKs in human liver microsomes were assessed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection to establish structure-metabolism relationships (SMRs). HPLC coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry was used to identify the metabolite structures. The results indicated that DCKs undergo rapid oxidation on the lipophilic camphanoyl moieties and the substituents on the khellactone do not alter the rate or the metabolic pathways for this compound type. Our SMR and metabolite analysis study suggested that the two camphanoyl ester moieties are the determinants of the low metabolic stability and that structural alteration in the two esters may be necessary to improve metabolic profiles of DCKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Suzuki
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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Matsuzaki F, Wariishi H. Functional diversity of cytochrome P450s of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:387-93. [PMID: 15465031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The functional diversity of cytochrome P450s (P450s) of the white-rot basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was studied. A series of compounds known to be P450 substrates of other organisms were utilized for metabolic studies of P. chrysosporium. Metabolic conversions of benzoic acid, camphor, 1,8-cineol, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, coumarin, cumene, 1,12-dodecanediol, 1-dodecanol, 4-ethoxybenzoic acid, and 7-ethoxycoumarin were observed with P. chrysosporium for the first time. 1-Dodecanol was hydroxylated at seven different positions to form 1,12-, 1,11-, 1,10-, 1,9-, 1,8-, 1,7-, and 1,6-dodecandiols. The effect of piperonyl butoxide, a P450 inhibitor, on the fungal conversion of 1-dodecanol was also investigated, indicating that hydroxylation reactions of 1-dodecanol were inhibited by piperonyl butoxide in a concentration-dependent manner. With 11 substrates, 23 hydroxylation reactions and 2 deethylation reactions were determined and 6 products were new with the position of hydroxyl group incorporated. In conclusion, fungal P450s were shown to have diverse and unique functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Matsuzaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Roberts GA, Grogan G, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Nucleotide sequence of a portion of the camphor-degrading gene cluster from Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 15:96-103. [PMID: 15346763 DOI: 10.1080/10425170310001656765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784 is a camphor-degrading Gram-positive organism originally isolated from activated sewage sludge. A 5.4kbp portion of a proposed camphor degradation gene cluster from this organism was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. Four open reading frames (ORFs) were identified encoding proteins possibly involved in camphor metabolism; sequence alignment of the translation products suggested that the ORFs encode for a ferredoxin reductase, acyl-CoA ligase, epimerase and an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The last three activities are thought to be involved in the poorly understood late stage of camphor degradation. Our findings are entirely consistent with the proposed formation of a branched 9-carbon acid intermediate (3,4,4-trimethyl-5-oxo-trans-2-hexenoic acid) which has been isolated from the fermentation broth of camphor-grown cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth A Roberts
- The Edinburgh Centre for Protein Technology, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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