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Hegde GM, Aditya S, Wangdi D, Chetri BK. Mycoremediation: A Natural Solution for Unnatural Problems. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Serna-Arbeláez MS, Florez-Sampedro L, Orozco LP, Ramírez K, Galeano E, Zapata W. Natural Products with Inhibitory Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Adv Virol 2021; 2021:5552088. [PMID: 34194504 PMCID: PMC8181102 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5552088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are considered one of the main public health problems worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the current modality of treatment for HIV-1 infection. It comprises the combined use of several drugs and can decrease the viral load and increase the CD4+ T cell count in patients with HIV-1 infection, thereby proving to be an effective modality. This therapy significantly decreases the rate of morbidity and mortality owing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and prolongs and improves the quality of life of infected patients. However, nonadherence to ART may increase viral resistance to antiretroviral drugs and transmission of drug-resistant strains of HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research for compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, exhibiting a potential for the development of an alternative or complementary therapy to ART with low cost and fewer side effects. Natural products and their derivatives represent an excellent option owing to their therapeutic potential against HIV. Currently, the derivatives of natural products available as anti-HIV-1 agents include zidovudine, an arabinonucleoside derivative of the Caribbean marine sponge (Tectitethya crypta), which inhibits the reverse transcriptase of the virus. This was the first antiviral agent approved for treatment of HIV infection. Additionally, bevirimat (isolated from Syzygium claviflorum) and calanolide A (isolated from Calophyllum sp.) are inhibitors of viral maturation and reverse transcription process, respectively. In the present review, we aimed to describe the wide repertoire of natural compounds exhibiting anti-HIV-1 activity that can be considered for designing new therapeutic strategies to curb the HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Serna-Arbeláez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Laura Florez-Sampedro
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina P. Orozco
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Katherin Ramírez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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Choengpanya K, Ratanabunyong S, Seetaha S, Tabtimmai L, Choowongkomon K. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase property of some edible mushrooms in Asia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2807-2815. [PMID: 34012322 PMCID: PMC8116966 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is a serious health threat worldwide. One of its core enzymes, reverse transcriptase (RT), is a target for HIV inhibition. A number of bioactive compounds have been successfully used for HIV treatment. However, HIV rapidly mutates, and long-term treatment can cause drug-resistant strains. Therefore, new inhibitors are required to overcome this problem. In this study, the aqueous, ethanolic and hexane crude extracts of 19 edible and medicinal mushrooms, which are widely grown and available commercially in Thailand, were screened against HIV-1 RT. The results showed that the water extracts of A. blazei and I. obliquus, the ethanol extracts of I. obliquus and P. igniarius and the hexane extract of I. obliquus exhibited strong anti-HIV-1 RT activity with IC50 values of 1.92 ± 0.15, 4.39 ± 0.79, 6.17 ± 0.76 and 7.75 ± 246 µg/ml, respectively. These mushrooms have the potential for HIV treatment, and further study on identification of the bioactive compounds against HIV-1 RT should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siriluk Ratanabunyong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supaphorn Seetaha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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4
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Kour H, Kour S, Sharma Y, Singh S, Sharma I, Kour D, Yadav AN. Bioprospecting of Industrially Important Mushrooms. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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5
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Mohit E, Tabarzad M, Faramarzi MA. Biomedical and Pharmaceutical-Related Applications of Laccases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:78-98. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666191011105624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of a vast range of phenolic and non-phenolic substrates has been catalyzed by
laccases. Given a wide range of substrates, laccases can be applied in different biotechnological applications.
The present review was conducted to provide a broad context in pharmaceutical- and biomedical-
related applications of laccases for academic and industrial researchers. First, an overview of biological
roles of laccases was presented. Furthermore, laccase-mediated strategies for imparting antimicrobial
and antioxidant properties to different surfaces were discussed. In this review, laccase-mediated
mechanisms for endowing antimicrobial properties were divided into laccase-mediated bio-grafting of
phenolic compounds on lignocellulosic fiber, chitosan and catheters, and laccase-catalyzed iodination.
Accordingly, a special emphasis was placed on laccase-mediated functionalization for creating antimicrobials,
particularly chitosan-based wound dressings. Additionally, oxidative bio-grafting and oxidative
polymerization were described as the two main laccase-catalyzed reactions for imparting antioxidant
properties. Recent laccase-related studies were also summarized regarding the synthesis of antibacterial
and antiproliferative agents and the degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
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6
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Jain KK, Kumar A, Shankar A, Pandey D, Chaudhary B, Sharma KK. De novo transcriptome assembly and protein profiling of copper-induced lignocellulolytic fungus Ganoderma lucidum MDU-7 reveals genes involved in lignocellulose degradation and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways. Genomics 2020; 112:184-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Zhou R, Liu ZK, Zhang YN, Wong JH, Ng TB, Liu F. Research Progress of Bioactive Proteins from the Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:196-219. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180613090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, mushrooms have been widely used as traditional Chinese medicine in Asia.
Apart from polysaccharides and some small-molecule components, such as flavones, polyphenols and
terpenes, mushrooms produce a large number of pharmaceutically active proteins, which have become
popular sources of natural antitumor, antimicrobial, immunoenhancing agents. These bioactive proteins
include lectins, laccases, Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), nucleases, and Fungal Immunomodulatory
Proteins (FIPs). The review is to summarize the characterstics of structure and bioactivities involved
in antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and immunoenhancing activities of proteins from
edible mushrooms, to better understand their mechanisms, and to direct research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Zhao Kun Liu
- Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ye Ni Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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8
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A critical review on the health promoting effects of mushrooms nutraceuticals. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Lin CW, Wu CH, Lin YY, Liu SH, Chang SH. Enhancing the performance of microbial fuel cell using a carbon-fiber-brush air cathode with low-cost mushroom Ganoderma laccase enzyme. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Importance of a Laccase Gene (Lcc1) in the Development of Ganoderma tsugae. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020471. [PMID: 29415422 PMCID: PMC5855693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel laccase gene (Lcc1) from Ganoderma tsugae was isolated and its functions were characterized in detail. The results showed that Lcc1 has the highest expression activity during mycelium development and fruit body maturation based on the analysis of Lcc1 RNA transcripts at different developmental stages of G. tsugae. To investigate the exact contribution of Lcc1 to mycelium and fruit body development in G. tsugae, Lcc1 transgenic strains were constructed by targeted gene replacement and over-expression approaches. The results showed that the lignin degradation rate in Lcc1 deletion mutant was much lower than the degradation efficiency of the wild-type (WT), over-expression and rescue strains. The lignin degradation activity of G. tsugae is dependent on Lcc1 and the deletion of Lcc1 exerted detrimental influences on the development of mycelium branch. Furthermore, the study uncovered that Lcc1 deletion mutants generated much shorter pale grey fruit bodies, suggesting that Lcc1 contributes directly to pigmentation and stipe elongation during fruit body development in G. tsugae. The information obtained in this study provides a novel and mechanistic insight into the specific role of Lcc1 during growth and development of G. tsugae.
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12
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Vantamuri AB, Kaliwal BB. Purification and characterization of laccase from Marasmius species BBKAV79 and effective decolorization of selected textile dyes. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:189. [PMID: 28330261 PMCID: PMC5010537 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel laccase-producing white-rot fungus, Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 (Genbank Accession Number-KP455496, KP455497), was isolated and subjected to purification, characterization and dye decolorization study. The purified enzyme was obtained with a specific activity of 0.226 U mg-1 protein and a final yield of 13.5 %. The enzyme was found to be a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of ~75 kDa as estimated by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and further confirmed with zymogram analysis. The optimal pH and temperature of the laccase was recorded to be 5.5 and 40 °C, respectively. The metal ions Hg2+ and Ag+ were found to drastically inhibit the activity of laccase at the rate of 96.6 and 96.5 %, respectively. Nevertheless, Fe3+ was found to inhibit laccase activity at 40 %. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) strongly inhibited the laccase activity, and additives viz, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were known to follow the earlier pattern of enzyme inhibition. The values of kinetic parameters K m and V max for purified laccase were noted at 3.03 mM and 5 μmol min-1, respectively, for guaiacol as substrate. The textile dyes were decolorized at a range of 72-76 % and 88-93 % when treated with Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 and purified laccase, respectively. Based on the outcome of the present investigation, it could be, therefore, inferred that laccase isolated from Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 effectively decolorizes the textile dyes; however, the metal ions Hg2+, Ag+ and Fe3+ and agents like PMSF, SDS, H2O2 and NaCl pose an effective inhibitory potential under specified physicochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Vantamuri
- Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, India
| | - B B Kaliwal
- Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Davangere University, Davangere, 577 002, India.
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Zhang JJ, Li Y, Zhou T, Xu DP, Zhang P, Li S, Li HB. Bioactivities and Health Benefits of Mushrooms Mainly from China. Molecules 2016; 21:E938. [PMID: 27447602 PMCID: PMC6274515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many mushrooms have been used as foods and medicines for a long time. Mushrooms contain polyphenols, polysaccharides, vitamins and minerals. Studies show that mushrooms possess various bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic properties, therefore, mushrooms have attracted increasing attention in recent years, and could be developed into functional food or medicines for prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases. The present review summarizes the bioactivities and health benefits of mushrooms, and could be useful for full utilization of mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Dong-Ping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Pei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Fillat Ú, Martín-Sampedro R, Macaya-Sanz D, Martín JA, Ibarra D, Martínez MJ, Eugenio ME. Screening of eucalyptus wood endophytes for laccase activity. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Kameshwar AKS, Qin W. Recent Developments in Using Advanced Sequencing Technologies for the Genomic Studies of Lignin and Cellulose Degrading Microorganisms. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:156-71. [PMID: 26884714 PMCID: PMC4737673 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a complex polyphenyl aromatic compound which exists in tight associations with cellulose and hemicellulose to form plant primary and secondary cell wall. Lignocellulose is an abundant renewable biomaterial present on the earth. It has gained much attention in the scientific community in recent years because of its potential applications in bio-based industries. Microbial degradation of lignocellulose polymers was well studied in wood decaying fungi. Based on the plant materials they degrade these fungi were classified as white rot, brown rot and soft rot. However, some groups of bacteria belonging to the actinomycetes, α-proteobacteria and β-proteobacteria were also found to be efficient in degrading lignocellulosic biomass but not well understood unlike the fungi. In this review we focus on recent advancements deployed for finding and understanding the lignocellulose degradation by microorganisms. Conventional molecular methods like sequencing 16s rRNA and Inter Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions were used for identification and classification of microbes. Recent progression in genomics mainly next generation sequencing technologies made the whole genome sequencing of microbes possible in a great ease. The whole genome sequence studies reveals high quality information about genes and canonical pathways involved in the lignin and other cell wall components degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
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Al-Maali G. The influence of metal citrates obtained by aquananotechnology on growth of the strains of medical macromycetes Ganoderma lucidum 1900 and Trametes versicolor 353. UKRAINIAN BOTANICAL JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj72.04.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Bishop KS, Kao CHJ, Xu Y, Glucina MP, Paterson RRM, Ferguson LR. From 2000years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:56-65. [PMID: 25794896 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms have been used for centuries as nutraceuticals to improve health and to treat numerous chronic and infectious diseases. One such mushroom is Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as Lingzhi, a species revered as a medicinal mushroom for treating assorted diseases and prolonging life. The fungus is found in diverse locations, and this may have contributed to confusion regarding the correct taxonomic classification of the genus Ganoderma. G. lucidum was first used to name a specimen found in England and thereafter was naively applied to a different Ganoderma species found in Asia, commonly known as Chinese Lingzhi. Despite the taxonomic confusion, which has largely been uncorrected, the popularity of Lingzhi has escalated across the globe. The current taxonomic situation is now discussed accurately in this Special Issue on Ganoderma. Today it is a multi-billion dollar industry wherein Lingzhi is cultivated or collected from the wild and consumed as a tea, in alcoholic beverages, and as a nutraceutical to confer numerous health benefits. Consumption of nutraceuticals has grown in popularity, and it is becoming increasingly important that active ingredients be identified and that suppliers make substantiated health claims about their products. The objective of this article is to present a review of G. lucidum over the past 2000 years from prized ancient "herbal" remedy to its use in nutraceuticals and to the establishment of a 2.5 billion $ (US) industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Chi H J Kao
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yuanye Xu
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - R Russell M Paterson
- IBB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Fang Z, Liu X, Chen L, Shen Y, Zhang X, Fang W, Wang X, Bao X, Xiao Y. Identification of a laccase Glac15 from Ganoderma lucidum 77002 and its application in bioethanol production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:54. [PMID: 25883681 PMCID: PMC4399389 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laccases have potential applications in detoxification of lignocellulosic biomass after thermochemical pretreatment and production of value-added products or biofuels from renewable biomass. However, their application in large-scale industrial and environmental processes has been severely thwarted by the high cost of commercial laccases. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new laccases with lower cost but higher activity to detoxify lignocellulosic hydrolysates and better efficiency to produce biofuels such as bioethanol. Laccases from Ganoderma lucidum represent proper candidates in processing of lignocellulosic biomass. RESULTS G. lucidum 77002 produces three laccase isoenzymes with a total laccase activity of 141.1 U/mL within 6 days when using wheat bran and peanut powder as energy sources in liquid culture medium. A new isoenzyme named Glac15 was identified, purified, and characterized. Glac15 possesses an optimum pH of 4.5 to 5.0 and a temperature range of 45°C to 55°C for the substrates tested. It was stable at pH values ranging from 5.0 to 7.0 and temperatures lower than 55°C, with more than 80% activity retained after incubation for 2 h. When used in bioethanol production process, 0.05 U/mL Glac15 removed 84% of the phenolic compounds in prehydrolysate, and the yeast biomass reached 11.81 (optimal density at 600 nm (OD600)), compared to no growth in the untreated one. Addition of Glac15 before cellulase hydrolysis had no significant effect on glucose recovery. However, ethanol yield were improved in samples treated with laccases compared to that in control samples. The final ethanol concentration of 9.74, 10.05, 10.11, and 10.81 g/L were obtained from samples containing only solid content, solid content treated with Glac15, solid content containing 50% prehydrolysate, and solid content containing 50% prehydrolysate treated with Glac15, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The G. lucidum laccase Glac15 has potentials in bioethanol production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Fang
- />School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
- />Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- />School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
- />Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
| | - Liyuan Chen
- />The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100 China
| | - Yu Shen
- />The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100 China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- />School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
- />Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
| | - Wei Fang
- />School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
- />Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- />Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- />The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100 China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- />School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
- />Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601 China
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Characterization of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes from White-Rot Fungi. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:485-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhou YP, Chen QH, Xiao YN, Ke DS, Tian CE. Gene cloning and characterization of a novel laccase from the tropical white-rot fungus Ganoderma weberianum TZC-1. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Zhang GQ, Chen QJ, Wang HX, Ng TB. A laccase with inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from the mycorrhizal fungus Lepiota ventriosospora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Characterization of optimized production, purification and application of laccase from Ganoderma lucidum. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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A laccase with antiproliferative and HIV-I reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from the mycorrhizal fungus Agaricus placomyces. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:736472. [PMID: 23093860 PMCID: PMC3471028 DOI: 10.1155/2012/736472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel 68 kDa laccase was purified from the mycorrhizal fungus Agaricus placomyces by utilizing a procedure that comprised three successive steps of ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration as the final step. The monomeric enzyme exhibited the N-terminal amino acid sequence of DVIGPQAQVTLANQD, which showed only a low extent of homology to sequences of other fungal laccases. The optimal temperature for A. placomyces laccase was 30°C, and optimal pH values for laccase activity towards the substrates 2,7′-azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazolone-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS) and hydroquinone were 5.2 and 6.8, respectively. The laccase displayed, at 30°C and pH 5.2, Km values of 0.392 mM towards hydroquinone and 0.775 mM towards ABTS. It potently suppressed proliferation of MCF 7 human breast cancer cells and Hep G2 hepatoma cells and inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) activity with an IC50 of 1.8 μM, 1.7 μM, and 1.25 μM, respectively, signifying that it is an antipathogenic protein.
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Yu GJ, Wang M, Huang J, Yin YL, Chen YJ, Jiang S, Jin YX, Lan XQ, Wong BHC, Liang Y, Sun H. Deep insight into the Ganoderma lucidum by comprehensive analysis of its transcriptome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44031. [PMID: 22952861 PMCID: PMC3428325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganoderma lucidum is a basidiomycete white rot fungus and is of medicinal importance in China, Japan and other countries in the Asiatic region. To date, much research has been performed in identifying the medicinal ingredients in Ganoderma lucidum. Despite its important therapeutic effects in disease, little is known about Ganoderma lucidum at the genomic level. In order to gain a molecular understanding of this fungus, we utilized Illumina high-throughput technology to sequence and analyze the transcriptome of Ganoderma lucidum. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We obtained 6,439,690 and 6,416,670 high-quality reads from the mycelium and fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, and these were assembled to form 18,892 and 27,408 unigenes, respectively. A similarity search was performed against the NCBI non-redundant nucleotide database and a customized database composed of five fungal genomes. 11,098 and 8, 775 unigenes were matched to the NCBI non-redundant nucleotide database and our customized database, respectively. All unigenes were subjected to annotation by Gene Ontology, Eukaryotic Orthologous Group terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Differentially expressed genes from the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and fruiting body stage were analyzed, resulting in the identification of 13 unigenes which are involved in the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to confirm the expression levels of these unigenes. Ganoderma lucidum was also studied for wood degrading activity and a total of 22 putative FOLymes (fungal oxidative lignin enzymes) and 120 CAZymes (carbohydrate-active enzymes) were predicted from our Ganoderma lucidum transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides comprehensive gene expression information on Ganoderma lucidum at the transcriptional level, which will form the foundation for functional genomics studies in this fungus. The use of Illumina sequencing technology has made de novo transcriptome assembly and gene expression analysis possible in species that lack full genome information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Lin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qing Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Barry Hon Cheung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Liu D, Gong J, Dai W, Kang X, Huang Z, Zhang HM, Liu W, Liu L, Ma J, Xia Z, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wang D, Ni P, Guo AY, Xiong X. The genome of Ganoderma lucidum provides insights into triterpenes biosynthesis and wood degradation [corrected]. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36146. [PMID: 22567134 PMCID: PMC3342255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi or Ling Zhi) is one of the most famous Traditional Chinese Medicines and has been widely used in the treatment of various human diseases in Asia countries. It is also a fungus with strong wood degradation ability with potential in bioenergy production. However, genes, pathways and mechanisms of these functions are still unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings The genome of G. lucidum was sequenced and assembled into a 39.9 megabases (Mb) draft genome, which encoded 12,080 protein-coding genes and ∼83% of them were similar to public sequences. We performed comprehensive annotation for G. lucidum genes and made comparisons with genes in other fungi genomes. Genes in the biosynthesis of the main G. lucidum active ingredients, ganoderic acids (GAs), were characterized. Among the GAs synthases, we identified a fusion gene, the N and C terminal of which are homologous to two different enzymes. Moreover, the fusion gene was only found in basidiomycetes. As a white rot fungus with wood degradation ability, abundant carbohydrate-active enzymes and ligninolytic enzymes were identified in the G. lucidum genome and were compared with other fungi. Conclusions/Significance The genome sequence and well annotation of G. lucidum will provide new insights in function analyses including its medicinal mechanism. The characterization of genes in the triterpene biosynthesis and wood degradation will facilitate bio-engineering research in the production of its active ingredients and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Liu
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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A laccase with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity from the broth of mycelial culture of the mushroom Lentinus tigrinus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:536725. [PMID: 22536022 PMCID: PMC3321470 DOI: 10.1155/2012/536725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A 59 kDa laccase with inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 = 2.4 μM) was isolated from the broth of mycelial culture of the mushroom Lentinus tigrinus. The isolation procedure involved ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose, and gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. The laccase was adsorbed on both types of ion exchangers. About 95-fold purification was achieved with a 25.9% yield of the enzyme. The procedure resulted in a specific enzyme activity of 76.6 U/mg. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence was GIPDLHDLTV, which showed little similarity to other mushroom laccase and other Lentinus tigrinus strain laccase. Its characteristics were different from previously reported laccase of other Lentinus tigrinus strain. Maximal laccase activity was observed at a pH of 4 and at a temperature of 60°C, respectively. This study yielded the information about the potentially exploitable activities of Lentinus tigrinus laccase.
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27
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Purification and characterization of a novel laccase from the edible mushroom Hericium coralloides. J Microbiol 2012; 50:72-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Wang SX, Liu Y, Zhang GQ, Zhao S, Xu F, Geng XL, Wang HX. Cordysobin, a novel alkaline serine protease with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity from the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sobolifera. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Zhang GQ, Tian T, Liu YP, Wang HX, Chen QJ. A laccase with anti-proliferative activity against tumor cells from a white root fungus Abortiporus biennis. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Overexpression and characterization of a thermostable, pH-stable and organic solvent-tolerant Ganoderma fornicatum laccase in Pichia pastoris. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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do Rosário Freixo M, Karmali A, Arteiro JM. Production, purification and characterization of laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus grown on tomato pomace. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:245-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Hu DD, Zhang RY, Zhang GQ, Wang HX, Ng TB. A laccase with antiproliferative activity against tumor cells from an edible mushroom, white common Agrocybe cylindracea. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:374-379. [PMID: 20739163 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A laccase, with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity (IC(50)=12.7 μM) and antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cells (IC(50)=5.6 μM) and MCF7 cells (IC(50)=6.5 μM), was purified from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible white common Agrocybe cylindracea mushroom. The laccase, which had a novel N-terminal sequence, displayed a molecular mass of 58 kDa within the range reported for most other mushroom laccases. The purification protocol entailed ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, SP-Sepharose, and Q-Sepharose and gel filtration on Superdex 75. The laccase was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and Q-Sepharose, but unadsorbed on SP-Sepharose. Its optimum pH was pH 3-4 and its optimum temperature was 50°C. The activity of the isolated laccase differed from one substrate to another. The ranking was ABTS>N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine>hydroquinone>catechol>2-methylcatechol>pyrogallol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Lettera V, Piscitelli A, Leo G, Birolo L, Pezzella C, Sannia G. Identification of a new member of Pleurotus ostreatus laccase family from mature fruiting body. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:724-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Zhang GQ, Wang YF, Zhang XQ, Ng TB, Wang HX. Purification and characterization of a novel laccase from the edible mushroom Clitocybe maxima. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Khammuang S, Sarnthima R. Laccase Activity from Fresh Fruiting Bodies of Ganoderma
sp. MK05: Purification and Remazol Brilliant Blue R Decolorization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2009.83.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Effects on tyrosinase activity by the extracts of Ganoderma lucidum and related mushrooms. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:117-20. [PMID: 18459064 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity by extracts of several mushrooms belonging to Basidiomycetes were evaluated. Among the tested mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum, Antrodia camphorata, Agaricus brasiliensis, and Cordyceps militaris), G. lucidum exhibited significant inhibition of tyrosinase activity (IC(50) value 0.32 mg/ml), compared to those prepared from other Basidiomycetes. Tyrosinase inhibitors are effective components of skin-lightening compounds and other cosmetics; currently many of the facial mask cosmetics in the market contain Ganoderma extracts in their ingredients. The finding that mushroom extracts contain tyrosinase activity inhibition will contribute to better understanding of how their 'healing' properties in various Chinese traditional herbal on skin care products.
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Uvalle Sau J, Gonzalez R H, Ramirez Lo R, Cantu Silv I, Gomez Meza M. Seasonal Trends of Chlorophylls a and b and Carotenoids in Native Trees and Shrubs of Northeastern Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2008.258.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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