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Yu G, Liu G, Liu T, Fink EH, Esker AR. Activities of Family 18 Chitinases on Amorphous Regenerated Chitin Thin Films and Dissolved Chitin Oligosaccharides: Comparison with Family 19 Chitinases. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:566-575. [PMID: 36715568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes in mass and viscoelasticity of chitin layers in fungal cell walls during chitinase attack are vital for understanding bacterial invasion of and human defense against fungi. In this work, regenerated chitin (RChitin) thin films mimicked the fungal chitin layers and facilitated studies of degradation by family 18 chitinases from Trichoderma viride (T. viride) and family 19 chitinases from Streptomyces griseus (S. griseus) that possessed chitin-binding domains (CBDs) that were absent in the family 18 chitinases. Degradation was monitored via a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) in real time at various pH and temperatures. Compared to substrates of colloidal chitin or dissolved chitin derivatives and analogues, the degradation of RChitin films was deeply affected by chitinase adsorption. While the family 18 chitinases had greater solution activity on chitin oligosaccharides, the family 19 chitinases exhibited greater surface activity on RChitin films, illustrating the importance of CBDs for insoluble substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24061, United States
| | - Gehui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24061, United States
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24061, United States
| | - Ethan H Fink
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24061, United States
| | - Alan R Esker
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24061, United States.,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia24061, United States
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2
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Su H, Gao L, Sun J, Mao X. Engineering a carbohydrate binding module to enhance chitinase catalytic efficiency on insoluble chitinous substrate. Food Chem 2021; 355:129462. [PMID: 33848938 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of a high-performance chitinase for efficient biotransformation of insoluble chitinous substrate would be highly valuable in industry. In this study, the chitin-binding domains (ChBDs) of chitinase SaChiA4 were successfully modified to improve the enzymatic activity. The engineered substitution variant R-SaChiA4, which had the exogenous ChBD of chitinase ChiA1 from Bacillus circulans WL-12 (ChBDChiA1) substituted for its original ChBDChiA4, increased its activity by nearly 54% (28.0 U/mg) towards chitin powder, and by 49% towards colloidal chitin, compared with the wild-type. The substrate-binding assay demonstrated that the ChBD could enhance the capacity of enzymatic hydrolysis by promoting substrate affinity, and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that this could be due to hydrophobic interactions in different substrate binding modes. This work advances the understanding of the role of the ChBD, and provides a step towards the achievement of industrial-scale hydrolysis and utilization of insoluble chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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3
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Secretory production in Escherichia coli of a GH46 chitosanase from Chromobacterium violaceum, suitable to generate antifungal chitooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1482-1495. [PMID: 33017605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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4
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Oyeleye AO, Mohd Yusoff SF, Abd Rahim IN, Leow ATC, Saidi NB, Normi YM. Effective refolding of a cysteine rich glycoside hydrolase family 19 recombinant chitinase from Streptomyces griseus by reverse dilution and affinity chromatography. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241074. [PMID: 33091044 PMCID: PMC7580917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional refolding methods are associated with low yields due to misfolding and high aggregation rates or very dilute proteins. In this study, we describe the optimization of the conventional methods of reverse dilution and affinity chromatography for obtaining high yields of a cysteine rich recombinant glycoside hydrolase family 19 chitinase from Streptomyces griseus HUT6037 (SgChiC). SgChiC is a potential biocontrol agent and a reference enzyme in the study and development of chitinases for various applications. The overexpression of SgChiC was previously achieved by periplasmic localization from where it was extracted by osmotic shock and then purified by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. In the present study, the successful refolding and recovery of recombinant SgChiC (r-SgChiC) from inclusion bodies (IB) by reverse dilution and column chromatography methods is respectively described. Approximately 8 mg of r-SgChiC was obtained from each method with specific activities of 28 and 52 U/mg respectively. These yields are comparable to that obtained from a 1 L culture volume of the same protein isolated from the periplasmic space of E. coli BL21 (DE3) as described in previous studies. The higher yields obtained are attributed to the successful suppression of aggregation by a stepwise reduction of denaturant from high, to intermediate, and finally to low concentrations. These methods are straight forward, requiring the use of fewer refolding agents compared with previously described refolding methods. They can be applied to the refolding of other cysteine rich proteins expressed as inclusion bodies to obtain high yields of actively folded proteins. This is the first report on the recovery of actively folded SgChiC from inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunmi Omolola Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Faridah Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izzah Nadiah Abd Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Baity Saidi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M. Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Miranda MRA, Uchôa AF, Ferreira SR, Ventury KE, Costa EP, Carmo PRL, Machado OLT, Fernandes KVS, Amancio Oliveira AE. Chemical Modifications of Vicilins Interfere with Chitin-Binding Affinity and Toxicity to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Insect: A Combined In Vitro and In Silico Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5596-5605. [PMID: 32343573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vicilins are related to cowpea seed resistance toward Callosobruchus maculatus due to their ability to bind to chitinous structures lining larval midgut. However, this binding mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we identified chitin binding sites and investigated how in vitro and in silico chemical modifications interfere with vicilin chitin binding and insect toxicity. In vitro assays showed that unmodified vicilin strongly binds to chitin matrices, mainly with acetylated chitin. Chemical modifications of specific amino acids (tryptophan, lysine, tyrosine), as well as glutaraldehyde cross-linking, decreased the evaluated parameters. In silico analyses identified at least one chitin binding site in vicilin monomer, the region between Arg208 and Lys216, which bears the sequence REGIRELMK and forms an α helix, exposed in the 3D structure. In silico modifications of Lys223 (acetylated at its terminal nitrogen) and Trp316 (iodinated to 7-iodine-L-tryptophan or oxidized to β-oxy-indolylalanine) decreased vicilin chitin binding affinity. Glucose, sucrose, and N-acetylglucosamine also interfered with vicilin chitin binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raquel A Miranda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza Ceará 60440554, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Uchôa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59072970, Brazil
| | - Sarah R Ferreira
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Kayan E Ventury
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Evenilton P Costa
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Leitão Carmo
- NUPEN, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Macaé, Rio de Janeiro 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Olga L T Machado
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Katia V S Fernandes
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Antonia Elenir Amancio Oliveira
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
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6
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Sousa AJS, Silva CFB, Sousa JS, Monteiro JE, Freire JEC, Sousa BL, Lobo MDP, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Grangeiro TB. A thermostable chitinase from the antagonistic Chromobacterium violaceum that inhibits the development of phytopathogenic fungi. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 126:50-61. [PMID: 31000164 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol activity of some soil strains of Chromobacterium sp. against pathogenic fungi has been attributed to secreted chitinases. The aim of this work was to characterize biochemically a recombinant chitinase (CvChi47) from C. violaceum ATCC 12472 and to investigate its effects on phytopathogenic fungi. CvChi47 is a modular enzyme with 450 amino acid residues, containing a type I signal peptide at the N-terminal region, followed by one catalytic domain belonging to family 18 of the glycoside hydrolases, and two type-3 chitin-binding domains at the C-terminal end. The recombinant enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli as a His-tagged protein and purified to homogeneity. The native signal peptide of CvChi47 was used to direct its secretion into the culture medium, from where the recombinant product was purified by affinity chromatography on chitin and immobilized metal. The purified protein showed an apparent molecular mass of 46 kDa, as estimated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating the removal of the signal peptide. CvChi47 was a thermostable protein, retaining approximately 53.7% of its activity when heated at 100 °C for 1 h. The optimum hydrolytic activity was observed at 60 °C and pH 5. The recombinant chitinase inhibited the conidia germination of the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and F. guttiforme, hence preventing mycelial growth. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy experiments revealed a pronounced morphological alteration of the cell surface of conidia incubated with CvChi47 in comparison to untreated cells. Taken together, these results show the potential of CvChi47 as a molecular tool to control plant diseases caused by these Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio J S Sousa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Christiana F B Silva
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Pós-colheita, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jeanlex S Sousa
- Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José E Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José E C Freire
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Sousa
- Faculdade de Filosofia Dom Aureliano Matos, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dom Aureliano Matos, 2060, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, 62930-000, Brazil
| | - Marina D P Lobo
- Núcleo de Biologia Experimental (Nubex), Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana C O Monteiro-Moreira
- Núcleo de Biologia Experimental (Nubex), Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Thalles B Grangeiro
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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7
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Poshina DN, Raik SV, Poshin AN, Skorik YA. Accessibility of chitin and chitosan in enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Oyeleye A, Normi YM. Chitinase: diversity, limitations, and trends in engineering for suitable applications. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR2018032300. [PMID: 30042170 PMCID: PMC6131217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinases catalyze the degradation of chitin, a ubiquitous polymer generated from the cell walls of fungi, shells of crustaceans, and cuticles of insects. They are gaining increasing attention in medicine, agriculture, food and drug industries, and environmental management. Their roles in the degradation of chitin for the production of industrially useful products and in the control of fungal pathogens and insect pests render them attractive for such purposes. However, chitinases have diverse sources, characteristics, and mechanisms of action that seem to restrain optimization procedures and render standardization techniques for enhanced practical applications complex. Hence, results of laboratory trials are not usually consistent with real-life applications. With the growing field of protein engineering, these complexities can be overcome by modifying or redesigning chitinases to enhance specific features required for specific applications. In this review, the variations in features and mechanisms of chitinases that limit their exploitation in biotechnological applications are compiled. Recent attempts to engineer chitinases for improved efficiency are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunmi Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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9
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Tran DM, Sugimoto H, Nguyen DA, Watanabe T, Suzuki K. Identification and characterization of chitinolytic bacteria isolated from a freshwater lake. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:343-355. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1422969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To develop a novel type of biocontrol agent, we focus on bacteria that are characterized by both chitinase activity and biofilm development. Chitinolytic bacteria were isolated from sediments and chitin flakes immersed in the water of a sand dune lake, Sakata, in Niigata, Japan. Thirty-one isolates from more than 5100 isolated strains were examined chitinase activity and biofilm formation. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that most isolates belonged to the family Aeromonadaceae, followed by Paenibacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Neisseriaceae. The specific activity of chitinase of four selected strains was higher than that of a reference strain. The molecular size of one chitinase produced by Andreprevotia was greater than that of typical bacterial chitinases. The dialyzed culture supernatant containing chitinases of the four strains suppressed hyphal growth of Trichoderma reesei. These results indicate that these four strains are good candidates for biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Minh Tran
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City, Vietnam
| | - Hayuki Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Dzung Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City, Vietnam
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Honda S, Kunii T, Nohara K, Wakita S, Sugahara Y, Kawakita M, Oyama F, Sakaguchi M. Characterization of a Bacillus thuringiensis chitinase that binds to cellulose and chitin. AMB Express 2017; 7:51. [PMID: 28244030 PMCID: PMC5328894 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive soil bacterium that is known to be a bacterial biopesticide that produces insecticidal proteins called crystal proteins (Cry). In the insecticidal process, chitinases are suggested to perforate the peritrophic membrane barrier to facilitate the invasion of the Cry proteins into epithelial membranes. A chitinase gene from B. thuringiensis was successfully expressed in a soluble form in Escherichia coli, and the gene product was purified and characterized. The purified recombinant enzyme, BthChi74, hydrolyzed an artificial substrate, 4-nitrophenyl N,N′-diacetyl-β-d-chitobioside [4NP-(GlcNAc)2], and the natural substrates, colloidal chitin and crystalline α-chitin, but it did not hydrolyze cellulose. BthChi74 exhibited catalytic activity under a weakly acidic to neutral pH range at 50 °C, and it was stable over a wide pH range for 24 h. Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) indicated a protein melting temperature (Tm) of 63.6 °C. Kinetic analysis revealed kcat and KM values of 1.5 s−1 and 159 μM, respectively, with 4NP-(GlcNAc)2 as a substrate. BthChi74 produced (GlcNAc)2 and GlcNAc from colloidal chitin and α-chitin as substrates, but the activity toward the latter was lower than that toward the former. BthChi74 could bind similarly to chitin beads, crystalline α-chitin, and cellulose through a unique family 2 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM2). The structure–function relationships of BthChi74 are discussed in relation to other chitinases, such as Listeria chitinase, which possesses a family 5 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM5).
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García-Fraga B, da Silva AF, López-Seijas J, Sieiro C. A novel family 19 chitinase from the marine-derived Pseudoalteromonas tunicata CCUG 44952T: Heterologous expression, characterization and antifungal activity. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Additional Carbohydrate-Binding Modules Enhance the Insoluble Substrate-Hydrolytic Activity of β-1,3-Glucanase from AlkaliphilicNocardiopsissp. F96. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1078-82. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Mine S, Nakamura T, Sato T, Ikegami T, Uegaki K. Solution structure of the chitin-binding domain 1 (ChBD1) of a hyperthermophilic chitinase from Pyrococcus furiosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 155:115-22. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Functional expression and characterization of a chitinase from the marine archaeon Halobacterium salinarum CECT 395 in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2133-43. [PMID: 23893326 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The HschiA1 gene of the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum CECT 395 was cloned and overexpressed as an active protein of 66.5 kDa in Escherichia coli. The protein called HsChiA1p has a modular structure consisting of a glycosyl hydrolase family 18 catalytic region, as well as a N-terminal family 5 carbohydrate-binding module and a polycystic kidney domain. The purified recombinant chitinase displayed optimum catalytic activity at pH 7.3 and 40 °C and showed high stability over broad pH (6-8.5) and temperature (25-45 °C) ranges. Protein activity was stimulated by the metal ions Mg(+2), K(+), and Ca(+2) and strongly inhibited by Mn(+2). HsChiA1p is salt-dependent with its highest activity in the presence of 1.5 M of NaCl, but retains 20% of its activity in the absence of salt. The recombinant enzyme hydrolysed p-NP-(GlcNAc)3, p-NP-(GlcNAc), crystalline chitin, and colloidal chitin. From its sequence features and biochemical properties, it can be identified as an exo-acting enzyme with potential interest regarding the biodegradation of chitin waste or its bioconversion into biologically active products.
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Structural investigation of a novel N-acetyl glucosamine binding chi-lectin which reveals evolutionary relationship with class III chitinases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63779. [PMID: 23717482 PMCID: PMC3662789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosyl hydrolase 18 (GH18) family consists of active chitinases as well as chitinase like lectins/proteins (CLPs). The CLPs share significant sequence and structural similarities with active chitinases, however, do not display chitinase activity. Some of these proteins are reported to have specific functions and carbohydrate binding property. In the present study, we report a novel chitinase like lectin (TCLL) from Tamarindus indica. The crystal structures of native TCLL and its complex with N-acetyl glucosamine were determined. Similar to the other CLPs of the GH18 members, TCLL lacks chitinase activity due to mutations of key active site residues. Comparison of TCLL with chitinases and other chitin binding CLPs shows that TCLL has substitution of some chitin binding site residues and more open binding cleft due to major differences in the loop region. Interestingly, the biochemical studies suggest that TCLL is an N-acetyl glucosamine specific chi-lectin, which is further confirmed by the complex structure of TCLL with N-acetyl glucosamine complex. TCLL has two distinct N-acetyl glucosamine binding sites S1 and S2 that contain similar polar residues, although interaction pattern with N-acetyl glucosamine varies extensively among them. Moreover, TCLL structure depicts that how plants utilize existing structural scaffolds ingenuously to attain new functions. To date, this is the first structural investigation of a chi-lectin from plants that explore novel carbohydrate binding sites other than chitin binding groove observed in GH18 family members. Consequently, TCLL structure confers evidence for evolutionary link of lectins with chitinases.
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Human YKL-39 is a pseudo-chitinase with retained chitooligosaccharide-binding properties. Biochem J 2012; 446:149-57. [PMID: 22742450 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chitinase-like proteins YKL-39 (chitinase 3-like-2) and YKL-40 (chitinase 3-like-1) are highly expressed in a number of human cells independent of their origin (mesenchymal, epithelial or haemapoietic). Elevated serum levels of YKL-40 have been associated with a negative outcome in a number of diseases ranging from cancer to inflammation and asthma. YKL-39 expression has been associated with osteoarthritis. However, despite the reported association with disease, the physiological or pathological role of these proteins is still very poorly understood. Although YKL-39 is homologous to the two family 18 chitinases in the human genome, it has been reported to lack any chitinase activity. In the present study, we show that human YKL-39 possesses a chitinase-like fold, but lacks key active-site residues required for catalysis. A glycan screen identified oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine as preferred binding partners. YKL-39 binds chitooligosaccharides and a newly synthesized derivative of the bisdionin chitinase-inhibitor class with micromolar affinity, through a number of conserved tryptophan residues. Strikingly, the chitinase activity of YKL-39 was recovered by reverting two non-conservative substitutions in the active site to those found in the active enzymes, suggesting that YKL-39 is a pseudo-chitinase with retention of chitinase-like ligand-binding properties.
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Surface Display of Bacterial Metallothioneins and a Chitin Binding Domain on Escherichia coli Increase Cadmium Adsorption and Cell Immobilization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:462-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Ghasemi S, Ahmadian G, Sadeghi M, Zeigler DR, Rahimian H, Ghandili S, Naghibzadeh N, Dehestani A. First report of a bifunctional chitinase/lysozyme produced by Bacillus pumilus SG2. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:225-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Purification and partial characterization of a 36-kDa chitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. colmeri, and its biocontrol potential. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Carbohydrate-binding domains: multiplicity of biological roles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1241-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Identification and Characterization of a Chitinase-Produced Bacillus Showing Significant Antifungal Activity. Curr Microbiol 2009; 58:528-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Stefanidi E, Vorgias CE. Molecular analysis of the gene encoding a new chitinase from the marine psychrophilic bacterium Moritella marina and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Extremophiles 2008; 12:541-52. [PMID: 18368288 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-008-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The marine psychrophilic bacterium Moritella marina, isolated from a sample raised from a depth of 1,200 m in the northern Pacific Ocean, secretes several chitinases in response to chitin induction. A gene coding for an extracellular chitinolytic enzyme was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The chitinase gene consists of an open reading frame of 1,650 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 550 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 60.788 kDa, named MmChi60. MmChi60 has a modular structure consisting of a glycosyl-hydrolase family 18 N-terminal catalytic region as well as a C-terminal chitin-binding domain (ChBD). The new chitinase was purified to homogeneity from the intracellular fraction of Escherichia coli. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant MmChi60 were 5.0 and 28 degrees C, respectively. The mode of action of the new enzyme on N-acetylchitooligomers, chitin polymers, and other substrates was examined, and MmChi60 was classified as an endochitinase. Thermal unfolding of MmChi60 was studied using differential scanning microcalorimetry and revealed that the protein unfolds reversibly at 65 degrees C. On the basis of the crystal structure of the chitinase C of Streptomyces griseus, a homology-based 3-D model of the ChBD of the MmChi60 was calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Stefanidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zographou, 15784, Athens, Greece
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Pantoom S, Songsiriritthigul C, Suginta W. The effects of the surface-exposed residues on the binding and hydrolytic activities of Vibrio carchariae chitinase A. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 9:2. [PMID: 18205958 PMCID: PMC2265269 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio carchariae chitinase A (EC3.2.1.14) is a family-18 glycosyl hydrolase and comprises three distinct structural domains: i) the amino terminal chitin binding domain (ChBD); ii) the (alpha/beta)8 TIM barrel catalytic domain (CatD); and iii) the alpha + beta insertion domain. The predicted tertiary structure of V. carchariae chitinase A has located the residues Ser33 & Trp70 at the end of ChBD and Trp231 & Tyr245 at the exterior of the catalytic cleft. These residues are surface-exposed and presumably play an important role in chitin hydrolysis. RESULTS Point mutations of the target residues of V. carchariae chitinase A were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. With respect to their binding activity towards crystalline alpha-chitin and colloidal chitin, chitin binding assays demonstrated a considerable decrease for mutants W70A and Y245W, and a notable increase for S33W and W231A. When the specific hydrolyzing activity was determined, mutant W231A displayed reduced hydrolytic activity, whilst Y245W showed enhanced activity. This suggested that an alteration in the hydrolytic activity was not correlated with a change in the ability of the enzyme to bind to chitin polymer. A mutation of Trp70 to Ala caused the most severe loss in both the binding and hydrolytic activities, which suggested that it is essential for crystalline chitin binding and hydrolysis. Mutations varied neither the specific hydrolyzing activity against pNP-[GlcNAc]2, nor the catalytic efficiency against chitohexaose, implying that the mutated residues are not important in oligosaccharide hydrolysis. CONCLUSION Our data provide direct evidence that the binding as well as hydrolytic activities of V. carchariae chitinase A to insoluble chitin are greatly influenced by Trp70 and less influenced by Ser33. Though Trp231 and Tyr245 are involved in chitin hydrolysis, they do not play a major role in the binding process of crystalline chitin and the guidance of the chitin chain into the substrate binding cleft of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supansa Pantoom
- School of Biochemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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Allhorn M, Olsén A, Collin M. EndoS from Streptococcus pyogenes is hydrolyzed by the cysteine proteinase SpeB and requires glutamic acid 235 and tryptophans for IgG glycan-hydrolyzing activity. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:3. [PMID: 18182097 PMCID: PMC2266755 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The endoglycosidase EndoS and the cysteine proteinase SpeB from the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes are functionally related in that they both hydrolyze IgG leading to impairment of opsonizing antibodies and thus enhance bacterial survival in human blood. In this study, we further investigated the relationship between EndoS and SpeB by examining their in vitro temporal production and stability and activity of EndoS. Furthermore, theoretical structure modeling of EndoS combined with site-directed mutagenesis and chemical blocking of amino acids was used to identify amino acids required for the IgG glycan-hydrolyzing activity of EndoS. Results We could show that during growth in vitro S. pyogenes secretes the IgG glycan-hydrolyzing endoglycosidase EndoS prior to the cysteine proteinase SpeB. Upon maturation SpeB hydrolyzes EndoS that then loses its IgG glycan-hydrolyzing activity. Sequence analysis and structural homology modeling of EndoS provided a basis for further analysis of the prerequisites for IgG glycan-hydrolysis. Site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification of amino acids revealed that glutamic acid 235 is an essential catalytic residue, and that tryptophan residues, but not the abundant lysine or the single cysteine residues, are important for EndoS activity. Conclusion We present novel information about the amino acid requirements for IgG glycan-hydrolyzing activity of the immunomodulating enzyme EndoS. Furthermore, we show that the cysteine proteinase SpeB processes/degrades EndoS and thus emphasize the importance of the SpeB as a degrading/processing enzyme of proteins from the bacterium itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Allhorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Okhrimenko O, Jelesarov I. A survey of the year 2006 literature on applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Suginta W, Songsiriritthigul C, Kobdaj A, Opassiri R, Svasti J. Mutations of Trp275 and Trp397 altered the binding selectivity of Vibrio carchariae chitinase A. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1151-60. [PMID: 17490819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Point mutations of the active-site residues Trp168, Tyr171, Trp275, Trp397, Trp570 and Asp392 were introduced to Vibrio carchariae chitinase A. The modeled 3D structure of the enzyme illustrated that these residues fully occupied the substrate binding cleft and it was found that their mutation greatly reduced the hydrolyzing activity against pNP-[GlcNAc](2) and colloidal chitin. Mutant W397F was the only exception, as it instead enhanced the hydrolysis of the pNP substrate to 142% and gave no activity loss towards colloidal chitin. The kinetic study with the pNP substrate demonstrated that the mutations caused impaired K(m) and k(cat) values of the enzyme. A chitin binding assay showed that mutations of the aromatic residues did not change the binding equilibrium. Product analysis by thin layer chromatography showed higher efficiency of W275G and W397F in G4-G6 hydrolysis over the wild type enzyme. Though the time course of colloidal chitin hydrolysis displayed no difference in the cleavage behavior of the chitinase variants, the time course of G6 hydrolysis exhibited distinct hydrolytic patterns between wild-type and mutants W275G and W397F. Wild type initially hydrolyzed G6 to G4 and G2, and finally G2 was formed as the major end product. W275G primarily created G2-G5 intermediates, and later G2 and G3 were formed as stable products. In contrast, W397F initially produced G1-G5, and then the high-M(r) intermediates (G3-G5) were broken down to G1 and G2 end products. This modification of the cleavage patterns of chitooligomers suggested that residues Trp275 and Trp397 are involved in defining the binding selectivity of the enzyme to soluble substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipa Suginta
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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