1
|
Ramires FA, Bavaro AR, D’Antuono I, Linsalata V, D’Amico L, Baruzzi F, Pinto L, Tarantini A, Garbetta A, Cardinali A, Bleve G. Liquid submerged fermentation by selected microbial strains for onion skins valorization and its effects on polyphenols. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:258. [PMID: 37493825 PMCID: PMC10371881 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Onion skins, actually recycled as organic fertilizers, could be used as a substrate in environmental-friendly bioprocesses to recover high-value bioactive compounds and food ingredients.In this work, a bioprospecting method was carried out including 94 bacterial and 45 yeast strains from several agri-food and environmental niches to verify their ability to grow on onion skins as unique nutrients source.Red and yellow onion skins were assessed by newly selected starter-driven liquid submerged fermentation assays mainly aimed at the release and modification of polyphenols through microbial activities. Fermented onion skins were also investigated as a inexpensive favourable source of microbial enzymes (amylases, proteases, lipases, esterases, cellulases, xylanases).In red onion skins, the treatment with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TB 11-32 produced a slight increase of bioactive compounds in terms of total phenolics, whereas with the yeast strain Zygosaccharomyces mrakii CL 30 - 29 the quercetin aglycone content increased of about 25% of the initial raw material.In yellow onion skins inoculated, the highest content of phenolic compounds was detected with the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae En SC, while quercetin aglycone increased of about 60% of the initial raw material in presence of the bacterial strain L. plantarum C 180 - 34.In conclusion, the proposed microbial pre-treatment method can be a potential strategy to re-use onion skins as a fermentation substrate, and as a first step in the development of a biorefinery process to produce value-added products from onion by-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Anna Ramires
- Lecce Unit, National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bavaro
- National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Isabella D’Antuono
- National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Vito Linsalata
- National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Leone D’Amico
- Lecce Unit, National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Federico Baruzzi
- National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Loris Pinto
- National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Annamaria Tarantini
- Lecce Unit, National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Lecce, 73100 Italy
- University of Bari Aldo Moro, Plant and Food Science Department (Di.S.S.P.A), Soil, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Antonella Garbetta
- National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Angela Cardinali
- National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Gianluca Bleve
- Lecce Unit, National Research Council, - Institute of Sciences of Food Procuction (CNR-ISPA), Lecce, 73100 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramires FA, Bleve G, De Domenico S, Leone A. Combination of Solid State and Submerged Fermentation Strategies to Produce a New Jellyfish-Based Food. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243974. [PMID: 36553715 PMCID: PMC9778331 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the set-up and optimization of a fermentation strategy applied to a composite raw material containing jellyfish biomass as the principal ingredient. New fermented food was developed by combining fresh jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo and the sequential solid-state submerged liquid fermentation method used in Asian countries for processing a high-salt-containing raw material. Aspergillus oryzae was used to drive the first fermentation, conducted in solid-state conditions, of a jellyfish-based product, here named Jelly paste. The second fermentation was performed by inoculating the Jelly paste with different selected bacteria and yeasts, leading to a final product named fermented Jellyfish paste. For the first time, a set of safety parameters necessary for monitoring and describing a jellyfish-based fermented food was established. The new fermented products obtained by the use of Debaryomyces hansenii BC T3-23 yeast strain and the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MS3 bacterial strain revealed desirable nutritional traits in terms of protein, lipids and total phenolic content, as well as valuable total antioxidant activity. The obtained final products also showed a complex enzyme profile rich in amylase, protease and lipase activities, thus making them characterized by unique composite sensory odor descriptors (umami, smoked, dried fruit, spices).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Anna Ramires
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Unità Operativa di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bleve
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Unità Operativa di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefania De Domenico
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Unità Operativa di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Scienze Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Campus Ecotekne, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonella Leone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Unità Operativa di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Local Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nazarian Z, Arab SS. Discovery of carboxylesterases via metagenomics: Putative enzymes that contribute to chemical kinetic resolution. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
The Controlled Semi-Solid Fermentation of Seaweeds as a Strategy for Their Stabilization and New Food Applications. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182811. [PMID: 36140940 PMCID: PMC9497830 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, macroalgae, or seaweeds, have been a significant part of East Asian diets. In Europe, seaweeds are not considered traditional foods, even though they are increasingly popular in Western diets in human food applications. In this study, a biological processing method based on semi-solid fermentation was optimized for the treatment of the seaweed Gracilaria gracilis. For the first time, selected lactic acid bacteria and non-conventional coagulase-negative staphylococci were used as starter preparations for driving a bio-processing and bio-stabilization of raw macroalga material to obtain new seaweed-based food prototypes for human consumption. Definite food safety and process hygiene criteria were identified and successfully applied. The obtained fermented products did not show any presence of pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms, thereby indicating safety and good shelf life. Lactobacillus acidophilus-treated seaweeds revealed higher α-amylase, protease, lipase, endo-cellulase, and endo-xylanase activity than in the untreated sample. This fermented sample showed a balanced n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio. SBM-11 (Lactobacillus sakei, Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus) and PROMIX 1 (Staphylococcus xylosus) treated samples showed fatty acid compositions that were considered of good nutritional quality and contained relevant amounts of isoprenoids (vitamin E and A). All the starters improved the nutritional value of the seaweeds by significantly reducing the insoluble indigestible fractions. Preliminary data were obtained on the cytocompatibility of G. gracilis fermented products by in vitro tests. This approach served as a valid strategy for the easy bio-stabilization of this valuable but perishable food resource and could boost its employment for newly designed seaweed-based food products.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhardwaj KK, Kishen S, Mehta A, Sharma A, Gupta R. Purification of high molecular weight thermotolerant esterase from Serratia sp. and its characterization. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:308. [PMID: 34194900 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an extracellular esterase from Serratia sp. was purified 24.46 fold using an initial ammonium sulphate precipitation step (optimized concentration of 30-40%), followed by Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) chromatography and size exclusion Sephadex G-200 column chromatography steps. The molecular weight of the esterase using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was determined to be 236 kDa and by using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was found to be 60 kDa suggesting that the enzyme was a tetramer of 4 subunits. The purified esterase was able to catalyze the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters, especially p-nitrophenyl acetate. Maximum esterase activity was achieved in 0.15 M Tris-HCl buffer of pH 8.5 at 50 °C after 10 min. The enzyme was stable for at least 8 h at 4 and 35 °C but the half-life was determined to be 4.5 h at 50 °C and 3 h at 60 °C. The esterase activity was inhibited by detergents (1 mM) (Triton X-100, Tween 60, Tween 80, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and SDS) except Tween 20. The esterase activity was inhibited by organic solvents (1 mM) such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile and was stable in the presence of glycerol, isopropanol but the organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced esterase activity. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry showed that the enzyme exhibited similarity with the pimeloyl-[acyl carrier protein] methyl ester esterase of Serratia marcescens.
Collapse
|
6
|
Divya M B, Vemula M, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee S, Guruprasad L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE1 and PE2 proteins carrying conserved α/β-serine hydrolase domain are esterases hydrolyzing short to medium chain p-nitrophenyl esters. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 140:90-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
7
|
Characterization of esterase activity from an Acetomicrobium hydrogeniformans enzyme with high structural stability in extreme conditions. Extremophiles 2018; 22:781-793. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-1038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
8
|
Hashim NHF, Mahadi NM, Illias RM, Feroz SR, Abu Bakar FD, Murad AMA. Biochemical and structural characterization of a novel cold-active esterase-like protein from the psychrophilic yeast Glaciozyma antarctica. Extremophiles 2018; 22:607-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-1021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
9
|
Nagao T, Kumabe A, Komatsu F, Yagi H, Suzuki H, Ohshiro T. Gene identification and characterization of fucoidan deacetylase for potential application to fucoidan degradation and diversification. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:277-282. [PMID: 28442389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan is an α-l-fucopyranosyl polymer found in seaweeds with forms that have acetyl and sulfuric modifications and derivatives that are lower and/or diversified, with modifications that have attracted interest as potential bioactive substances. We identified the gene for a fucoidan deacetylase that cleaves acetyl moieties from fucoidan and thereby contributes to fucoidan utilization in the marine bacterium Luteolibacter algae H18. Fucoidan deacetylase was purified to homogeneity from a cell-free extract of L. algae H18, and used to determine the internal amino acid sequence and identify the gene, fud, in a draft genome sequence of the H18 strain. The gene product was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and was demonstrated to catalyze fucoidan deacetylation, but not desulfation, and degradation into lower forms. In addition to fucoidan deacetylation, the enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters with organic acids, and p-nitrophenyl acetate was the best substrate among those tested. The present study provides a new tool for fucoidan degradation, potentially expanding investigations on fucoidan derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Nagao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan; FUKAEKASEI Co., Ltd., 2-2-7 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2241, Japan
| | - Ayako Kumabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Fumika Komatsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yagi
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Patel HK, Ferrante P, Xianfa M, Javvadi SG, Subramoni S, Scortichini M, Venturi V. Identification of Loci of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Involved in Lipolytic Activity and Their Role in Colonization of Kiwifruit Leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:645-653. [PMID: 28112597 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-16-0360-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial canker disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, an emerging pathogen of kiwifruit plants, has recently brought about major economic losses worldwide. Genetic studies on virulence functions of P. syringae pv. actinidiae have not yet been reported and there is little experimental data regarding bacterial genes involved in pathogenesis. In this study, we performed a genetic screen in order to identify transposon mutants altered in the lipolytic activity because it is known that mechanisms of regulation, production, and secretion of enzymes often play crucial roles in virulence of plant pathogens. We aimed to identify the set of secretion and global regulatory loci that control lipolytic activity and also play important roles in in planta fitness. Our screen for altered lipolytic activity phenotype identified a total of 58 Tn5 transposon mutants. Mapping all these Tn5 mutants revealed that the transposons were inserted in genes that play roles in cell division, chemotaxis, metabolism, movement, recombination, regulation, signal transduction, and transport as well as a few unknown functions. Several of these identified P. syringae pv. actinidiae Tn5 mutants, notably the functions affected in phosphomannomutase AlgC, lipid A biosynthesis acyltransferase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, and the type IV pilus protein PilI, were also found affected in in planta survival and/or growth in kiwifruit plants. The results of the genetic screen and identification of novel loci involved in in planta fitness of P. syringae pv. actinidiae are presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra Kumar Patel
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy; second and sixth authors: Research Centre for Fruit Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Roma, Italy; and sixth author: Research Unit for Fruit Trees, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Caserta, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferrante
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy; second and sixth authors: Research Centre for Fruit Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Roma, Italy; and sixth author: Research Unit for Fruit Trees, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Caserta, Italy
| | - Meng Xianfa
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy; second and sixth authors: Research Centre for Fruit Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Roma, Italy; and sixth author: Research Unit for Fruit Trees, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Caserta, Italy
| | - Sree Gowrinadh Javvadi
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy; second and sixth authors: Research Centre for Fruit Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Roma, Italy; and sixth author: Research Unit for Fruit Trees, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Caserta, Italy
| | - Sujatha Subramoni
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy; second and sixth authors: Research Centre for Fruit Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Roma, Italy; and sixth author: Research Unit for Fruit Trees, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy; second and sixth authors: Research Centre for Fruit Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Roma, Italy; and sixth author: Research Unit for Fruit Trees, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Caserta, Italy
| | - Vittorio Venturi
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy; second and sixth authors: Research Centre for Fruit Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Roma, Italy; and sixth author: Research Unit for Fruit Trees, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zarafeta D, Moschidi D, Ladoukakis E, Gavrilov S, Chrysina ED, Chatziioannou A, Kublanov I, Skretas G, Kolisis FN. Metagenomic mining for thermostable esterolytic enzymes uncovers a new family of bacterial esterases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38886. [PMID: 27991516 PMCID: PMC5171882 DOI: 10.1038/srep38886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts exerting activity against ester bonds have a broad range of applications in modern biotechnology. Here, we have identified a new esterolytic enzyme by screening a metagenomic sample collected from a hot spring in Kamchatka, Russia. Biochemical characterization of the new esterase, termed EstDZ2, revealed that it is highly active against medium chain fatty acid esters at temperatures between 25 and 60 °C and at pH values 7-8. The new enzyme is moderately thermostable with a half-life of more than six hours at 60 °C, but exhibits exquisite stability against high concentrations of organic solvents. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that EstDZ2 is likely an Acetothermia enzyme that belongs to a new family of bacterial esterases, for which we propose the index XV. One distinctive feature of this new family, is the presence of a conserved GHSAG catalytic motif. Multiple sequence alignment, coupled with computational modelling of the three-dimensional structure of EstDZ2, revealed that the enzyme lacks the largest part of the "cap" domain, whose extended structure is characteristic for the closely related Family IV esterases. Thus, EstDZ2 appears to be distinct from known related esterolytic enzymes, both in terms of sequence characteristics, as well as in terms of three-dimensional structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Moschidi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymios Ladoukakis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sergey Gavrilov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center for Biotechnology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evangelia D. Chrysina
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilya Kublanov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center for Biotechnology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Fragiskos N. Kolisis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li M, Yang LR, Xu G, Wu JP. Cloning and characterization of a novel lipase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia GS11: The first member of a new bacterial lipase family XVI. J Biotechnol 2016; 228:30-36. [PMID: 27117245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipases are an important group of enzymes that offer enormous potential in organic synthesis, and there is considerable interest in identifying and developing novel bacterial lipases. In previous studies, strains of the genus Stenotrophomonas were proved to be potential source of lipases, but there is little genetic information describing lipase from the genus Stenotrophomonas. We have cloned and characterized a novel lipase (LipSM54), the first lipase described from the genus Stenotrophomonas. Enzymatic study showed that LipSM54 was a cold-active, solvent-tolerant and alkaline lipase. Using bioinformatics tools, LipSM54 was found to be related only to several putative lipases from different bacterial origins, none of which could be assigned to any previously described bacterial lipase family. LipSM54 and these related putative lipases share four conserved motifs around the catalytic residues. These motifs clearly distinguish them from the known bacterial lipase families. Consequently, LipSM54 is the first characterized member of the novel bacterial lipase family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Institute of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Rong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kum SJ, Yang SO, Lee SM, Chang PS, Choi YH, Lee JJ, Hurh BS, Kim YS. Effects of Aspergillus species inoculation and their enzymatic activities on the formation of volatile components in fermented soybean paste (doenjang). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1401-18. [PMID: 25590895 DOI: 10.1021/jf5056002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The volatile components of rice-koji doenjang produced in association with various Aspergillus species (A. oryzae, A. sojae, and A. kawachii) during 8 weeks of fermentation were compared using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, the activities of diverse enzymes (α-amylase, protease, lipase, and esterase) were determined to investigate their effects on the formation of volatile compounds. Regardless of the fungi types, carbonyls including 4-methylheptan-2-one, heptan-2-one, (E)-hept-2-enal, and hexanal were found to contribute mainly to early phase fermentation, whereas the contents of ethyl esters of long-chained fatty acids were considerably enhanced in the latter stage of fermentation. With the exception of α-amylase, the activities of the studied enzymes generally increased as fermentation proceeded, and there were significant differences in enzymes activities between the species of fungi. The lipase activity was strongly correlated with the formation of long-chain fatty acid esters, which could be related to the distinctive organoleptic properties of rice-koji doenjang.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Joo Kum
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University , 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lenfant N, Hotelier T, Velluet E, Bourne Y, Marchot P, Chatonnet A. ESTHER, the database of the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily of proteins: tools to explore diversity of functions. Nucleic Acids Res 2012. [PMID: 23193256 PMCID: PMC3531081 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESTHER database, which is freely available via a web server (http://bioweb.ensam.inra.fr/esther) and is widely used, is dedicated to proteins with an α/β-hydrolase fold, and it currently contains >30 000 manually curated proteins. Herein, we report those substantial changes towards improvement that we have made to improve ESTHER during the past 8 years since our 2004 update. In particular, we generated 87 new families and increased the coverage of the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB). We also renewed the ESTHER website and added new visualization tools, such as the Overall Table and the Family Tree. We also address two topics of particular interest to the ESTHER users. First, we explain how the different enzyme classifications (bacterial lipases, peptidases, carboxylesterases) used by different communities of users are combined in ESTHER. Second, we discuss how variations of core architecture or in predicted active site residues result in a more precise clustering of families, and whether this strategy provides trustable hints to identify enzyme-like proteins with no catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lenfant
- Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, INRA-UM1, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Solid-state production of esterase using fish processing wastes by Bacillus altitudinis AP-MSU. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Rhodococcus sp. strain CR-53 LipR, the first member of a new bacterial lipase family (family X) displaying an unusual Y-type oxyanion hole, similar to the Candida antarctica lipase clan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1724-32. [PMID: 22226953 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06332-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipases constitute the most important group of biocatalysts for synthetic organic chemistry. Accordingly, there is substantial interest in developing new valuable lipases. Considering the lack of information concerning the lipases of the genus Rhodococcus and taking into account the interest raised by the enzymes produced by actinomycetes, a search for putative lipase-encoding genes from Rhodococcus sp. strain CR-53 was performed. We isolated, cloned, purified, and characterized LipR, the first lipase described from the genus Rhodococcus. LipR is a mesophilic enzyme showing preference for medium-chain-length acyl groups without showing interfacial activation. It displays good long-term stability and high tolerance for the presence of ions and chemical agents in the reaction mixture. Amino acid sequence analysis of LipR revealed that it displays four unique amino acid sequence motifs that clearly separate it from any other previously described family of bacterial lipases. Using bioinformatics tools, LipR could be related only to several uncharacterized putative lipases from different bacterial origins, all of which display the four blocks of consensus amino acid sequence motifs that contribute to define a new family of bacterial lipases, namely, family X. Therefore, LipR is the first characterized member of the new bacterial lipase family X. Further confirmation of this new family of lipases was performed after cloning Burkholderia cenocepacia putative lipase, bearing the same conserved motifs and clustering in family X. Interestingly, all lipases grouping in the new bacterial lipase family X display a Y-type oxyanion hole, a motif conserved in the Candida antarctica lipase clan but never found among bacterial lipases. This observation contributes to confirm that LipR and its homologs belong to a new family of bacterial lipases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chuang HH, Chen PT, Wang WN, Chen YT, Shaw JF. Functional proteomic analysis of rice bran esterases/lipases and characterization of a novel recombinant esterase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2019-2025. [PMID: 21322560 DOI: 10.1021/jf103972h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An esterase from rice ( Oryza sativa ) bran was identified on two-dimensional gel using 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate as a substrate. The esterase cDNA (870 bp) encoded a 289 amino acid protein (designated OsEST-b) and was expressed in Escherichia coli . The molecular weight of recombinant OsEST-b (rOsEST-b) was 27 kDa, as measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Biochemical characterization demonstrated that rOsEST-b was active over a broad temperature range (optimum at 60 °C) and preferred alkaline conditions (optimum at pH 9.0). The rOsEST-b showed maximum activity toward p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C(4)) among various p-nitrophenyl esters (C(4)-C(18)), indicating that rOsEST-b is an esterase for short-chain fatty acids. The kinetic parameters under optimal conditions were K(m) = 27.03 μM, k(cat) = 49 s(-1), and k(cat)/K(m) = 1.81 s(-1) μM(-1). The activity of rOsEST-b was not influenced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, suggesting that it is not a metalloenzyme. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that OsEST-b had a conserved pentapeptide esterase/lipase motif but that the essential active site serine (GXSXG) was replaced by cysteine (C). These results suggest that OsEST-b is distinct from traditional esterases/lipases and is a novel lipolytic enzyme in rice bran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Han Chuang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu L, Guo J, Zheng X, Wen T, Sun F, Liu S, Pang H. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a novel esterase Rv0045c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1579-82. [PMID: 21139199 PMCID: PMC2998358 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110026606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Rv0045c protein is predicted to be an esterase that is involved in lipid metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. The Rv0045c protein crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.7 Å using a synchrotron-radiation source and belonged to space group P3(1) or P3(2), with unit-cell parameters a=b=73.465, c=48.064 Å, α=β=90, γ=120°. Purified SeMet-labelled Rv0045c protein was also crystallized and formed crystals that diffracted to a resolution of 3.0 Å using an in-house X-ray radiation source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Xu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiubiao Guo
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Zheng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingyi Wen
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siguo Liu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Pang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guo J, Zheng X, Xu L, Liu Z, Xu K, Li S, Wen T, Liu S, Pang H. Characterization of a novel esterase Rv0045c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20957207 PMCID: PMC2948520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was proposed that there are at least 250 enzymes in M. tuberculosis involved in lipid metabolism. Rv0045c was predicted to be a hydrolase by amino acid sequence similarity, although its precise biochemical characterization and function remained to be defined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We expressed the Rv0045c protein to high levels in E. coli and purified the protein to high purity. We confirmed that the prepared protein was the Rv0045c protein by mass spectrometry analysis. Circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis showed that the protein possessed abundant β-sheet secondary structure, and confirmed that its conformation was stable in the range pH 6.0-10.0 and at temperatures ≤ 40 °C. Enzyme activity analysis indicated that the Rv0045c protein could efficiently hydrolyze short chain p-nitrophenyl esters (C₂-C₈), and its suitable substrate was p-nitrophenyl caproate (C₆) with optimal catalytic conditions of 39 °C and pH 8.0. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrated that the Rv0045c protein is a novel esterase. These experiments will be helpful in understanding ester/lipid metabolism related to M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiubiao Guo
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture, Harbin, China
| | | | - Lipeng Xu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kehui Xu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shentao Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyi Wen
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (HP)
| | - Hai Pang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (HP)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A new esterase EstD2 isolated from plant rhizosphere soil metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:1125-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Marine metagenomics: new tools for the study and exploitation of marine microbial metabolism. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:608-28. [PMID: 20411118 PMCID: PMC2857354 DOI: 10.3390/md8030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is extremely diverse, with huge variations in pressure and temperature. Nevertheless, life, especially microbial life, thrives throughout the marine biosphere and microbes have adapted to all the divergent environments present. Large scale DNA sequence based approaches have recently been used to investigate the marine environment and these studies have revealed that the oceans harbor unprecedented microbial diversity. Novel gene families with representatives only within such metagenomic datasets represent a large proportion of the ocean metagenome. The presence of so many new gene families from these uncultured and highly diverse microbial populations represents a challenge for the understanding of and exploitation of the biology and biochemistry of the ocean environment. The application of new metagenomic and single cell genomics tools offers new ways to explore the complete metabolic diversity of the marine biome.
Collapse
|
22
|
Grosse S, Bergeron H, Imura A, Boyd J, Wang S, Kubota K, Miyadera A, Sulea T, Lau PCK. Nature versus nurture in two highly enantioselective esterases from Bacillus cereus and Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 3:65-73. [PMID: 21255307 PMCID: PMC3815948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for the use of biocatalysis to obtain enantiopure compounds as chiral building blocks for drug synthesis such as antibiotics. The principal findings of this study are: (i) the complete sequenced genomes of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 and Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4 contain a hitherto undescribed enantioselective and alkaliphilic esterase (BcEST and TtEST respectively) that is specific for the production of (R)‐2‐benzyloxy‐propionic acid ethyl ester, a key intermediate in the synthesis of levofloxacin, a potent antibiotic; and (ii) directed evolution targeted for increased thermostability of BcEST produced two improved variants, but in either case the 3–5°C increase in the apparent melting temperature (Tm) of the mutants over the native BcEST that has a Tm of 50°C was outperformed by TtEST, a naturally occurring homologue with a Tm of 65°C. Protein modelling of BcEST mapped the S148C and K272R mutations at protein surface and the I88T and Q110L mutations at more buried locations. This work expands the repertoire of characterized members of the α/β‐fold hydrolase superfamily. Further, it shows that genome mining is an economical option for new biocatalyst discovery and we provide a rare example of a naturally occurring thermostable biocatalyst that outperforms experimentally evolved homologues that carry out the same hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Grosse
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jeon JH, Kim JT, Kang SG, Lee JH, Kim SJ. Characterization and its potential application of two esterases derived from the arctic sediment metagenome. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:307-316. [PMID: 18814017 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two esterase genes (designated as estAT1 and estAT11, respectively) were cloned by activity-based screening of a fosmid library constructed with seashore sediment sample of the Arctic. The sequence analysis of the genes revealed that these esterase genes encoded proteins of 303 and 312 amino acids, respectively, and showed 40-50% identities to members of the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family retaining a catalytic triad with a conserved GDSAG sequence and an oxyanion hole (HGGG). The esterases genes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli by co-expressing GroEL-GroES chaperonine, and the recombinant proteins (rEstAT1 and rEstAT11) were purified to homogeneity. The purified EstAT1 and EstAT11 were active in a broad range of temperature from 20 to 40 degrees C with an optimum temperature at 30 degrees C. The activation energies of rEstAT1 and rEstAT11 to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl esters of butyrate were determined to be 12.65 kcal/mol and 11.26 kcal/mol, respectively, indicating that they are cold-adapted esterases. The purified EstAT1 and EstAT11 could hydrolyze racemic ofloxacin esters, and further rEstAT11 hydrolyzed preferentially (S)-racemic ofloxacin butyl ester with an enantiomeric excess (ee(p)) value of 70.3%. This work represents an example that develops enzymes from the Arctic using metagenomic approach, potentially applicable to chiral resolution of heat-labile substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Jeon
- Marine Biotechnology Research Centre, Korean Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jeon JH, Kim JT, Kim YJ, Kim HK, Lee HS, Kang SG, Kim SJ, Lee JH. Cloning and characterization of a new cold-active lipase from a deep-sea sediment metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 81:865-74. [PMID: 18773201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Jeon
- Marine Biotechnology Center, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425-600, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Woo JH, Kang JH, Kang SG, Hwang YO, Kim SJ. Cloning and characterization of an epoxide hydrolase from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 82:873-81. [PMID: 19083233 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a putative epoxide hydrolase (EHase) was identified by analyzing an open reading frame of the genome sequence of Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, retaining the conserved catalytic residues such as the catalytic triad (Asp177, Glu328, and His355) and the oxyanion hole. The enantioselective EHase gene (neh) was cloned, and the recombinant EHase could be purified to apparent homogeneity by one step of metal affinity chromatography and further characterized. The purified N. aromaticivorans enantioselective epoxide hydrolase (NEH) showed enantioselective hydrolysis toward styrene oxide, glycidyl phenyl ether, epoxybutane, and epichlorohydrin. The optimal EHase activity toward styrene oxide occurred at pH 6.5 and 45 degrees C. The purified NEH could preferentially hydrolyze (R)-styrene oxide with enantiomeric excess of more than 99% and 11.7% yield after 20-min incubation at an optimal condition. The enantioselective hydrolysis of styrene oxide was also confirmed by the analysis of the vicinal diol, 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol. The hydrolyzing rates of the purified NEH toward epoxide substrates were not affected by as high as 100 mM racemic styrene oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Woo
- Marine Biotechnology Research Centre, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, P.O. Box 29, Ansan, 425-600, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kennedy J, Marchesi JR, Dobson AD. Marine metagenomics: strategies for the discovery of novel enzymes with biotechnological applications from marine environments. Microb Cell Fact 2008; 7:27. [PMID: 18717988 PMCID: PMC2538500 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-7-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic based strategies have previously been successfully employed as powerful tools to isolate and identify enzymes with novel biocatalytic activities from the unculturable component of microbial communities from various terrestrial environmental niches. Both sequence based and function based screening approaches have been employed to identify genes encoding novel biocatalytic activities and metabolic pathways from metagenomic libraries. While much of the focus to date has centred on terrestrial based microbial ecosystems, it is clear that the marine environment has enormous microbial biodiversity that remains largely unstudied. Marine microbes are both extremely abundant and diverse; the environments they occupy likewise consist of very diverse niches. As culture-dependent methods have thus far resulted in the isolation of only a tiny percentage of the marine microbiota the application of metagenomic strategies holds great potential to study and exploit the enormous microbial biodiversity which is present within these marine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kennedy
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|