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Xiong L, Yao X, Pei J, Wang X, Guo S, Cao M, Bao P, Wang H, Yan P, Guo X. Do microbial-gut-muscle mediated by SCFAs, microbial-gut-brain axis mediated by insulin simultaneously regulate yak IMF deposition? Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128632. [PMID: 38061511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Ruminant rumen plays an important role in the digestibility of cellulose, hemicellulose, starch and fat. In this study, the yaks under graze and stall feeding were chosen as the models of different rumen bacteria and intramuscular fat (IMF). The characteristics of IMF deposition, serum indexes in yaks were detected; the bacteria, metabolites in rumen was explored by 16S rRNA sequencing technology, untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer and gas chromatography, respectively; the transcriptome of longissimus thoracis was identified by RNA-Sequencing analysis. Based on above results, a hypothesis that yak IMF deposition is regulated by the combined action of microbiome-gut-brain and muscle axis was proposed. The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and neurotransmitters precursors like acetylcholine produced in yak rumen promoted insulin secretion via central nervous system. These insulin resulted in the high expression of SREBF1 gene by gut-brain axis; SCFAs can directly arrive to muscular tissue via blood circulation system, then activated the expression of PPARγ gene by gut-muscle axis. The expression of lipogenesis gene SCD, FABP3, CPT1, FASN and ACC2 was accordingly up-regulated. This study firstly introduce the theory of microbiome-gut-brain/muscle axis into the study of ruminant, and comprehensively expounded the regulatory mechanism of yak IMF deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xixi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingdong Wang
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaoke Guo
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengli Cao
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.
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Colombini S, Rota Graziosi A, Parma P, Iriti M, Vitalini S, Sarnataro C, Spanghero M. Evaluation of dietary addition of 2 essential oils from Achillea moschata, or their components (bornyl acetate, camphor, and eucalyptol) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial community composition. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:224-231. [PMID: 33997351 PMCID: PMC8110856 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 2 Achillea moschata essential oils extracted from plants collected in 2 different valleys of the Italian Alps and 3 pure compounds of oils - bornyl acetate (BOR), camphor (CAM), and eucalyptol (EUCA) - on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbiota. An in vitro batch fermentation experiment (Exp. 1) tested the addition of all of the substances (2 essential oils and 3 compounds) in fermentation bottles (120 mL) at 48 h of incubation, whereas a subsequent in vitro continuous culture experiment (Exp. 2) evaluated the pure compounds added to the fermenters (2 L) for a longer incubation period (9 d). In both experiments, total mixed rations were incubated with the additives, and samples without additives were included as the control (CTR). Each treatment was tested in duplicate and was repeated in 3 and 2 fermentation runs in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Gas production (GP) in Exp. 1 was similar for all of the treatments, and short chain volatile fatty acid (SCFA) production was similar in both experiments except for a decrease of SCFA produced (P = 0.029) due to EUCA addition in Exp. 2. Compared to CTR, BOR and CAM reduced the valerate proportion (P = 0.04) in Exp. 1, and increased (P < 0.01) the acetate proportion in Exp. 2. All treatments increased (P < 0.01) total protozoa counts (+36.7% and +48.4% compared to CTR on average for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). In Exp. 1, all of the treatments lowered the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and increased the Proteobacteria relative abundances (P < 0.05), whereas in Exp. 2, the EUCA addition increased (P = 0.012) the Ruminococcus. In Exp. 1, methane (CH4) as a proportion of the GP was lowered (P = 0.004) by the addition of CAM and EUCA compared to CTR, whereas in Exp. 2, EUCA reduced the amount of stoichiometrically calculated CH4 compared to CTR. Overall, essential oils extracted from A. moschata and the pure compounds did not depress in vitro rumen fermentation, except for EUCA in Exp. 2. In both experiments, an increase of the protozoal population occurred for all the additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Colombini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Rota Graziosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Parma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnataro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università Degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università Degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Chowdhury MR, Lashkari S, Jensen SK, Ambye-Jensen M, Weisbjerg MR. Effects of Heat Treatment of Green Protein on in Situ Protein Disappearance and in Vitro Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8169-8178. [PMID: 29969263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soluble protein extracted from leaves and stems of grasses and forage legumes is defined as green protein. The present study was conducted to evaluate in situ green protein degradability, intestinal protein disappearance, and in vitro fatty acids biohydrogenation (BH) in dairy cows. Three green protein concentrates (red clover, ryegrass, and grass clover) were heat treated as follows: oven-drying at 70 °C, subsequent autoclaving at 121 °C for 45 min, and for grass clover also spin flash-drying. Freeze-dried green protein was considered as a control (untreated). Autoclaving and oven-drying of green protein reduced the crude protein and dry matter degradability. The linolenic acid BH rate was lowest in heat-treated grass clover concentrate ( P < 0.01). In conclusion, green proteins are heat sensitive, and oven-drying can be an appropriate method to increase the amount of protein and unsaturated fatty acids escaping from the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rashed Chowdhury
- Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , AU Foulum, Blichers Alle 20 , Post Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Saman Lashkari
- Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , AU Foulum, Blichers Alle 20 , Post Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Søren Krogh Jensen
- Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , AU Foulum, Blichers Alle 20 , Post Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Morten Ambye-Jensen
- Department of Engineering , Aarhus University , Hangøvej 2 , 8200 Aarhus N , Denmark
| | - Martin Riis Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , AU Foulum, Blichers Alle 20 , Post Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
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Bainbridge ML, Saldinger LK, Barlow JW, Alvez JP, Roman J, Kraft J. Alteration of Rumen Bacteria and Protozoa Through Grazing Regime as a Tool to Enhance the Bioactive Fatty Acid Content of Bovine Milk. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:904. [PMID: 29867815 PMCID: PMC5951984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumen microorganisms are the origin of many bioactive fatty acids (FA) found in ruminant-derived food products. Differences in plant leaf anatomy and chemical composition between cool- and warm-season pastures may alter rumen microorganisms, potentially enhancing the quantity/profile of bioactive FA available for incorporation into milk. The objective of this study was to identify rumen bacteria and protozoa and their cellular FA when cows grazed a warm-season annual, pearl millet (PM), in comparison to a diverse cool-season pasture (CSP). Individual rumen digesta samples were obtained from five Holstein cows in a repeated measures design with 28-day periods. The treatment sequence was PM, CSP, then PM. Microbial DNA was extracted from rumen digesta and sequence reads were produced with Illumina MiSeq. Fatty acids (FA) were identified in rumen bacteria and protozoa using gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Microbial communities shifted in response to grazing regime. Bacteria of the phylum Bacteroidetes were more abundant during PM than CSP (P < 0.05), while protozoa of the genus Eudiplodinium were more abundant during CSP than PM (P < 0.05). Microbial cellular FA profiles differed between treatments. Bacteria and protozoa from cows grazing CSP contained more n-3 FA (P < 0.001) and vaccenic acid (P < 0.01), but lower proportions of branched-chain FA (P < 0.05). Microbial FA correlated with microbial taxa and levels of vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, and α-linolenic acid in milk. In conclusion, grazing regime can potentially be used to alter microbial communities shifting the FA profile of microbial cells, and subsequently, alter the milk FA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Bainbridge
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Laurel K Saldinger
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - John W Barlow
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Juan P Alvez
- Center for Sustainable Agriculture, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Joe Roman
- Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Bainbridge ML, Cersosimo LM, Wright ADG, Kraft J. Rumen bacterial communities shift across a lactation in Holstein, Jersey and Holstein × Jersey dairy cows and correlate to rumen function, bacterial fatty acid composition and production parameters. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw059. [PMID: 26985012 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rumen bacteria form a dynamic, complex, symbiotic relationship with their host, degrading forages to provide volatile fatty acids (VFA) and other substrates as energy to the animal. The objectives were to characterize rumen bacteria in three genetic lines of primiparous dairy cattle, Holstein (HO, n = 7), Jersey (JE, n = 8), and HO × JE crossbreeds (CB, n = 7) across a lactation [3, 93, 183 and 273 days in milk (DIM)] and correlate these factors with VFA, bacterial cell membrane fatty acids (FA), and animal production (i.e. milk yield). This study employed Illumina MiSeq (v. 3) to investigate rumen bacterial communities and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy to identify bacterial membrane FA. Lactation stage had a prominent effect on rumen bacterial communities, whereas genetics had a lesser effect on rumen bacteria. The FA composition of bacterial cell membranes was affected by both lactation stage and genetics. Few correlations existed between VFA and bacterial communities; however, moderate correlations occurred between milk yield, protein percentage, fat yield and rumen bacterial communities. Positive correlations were found between branched-chain FA (BCFA) in bacterial cell membranes and bacterial genera. In conclusion, bacterial communities and their FA compositions are more affected by stage of lactation than by genetics of dairy cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Bainbridge
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Laura M Cersosimo
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - André-Denis G Wright
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Druart C, Dewulf EM, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Thissen JP, Delzenne NM. Gut microbial metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids correlate with specific fecal bacteria and serum markers of metabolic syndrome in obese women. Lipids 2014; 49:397-402. [PMID: 24473752 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this human study was to assess the influence of prebiotic-induced gut microbiota modulation on PUFA-derived bacterial metabolites production. Therefore, we analyzed the circulating fatty acid profile including CLA/CLnA in obese women treated during 3 months with inulin-type fructan prebiotics. In these patients, we had already determined gut microbiota composition by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA. Some PUFA-derived bacterial metabolites were detected in the serum of obese patients. Despite the prebiotic-induced modulation of gut microbiota, including changes in CLA/CLnA-producing bacteria, the treatment did not impact significantly on the circulating level of these metabolites. However, some PUFA-derived bacterial metabolites were positively correlated with specific fecal bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp., Eubacterium ventriosum and Lactobacillus spp.) and inversely correlated with serum cholesterol (total, LDL, HDL). These correlations suggest a potential beneficial effect of some of these metabolites but this remains to be confirmed by further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Druart
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, PO box B1.73.11, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Role of the lower and upper intestine in the production and absorption of gut microbiota-derived PUFA metabolites. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87560. [PMID: 24475308 PMCID: PMC3903770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have suggested that isolated gut bacteria are able to metabolize PUFA into CLA (conjugated linoleic acids) and CLnA (conjugated linolenic acids). However, the bioavailability of fatty acid metabolites produced in vivo by the gut microbes remains to be studied. Therefore, we measured intestinal concentration and plasma accumulation of bacterial metabolites produced from dietary PUFA in mice, first injected with a lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, then force-fed with either sunflower oil (200 µl) rich in n-6 PUFA or linseed oil (200 µl) rich in n-3 PUFA. The greatest production of bacterial metabolites was observed in the caecum and colon, and at a much lesser extent in the jejunum and ileum. In the caecal content, CLA proportions were higher in sunflower oil force-fed mice whereas CLnA proportions were higher in linseed oil force-fed mice. The accumulation of the main metabolites (CLA cis-9,trans-11-18:2 and CLnA cis-9,trans-11,cis-15-18:3) in the caecal tissue was not associated with their increase in the plasma, therefore suggesting that, if endogenously produced CLA and CLnA have any biological role in host metabolism regulation, their effect would be confined at the intestinal level, where the microbiota is abundant.
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Differences in rate of ruminal hydrogenation of C18 fatty acids in clover and ryegrass. Animal 2013; 7:1607-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Liu X, Li H, Chen Y, Cao Y. Method for screening of bacterial strains biosynthesizing specific conjugated linoleic acid isomers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9705-9710. [PMID: 22946615 DOI: 10.1021/jf3032843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple and accurate method for screening of bacterial strains with the ability to convert free linoleic acid into specific conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers has been developed by combining the ultraviolet spectral scan and capillary electrophoresis analysis. The ultraviolet spectral scan was carried out for preliminary screening of bacterial strains with the capacity to biosynthesize CLA, and the absorption peak at 228-235 nm was used for assessing the possible production of CLA by bacteria. The capillary electrophoresis analysis was used as the follow-up confirmation to definitively conclude CLA production and the composition of CLA isomers. Linoleic acid at the concentration of 25 μg/mL, which showed little inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria, was used for initial screening of CLA-producing strains. The strains with the ability to produce specific CLA isomers can be selected quickly from a large number of bacteria by this high-throughput method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liu
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People's Republic of China
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Lipid metabolism in the rumen: New insights on lipolysis and biohydrogenation with an emphasis on the role of endogenous plant factors. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Honkanen A, Griinari J, Vanhatalo A, Ahvenjärvi S, Toivonen V, Shingfield K. Characterization of the disappearance and formation of biohydrogenation intermediates during incubations of linoleic acid with rumen fluid in vitro1. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1376-94. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alves SP, Maia MRG, Bessa RJB, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Identification of C18 intermediates formed during stearidonic acid biohydrogenation by rumen microorganisms in vitro. Lipids 2011; 47:171-83. [PMID: 22038686 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro batch incubations were used to study the rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. An earlier study using increasing supplementation levels of stearidonic acid (18:4n-3), revealed that the rumen microbial population extensively biohydrogenates 18:4n-3 after 72 h of in vitro incubation, though several intermediates formed were not completely characterized. Therefore, in the present study, samples were reanalyzed in order to identify the 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4 biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:4n-3. Gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to characterize these intermediates. The acetonitrile chemical ionization mass spectrometry of the fatty acid methyl esters derivatives enabled the discrimination of fatty acids as non-conjugated or conjugated biohydrogenation intermediates. In addition, the acetonitrile covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry yielded prominent ions indicative of the double bond position of the major 18:3 isomers, i.e. Δ5,11,15 18:3. Furthermore, the 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives prepared from the fatty acid methyl esters enabled the structure of novel 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4 biohydrogenation intermediates to be elucidated. The intermediates accumulated in the fermentation media after 72 h of incubation of 18:4n-3 suggest that similar to the biohydrogenation pathways of linoleic (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids, the pathway of the 18:4n-3 also proceeds with the formation of conjugated fatty acids followed by hydrogenation, although no conjugated dienes were found. The formation of the novel biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:4n-3 seems to follow an uncommon isomerization pattern with distinct double bond migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Alves
- INRB, Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos, Unidade de Produção Animal, 2005-048, Fonte-Boa, Vale de Santarém, Portugal.
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