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Li P, Yang Y, Qiu L, Wan G, Yuan B, Wu Y, Gao Y, Li G. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine inhibits tumor growth by triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100127. [PMID: 36568272 PMCID: PMC9780060 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxyisoleucine(4-HIL)is a non-protein amino acid that is able to reduce obesity and improve insulin sensitivity in mice, and recently emerged as a drug candidate against hypoglycemia. For the first time, we found that 4-HIL exhibits a potent anti-tumor activity in various cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Most importantly, 4-HIL has no cytotoxic effect on normal or non-malignant cells. Proteomic data analysis revealed changes in endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)related protein and autophagy related protein. Western blot revealed that molecular components of the ERS pathway were activated, including phosphorylation of perk and EIF2a increased, while levels of GRP78 reduced, the cellular process of ERS potentially contributed to the activation of autophagy, Transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of autophagic vesicles under 4-HIL treatment, and LC3B was increased. Meanwhile, activation of ERS inhibits intracellular protein synthesis rate, our results suggest that 4-HIL exhibits anti-tumor activity in various cancer cell lines by increasing ERS and triggering autophagy responses without causing damage to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yonghui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangming Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Baomei Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yahong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guodong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,Corresponding author. School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Fujii H, Hibi M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. Three enzymes of Rhizobium radiobacter involved in the novel metabolism of two naturally occurring bioactive oxidative derivatives of L-isoleucine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1247-1254. [PMID: 35793557 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobium radiobacter C58 was found to convert 4-hydroxyisoleucine (HIL) and 2-amino-3-methyl-4-ketopentanoate (AMKP), bioactive oxidative derivatives of L-isoleucine, in both cases producing 2-aminobutyrate. Three native enzymes involved in these metabolisms were purified by column chromatography and successfully identified. In this strain, HIL was converted to acetaldehyde and 2-aminobutyrate by coupling action of the transaminase rrIlvE and the aldolase HkpA. AMKP was also converted to acetate and 2-aminobutyrate by coupling action of rrIlvE and a hydrolase DkhA. In the multi-enzymatic reactions, HkpA catalyzes the retro-aldol reaction of 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-ketopentanoate into acetaldehyde and 2-ketobutyrate, and DkhA catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond of 2,4-diketo-3-methylpentanoate into acetate and 2-ketobutyrate. And rrIlvE catalyzes reversible transamination between HIL and 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-ketopentanoate, AMKP and 2,4-diketo-3-methylpentanoate, and 2-ketobutyrate and 2-aminobutyrate. The results suggested that the conversion activity of Rhizobium bacteria play an important role in the complex biological metabolic networks associated with HIL and AMKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Fujii
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Hibi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sakayu Shimizu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yokozeki
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Biosynthesizing structurally diverse diols via a general route combining oxidative and reductive formations of OH-groups. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1595. [PMID: 35332143 PMCID: PMC8948231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diols encompass important bulk and fine chemicals for the chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. During the past decades, biological production of C3-C5 diols from renewable feedstocks has received great interest. Here, we elaborate a general principle for effectively synthesizing structurally diverse diols by expanding amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we propose to combine oxidative and reductive formations of hydroxyl groups from amino acids in a thermodynamically favorable order of four reactions catalyzed by amino acid hydroxylase, L-amino acid deaminase, α-keto acid decarboxylase and aldehyde reductase consecutively. The oxidative formation of hydroxyl group from an alkyl group is energetically more attractive than the reductive pathway, which is exclusively used in the synthetic pathways of diols reported so far. We demonstrate this general route for microbial production of branched-chain diols in E. coli. Ten C3-C5 diols are synthesized. Six of them, namely isopentyldiol (IPDO), 2-methyl-1,3-butanediol (2-M-1,3-BDO), 2-methyl-1,4-butanediol (2-M-1,4-BDO), 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (MPO), 2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (2-E-1,3-PDO), 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PTD), have not been biologically synthesized before. This work opens up opportunities for synthesizing structurally diverse diols and triols, especially by genome mining, rational design or directed evolution of proper enzymes. Diols are important bulk and fine chemicals, but bioproduciton of branch-chain diols is hampered by the unknown biological route. Here, the authors report the expanding of amino acid metabolism for biosynthesis of branch-chain diols via a general route of combined oxidative and reductive formations of hydroxyl groups.
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Yu X, Shi F, Liu H, Tan S, Li Y. Programming adaptive laboratory evolution of 4-hydroxyisoleucine production driven by a lysine biosensor in Corynebacterium glutamicum. AMB Express 2021; 11:66. [PMID: 33963930 PMCID: PMC8106565 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL) is a promising drug for treating diabetes. In our previous study, 4-HIL was synthesized from self-produced L-isoleucine (Ile) in Corynebacterium glutamicum by expressing an Ile dioxygenase gene. Although the 4-HIL production of recombinant strain SZ06 increased significantly, a by-product, L-lysine (Lys) was accumulated because of the share of the first several enzymes in Ile and Lys biosynthetic pathways. In this study, programming adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was designed and conducted in SZ06 to promote 4-HIL biosynthesis. At first, a programming evolutionary system pMK was constructed, which contains a Lys biosensor LysG-PlysE and an evolutionary actuator composed of a mutagenesis gene and a fluorescent protein gene. The evolutionary strain SZ06/pMK was then let to be evolved programmatically and spontaneously by sensing Lys concentration. After successive rounds of evolution, nine mutant strains K1 - K9 with significantly increased 4-HIL production and growth performance were obtained. The maximum 4-HIL titer was 152.19 ± 14.60 mM, 28.4% higher than that in SZ06. This titer was higher than those of all the metabolic engineered C. glutamicum strains ever constructed. The whole genome sequencing of the nine evolved strains revealed approximately 30 genetic mutations in each strain. Only one mutation was directly related to the Lys biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, programming ALE driven by Lys biosensor can be used as an effective strategy to increase 4-HIL production in C. glutamicum.
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Du P, Yan S, Qian XL, Pan J, Zhang ZJ, Yu HL, Xu JH. Engineering Bacillus subtilis Isoleucine Dioxygenase for Efficient Synthesis of (2 S,3 R,4 S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14555-14563. [PMID: 33249835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Isoleucine dioxygenase (IDO)-catalyzed hydroxylation of isoleucine is a promising method for the synthesis of the diabetic drug (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine [(2S,3R,4S)-4-HIL]. However, the low activity of IDO significantly limits its practical application. In this work, a high-throughput screening method was developed and directed evolution was performed on the IDO from Bacillus subtilis, resulting in a double mutant with improvements in specific activity, protein expression level, and fermentation titer of 3.2-, 2.8-, and 9.4-fold, respectively. l-Isoleucine (228 mM) was completely converted to (2S,3R,4S)-4-HIL by the best variant with a space-time yield of up to 80.8 g L-1 d-1, which is the highest record reported so far. With a further increase of the substrate loading to 1 M, a high conversion of 91% could also be achieved. At last, enzymatic synthesis of (2S,3R,4S)-4-HIL was successfully carried out on a 3 L scale, indicating tremendous potential of the IDO variant I162T/T182N for green and efficient production of (2S,3R,4S)-4-HIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiao-Long Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Zhou C, Chen R, Gao F, Zhang J, Lu F. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine relieves inflammation through iRhom2-dependent pathway in co-cultured macrophages and adipocytes with LPS stimulation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:373. [PMID: 33298044 PMCID: PMC7724822 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL) is an active ingredient extracted from Trigonella foenum-graecum L., a Chinese traditional herbal medicine, which exerts the efficacy of anti-obesity and anti-diabetes. We previously reported that 4-HIL potentiates anti-inflammatory and anti-insulin resistance effects through down-regulation of TNF-α and TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 cells. In the present study, we further investigate the effects and mechanisms of 4-HIL on obesity-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes co-culture system. Methods RAW264.7 macrophages and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes were co-cultured to mimic the microenvironment of adipose tissue. siRNA-iRhom2 transfection was performed to knockdown iRhom2 expression in RAW264.2 macrophages. The mRNA and protein expression of iRhom2 and TACE were measured by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. The production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6 and IL-10 were evaluated by ELISA. The ratio of M2/M1 was detected by flow cytometry. Results 4-HIL significantly repressed the mRNA and protein levels of iRhom2 and TACE in RAW264.7 macrophages after LPS stimulated. Meanwhile, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6, were substantially suppressed by 4-HIL in the co-culture system. Moreover, the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased significantly by 4-HIL in the co-culture system after LPS stimulation. Additionally, the ratio of M2/M1 was also increased by 4-HIL in the co-culture system after LPS stimulation. Finally, these effects of 4-HIL were largely enhanced by siRNA-iRhom2 transfection. Conclusion Taken together, our results indicated that obesity-induced inflammation was potently relieved by 4-HIL, most likely through the iRhom2-dependent pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-020-03166-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Furong Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Wang F, Zhu M, Song Z, Li C, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Sun D, Lu F, Qin HM. Reshaping the Binding Pocket of Lysine Hydroxylase for Enhanced Activity. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Menglu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dengyue Sun
- College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
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Shi F, Fan Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Tan S, Li Y. Optimization of ribosomal binding site sequences for gene expression and 4-hydroxyisoleucine biosynthesis in recombinant corynebacterium glutamicum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 140:109622. [PMID: 32912682 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL) has potential value for treating diabetes. α-Ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent l-isoleucine dioxygenase (IDO) can convert l-isoleucine (Ile) into 4-HIL. In our previous study, 4-HIL was de novo synthesized from glucose by expressing the ido gene in Corynebacterium glutamicum strain SN01, an Ile producer, and neither Ile nor α-KG was added. In this study, ribosomal binding site (RBS) engineering was applied for gene expression and 4-HIL biosynthesis in C. glutamicum. The 18 tested RBS sequences showed greatly differing strengths for expressing ido, and 8.10-104.22 mM 4-HIL was produced. To supply the cosubstrate α-KG at different levels, the odhI gene was then expressed using the RBS sequences of high, medium, and low strength in the above mentioned optimal strain SF01 carrying R8-ido. However, 4-HIL production decreased to varying amounts, and in some strains, the α-KG was redirected into l-glutamate synthesis. Next, the O2 supply was further enhanced in three ido-odhI coexpressing strains by overexpressing the vgb gene, and 4-HIL production changed dramatically. 4-HIL (up to 119.27 ± 5.03 mM) was produced in the best strain, SF08, suggesting that the synchronic supply of cosubstrates α-KG and O2 is critical for the high-yield production of 4-HIL. Finally, the avtA gene and the ldhA-pyk2 cluster were deleted separately in SF08 to reduce pyruvate-derived byproducts, and 4-HIL production increased to 122.16 ± 5.18 and 139.82 ± 1.56 mM, respectively, indicating that both strains were promising candidates for producing 4-HIL. Therefore, fine-tuning ido expression and the cosubstrates supply through RBS engineering is a useful strategy for improving 4-HIL biosynthesis in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhengyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shuyu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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Hernández-Quiroz F, Nirmalkar K, Villalobos-Flores LE, Murugesan S, Cruz-Narváez Y, Rico-Arzate E, Hoyo-Vadillo C, Chavez-Carbajal A, Pizano-Zárate ML, García-Mena J. Influence of moderate beer consumption on human gut microbiota and its impact on fasting glucose and β-cell function. Alcohol 2020; 85:77-94. [PMID: 31201859 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beer is a beverage that has been consumed worldwide for thousands of years due to social, religious, and cultural reasons; it contains polyphenolic compounds as well as phenolic acids with a potential positive effect on human health. This study aimed to explore the impact of moderate beer consumption on human health and gut microbiota diversity. Three hundred fifty-five mL of non-alcoholic beer (NAB) or alcoholic beer (AB) were consumed daily by the participants for 30 days in each study. Anthropometric measures, blood samples for biochemistry, and fecal samples for microbiota analysis were collected on Day 1 and Day 30. Microbial diversity was characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA libraries, and data were analyzed using the QIIME pipeline. We found that NAB and AB have effects on the composition of the gut microbiota, favoring the proliferation of Bacteroidetes with respect to Firmicutes. No increase in weight, waist, and hip parameters was observed, and the liver and lipid profile values were not modified for NAB. In addition, the consumption of NAB induced a decrease in fasting blood serum glucose and an increase in functional β cells, while, on the other hand, there was an increase in blood serum glucose and a decrease in functional β cells with the consumption of AB. In general, beer consumption neither changed anthropometric values, nor affected liver function. Although the glucose values decreased with NAB or increased with AB, they remained within the normal range. Our conclusion is that moderate consumption of NAB has a positive effect on human health via supplementation of biological active polyphenol and phenolic acids, and by enrichment of the gut microbiota diversity with beneficial bacteria, while the presence of alcohol in AB interferes with this effect. More work should be done on this topic before general conclusions are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Hernández-Quiroz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av IPN 2508 Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Khemlal Nirmalkar
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av IPN 2508 Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Loan Edel Villalobos-Flores
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av IPN 2508 Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Selvasankar Murugesan
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av IPN 2508 Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Yair Cruz-Narváez
- Laboratorio de Posgrado de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractiva del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Col. Zacatenco. Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Enrique Rico-Arzate
- Laboratorio de Posgrado de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractiva del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Col. Zacatenco. Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Hoyo-Vadillo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av IPN 2508 Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Alejandra Chavez-Carbajal
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av IPN 2508 Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
| | - María Luisa Pizano-Zárate
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación. Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, 11000, Mexico.
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av IPN 2508 Col Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
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Hara R, Kino K. Enzymatic reactions and microorganisms producing the various isomers of hydroxyproline. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4771-4779. [PMID: 32291491 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline is an industrially important compound with applications in the pharmaceutical, nutrition, and cosmetic industries. trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline is recognized as the most abundant of the eight possible isomers (hydroxy group at C-3 or C-4, cis- or trans-configuration, and L- or D-form). However, little attention has been paid to the rare isomers, probably due to their limited availability. This mini-review provides an overview of recent advances in microbial and enzymatic processes to develop practical production strategies for various hydroxyprolines. Here, we introduce three screening strategies, namely, activity-, sequence-, and metabolite-based approaches, allowing identification of diverse proline-hydroxylating enzymes with different product specificities. All naturally occurring hydroxyproline isomers can be produced by using suitable hydroxylases in a highly regio- and stereo-selective manner. Furthermore, crystal structures of relevant hydroxylases provide much insight into their functional roles. Since hydroxylases acting on free L-proline belong to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, cellular metabolism of Escherichia coli coupled with a hydroxylase is a valuable source of 2-oxoglutarate, which is indispensable as a co-substrate in L-proline hydroxylation. Further, microbial hydroxyproline 2-epimerase may serve as a highly adaptable tool to convert L-hydroxyproline into D-hydroxyproline. KEY POINTS: • Proline hydroxylases serve as powerful tools for selectivel-proline hydroxylation. • Engineered Escherichia coli are a robust platform for hydroxyproline production. • Hydroxyproline epimerase convertsl-hydroxyproline intod-hydroxyproline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Hara
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.,Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kuniki Kino
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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11
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Lazzarotto M, Hammerer L, Hetmann M, Borg A, Schmermund L, Steiner L, Hartmann P, Belaj F, Kroutil W, Gruber K, Fuchs M. Chemoenzymatische Totalsynthese von Deoxy‐,
epi
‐ und Podophyllotoxin sowie biokatalytische kinetische Racematspaltung von Dibenzylbutyrolactonen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lazzarotto
- Institut für Chemie Organische und Bioorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Institut für Chemie Organische und Bioorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology c/o Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Graz Österreich
| | - Michael Hetmann
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Humboldtstraße 50/III 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Annika Borg
- Institut für Chemie Organische und Bioorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institut für Chemie Organische und Bioorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Lorenz Steiner
- Institut für Chemie Organische und Bioorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Peter Hartmann
- Institut für Chemie Organische und Bioorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Schubertstraße 1/III 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institut für Chemie Organische und Bioorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Humboldtstraße 50/III 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Institut für Chemie Organische und Bioorganische Chemie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Österreich
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12
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Lazzarotto M, Hammerer L, Hetmann M, Borg A, Schmermund L, Steiner L, Hartmann P, Belaj F, Kroutil W, Gruber K, Fuchs M. Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of Deoxy-, epi-, and Podophyllotoxin and a Biocatalytic Kinetic Resolution of Dibenzylbutyrolactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8226-8230. [PMID: 30920120 PMCID: PMC6563474 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin is probably the most prominent representative of lignan natural products. Deoxy‐, epi‐, and podophyllotoxin, which are all precursors to frequently used chemotherapeutic agents, were prepared by a stereodivergent biotransformation and a biocatalytic kinetic resolution of the corresponding dibenzylbutyrolactones with the same 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase. The reaction can be conducted on 2 g scale, and the enzyme allows tailoring of the initial, “natural” structure and thus transforms various non‐natural derivatives. Depending on the substitution pattern, the enzyme performs an oxidative C−C bond formation by C−H activation or hydroxylation at the benzylic position prone to ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lazzarotto
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Hetmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Annika Borg
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Lorenz Steiner
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hartmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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13
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Abstract
C–H functionalization is a chemically challenging but highly desirable transformation. 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (2OGXs) are remarkably versatile biocatalysts for the activation of C–H bonds. In nature, they have been shown to accept both small and large molecules carrying out a plethora of reactions, including hydroxylations, demethylations, ring formations, rearrangements, desaturations, and halogenations, making them promising candidates for industrial manufacture. In this review, we describe the current status of 2OGX use in biocatalytic applications concentrating on 2OGX-catalyzed oxyfunctionalization of amino acids and synthesis of antibiotics. Looking forward, continued bioinformatic sourcing will help identify additional, practical useful members of this intriguing enzyme family, while enzyme engineering will pave the way to enhance 2OGX reactivity for non-native substrates.
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14
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Davidson M, McNamee M, Fan R, Guo Y, Chang WC. Repurposing Nonheme Iron Hydroxylases To Enable Catalytic Nitrile Installation through an Azido Group Assistance. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3419-3423. [PMID: 30759343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three mononuclear nonheme iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent enzymes, l-Ile 4-hydroxylase, l-Leu 5-hydroxylase and polyoxin dihydroxylase, are previously reported to catalyze the hydroxylation of l-isoleucine, l-leucine, and l-α-amino-δ-carbamoylhydroxyvaleric acid (ACV). In this study, we showed that these enzymes can accommodate leucine isomers and catalyze regiospecific hydroxylation. On the basis of these results, as a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated that the outcome of the reaction can be redirected by installation of an assisting group within the substrate. Specifically, instead of canonical hydroxylation, these enzymes can catalyze non-native nitrile group installation when an azido group is introduced. The reaction is likely to proceed through C-H bond activation by an Fe(IV)-oxo species, followed by azido-directed C≡N bond formation. These results offer a unique opportunity to investigate and expand the reaction repertoire of Fe/2OG enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Davidson
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Meredith McNamee
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Ruixi Fan
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Wei-Chen Chang
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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15
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Directed evolution and site-specific mutagenesis of l-isoleucine dioxygenase derived from Bacillus weihenstephanensis. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1227-1235. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Hibi M, Takahashi K, Kako J, Wakita Y, Kodera T, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. Attempt to simultaneously generate three chiral centers in 4-hydroxyisoleucine with microbial carbonyl reductases. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1327-1332. [PMID: 28698052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A panel of microorganisms was screened for selective reduction ability towards a racemic mixture of prochiral 2-amino-3-methyl-4-ketopentanoate (rac-AMKP). Several of the microorganisms tested produced greater than 0.5mM 4-hydroxyisoleucine (HIL) from rac-AMKP, and the stereoselectivity of HIL formation was found to depend on the taxonomic category to which the microorganism belonged. The enzymes responsible for the AMKP-reducing activity, ApAR and FsAR, were identified from two of these microorganisms, Aureobasidium pullulans NBRC 4466 and Fusarium solani TG-2, respectively. Three AMKP reducing enzymes, ApAR, FsAR, and the previously reported BtHILDH, were reacted with rac-AMKP, and each enzyme selectively produced a specific composition of HIL stereoisomers. The enzymes appeared to have different characteristics in recognition of the stereostructure of the substrate AMKP and in control of the 4-hydroxyl group configuration in the HIL product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hibi
- Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Kako
- Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuuta Wakita
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kodera
- Institute of Food Sciences & Technologies Flavor Innovation Group, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Sakayu Shimizu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yokozeki
- Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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17
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Engineering a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase for the stereoselective production of (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine with three asymmetric centers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13703. [PMID: 29057974 PMCID: PMC5651801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenugreek is a dietary supplement for anti-aging and human health. (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL), which is extracted from fenugreek seeds, is expected to be a promising orally active drug for diabetes and diabetic nephropathy because of its insulinotropic effect. Although several chemical synthesis methods of 4-HIL have been proposed, these methods require multistep reactions to control the stereochemistry of 4-HIL. In this study, we modified the key enzyme 4-HIL dehydrogenase (HILDH) to overcome the biggest limitation in commercial-scale production of 4-HIL. As a result, an effective one-step carbonyl reduction to produce (2S,3R,4S)-4-HIL was successfully accomplished with strict stereoselectivity (>99% de). Mass production of (2S,3R,4S)-4-HIL by our synthetic method could have a significant contribution to the prevention of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and Alzheimer's disease. (120 words/200 words).
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18
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Discovery of Lysine Hydroxylases in the Clavaminic Acid Synthase-Like Superfamily for Efficient Hydroxylysine Bioproduction. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00693-17. [PMID: 28667106 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00693-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylation via C-H bond activation in the absence of any harmful oxidizing reagents is technically difficult in modern chemistry. In this work, we attempted to generate pharmaceutically important hydroxylysine from readily available l-lysine with l-lysine hydroxylases from diverse microorganisms. Clavaminic acid synthase-like superfamily gene mining and phylogenetic analysis led to the discovery of six biocatalysts, namely two l-lysine 3S-hydroxylases and four l-lysine 4R-hydroxylases, the latter of which partially matched known hydroxylases. Subsequent characterization of these hydroxylases revealed their capacity for regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation into either C-3 or C-4 positions of l-lysine, yielding (2S,3S)-3-hydroxylysine and (2S,4R)-4-hydroxylysine, respectively. To determine if these factors had industrial application, we performed a preparative production of both hydroxylysines under optimized conditions. For this, recombinant l-lysine hydroxylase-expressing Escherichia coli cells were used as a biocatalyst for l-lysine bioconversion. In batch-scale reactions, 531 mM (86.1 g/liter) (2S,3S)-3-hydroxylysine was produced from 600 mM l-lysine with an 89% molar conversion after a 52-h reaction, and 265 mM (43.0 g/liter) (2S,4R)-4-hydroxylysine was produced from 300 mM l-lysine with a molar conversion of 88% after 24 h. This report demonstrates the highly efficient production of hydroxylysines using lysine hydroxylases, which may contribute to future industrial bioprocess technologies.IMPORTANCE The present study identified six l-lysine hydroxylases belonging to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, although some of them overlapped with known hydroxylases. While the substrate specificity of l-lysine hydroxylases was relatively narrow, we found that (2S,3S)-3-hydroxylysine was hydroxylated by 4R-hydroxylase and (2S,5R)-5-hydroxylysine was hydroxylated by both 3S- and 4R-hydroxylases. Moreover, the l-arginine hydroxylase VioC also hydroxylated l-lysine, albeit to a lesser extent. Further, we also demonstrated the bioconversion of l-lysine into (2S,3S)-3-hydroxylysine and (2S,4R)-4-hydroxylysine on a gram scale under optimized conditions. These findings provide new insights into biocatalytic l-lysine hydroxylation and thus have a great potential for use in manufacturing bioprocesses.
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19
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Zhang C, Ma J, Li Z, Liang Y, Xu Q, Xie X, Chen N. A strategy for L-isoleucine dioxygenase screening and 4-hydroxyisoleucine production by resting cells. Bioengineered 2017; 9:72-79. [PMID: 28430004 PMCID: PMC5972919 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1304872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Isoleucine dioxygenase (IDO) specifically converts L-isoleucine(L-Ile) to 4-hydroxyisoleucine(4-HIL). To obtain IDO with improved activity, a strategy was developed that is dependent on the restoration of succinate-minus E. coli cell growth by the coupling of L-Ile hydroxylation and the oxidation of α-ketoglutarate(α-KGA) to succinate. Five mutants were obtained with this strategy, and the characteristics of IDOM3, which exhibited the highest activity, were studied. The catalytic efficiency, thermal stability and catalytic rate of IDOM3 were significantly improved compared with those of wild-type IDO. Moreover, an efficient method for the biotransformation of 4-HIL by resting cells expressing IDOM3 was developed, with which 151.9 mmol of 4-HIL/L (22.4 g/L) was synthesized in 12 h while the substrates seldom exhibited additional consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Zhang
- a College of Biotechnology, Tianjin Engineering Lab of Efficient and Green Amino Acid Manufacture, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China.,b Linghua Group Limited , Shandong , China
| | - Jie Ma
- a College of Biotechnology, Tianjin Engineering Lab of Efficient and Green Amino Acid Manufacture, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Zhixiang Li
- a College of Biotechnology, Tianjin Engineering Lab of Efficient and Green Amino Acid Manufacture, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Yunlong Liang
- a College of Biotechnology, Tianjin Engineering Lab of Efficient and Green Amino Acid Manufacture, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- a College of Biotechnology, Tianjin Engineering Lab of Efficient and Green Amino Acid Manufacture, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Xixian Xie
- a College of Biotechnology, Tianjin Engineering Lab of Efficient and Green Amino Acid Manufacture, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Ning Chen
- a College of Biotechnology, Tianjin Engineering Lab of Efficient and Green Amino Acid Manufacture, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
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20
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Shi F, Fang H, Niu T, Lu Z. Overexpression of ppc and lysC to improve the production of 4-hydroxyisoleucine and its precursor l-isoleucine in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 87-88:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Enoki J, Meisborn J, Müller AC, Kourist R. A Multi-Enzymatic Cascade Reaction for the Stereoselective Production of γ-Oxyfunctionalyzed Amino Acids. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:425. [PMID: 27092111 PMCID: PMC4823265 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereoselective three-enzyme cascade for synthesis of diasteromerically pure γ-oxyfunctionalized α-amino acids was developed. By coupling a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) using an N-acylamino acid racemase (NAAAR) and an L-selective aminoacylase from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius with a stereoselective isoleucine dioxygenase from Bacillus thuringiensis, diastereomerically pure oxidized amino acids were produced from racemic N-acetylamino acids. The three enzymes differed in their optimal temperature and pH-spectra. Their different metal cofactor dependencies led to inhibitory effects. Under optimized conditions, racemic N-acetylmethionine was quantitatively converted into L-methionine-(S)-sulfoxide with 97% yield and 95% de. The combination of these three different biocatalysts allowed the direct synthesis of diastereopure oxyfunctionalized amino acids from inexpensive racemic starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Enoki
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Meisborn
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Müller
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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22
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Tomcik KA, Smiles WJ, Camera DM, Hügel HM, Hawley JA, Watts R. Fenugreek increases insulin-stimulated creatine content in L6C11 muscle myotubes. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:973-979. [PMID: 26732502 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Creatine uptake by muscle cells is increased in the presence of insulin. Accordingly, compounds with insulin-like actions may also augment creatine uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), an insulin mimetic, increases total intracellular creatine levels in vitro. METHODS Total cellular creatine content was measured fluorometrically in L6C11 muscle myotubes treated for 1, 4, and 24 h with 0.5 mM creatine (CR), CR and 20 μg/mL fenugreek seed extract (CR + FEN), CR and 100 nM insulin (CR + INS), and CR + INS + FEN (n = 6 per treatment group). Alterations in the expression of the sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter, SLC6A8, and key signaling proteins in the PI3-K/Akt pathway were determined. RESULTS Compared to control (CON), CR + INS + FEN increased total creatine content after 4 h (P < 0.05), whereas all conditions increased SLC6A8 protein expression above CON at this time (P < 0.05). Changes in insulin signaling were demonstrated via increases in AktThr308 phosphorylation, with CR + INS > CON and CR at 1 h (P < 0.05) and with CR + INS + FEN > CON, CR, and CR + INS at 4 h (P < 0.05). In contrast, no changes in PKCζ/λ or GLUT4 phosphorylation were detected. CONCLUSION Fenugreek, when combined with insulin, modulates creatine content via a mechanism which is independent of the activity of SLC6A8, suggesting that an alternative mechanism is responsible for the regulation and facilitation of insulin-mediated creatine uptake in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyen A Tomcik
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Helmut M Hügel
- School of Applied Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Rani Watts
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
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23
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Gao F, Jian L, Zafar MI, Du W, Cai Q, Shafqat RA, Lu F. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine improves insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by decreasing TNF-α and regulating the expression of insulin signal transduction proteins. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6555-60. [PMID: 26352439 PMCID: PMC4626171 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that 4‑hydroxyisoleucine (4‑HIL) improves insulin resistance, however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms underlying how 4‑HIL improves insulin resistance in hepatocytes were examined. HepG2 cells were co‑cultured with insulin and a high glucose concentration to obtain insulin‑resistant (IR) HepG2 cells. Insulin sensitivity was determined by measuring the glucose uptake rate. The IR HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of 4‑HIL to determine its effect on IR Hep2 cells. The levels of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) were measured by an enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay and protein levels of TNF‑α converting enzyme (TACE)/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)‑1, IRS‑2, phosphorylated (p)‑IRS‑1 (Ser307) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) were measured by western blot analysis. The results of the present study demonstrated that insulin‑induced glucose uptake was reduced in IR HepG2 cells; however, this reduction was reversed by 4‑HIL in a dose‑dependent manner. 4‑HIL achieved this effect by downregulating the expression of TNF‑α and TACE, and upregulating the expression of TIMP3 in IR HepG2 cells. In addition, 4‑HIL increased the expression of the insulin transduction regulators IRS‑1 and GLUT4, and decreased the expression of p‑IRS‑1 (Ser307), without affecting the expression of IRS‑2. The present study suggests that 4‑HIL improved insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by the following mechanisms: 4‑HIL reduced TNF‑α levels by affecting the protein expression of the TACE/TIMP3 system and 4‑HIL stimulated the expression of IRS‑1 and GLUT4, but inhibited the expression of p‑IRS‑1 (Ser307).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Liumeng Jian
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Mohammad Ishraq Zafar
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wen Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Raja Adeel Shafqat
- Department of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Furong Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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4-Hydroxyisoleucine production of recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum under optimal corn steep liquor limitation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3851-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hibi M, Kasahara T, Kawashima T, Yajima H, Kozono S, Smirnov SV, Kodera T, Sugiyama M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. Multi-Enzymatic Synthesis of Optically Pure β-Hydroxy α-Amino Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Baud D, Saaidi PL, Monfleur A, Harari M, Cuccaro J, Fossey A, Besnard M, Debard A, Mariage A, Pellouin V, Petit JL, Salanoubat M, Weissenbach J, de Berardinis V, Zaparucha A. Synthesis of Mono- and Dihydroxylated Amino Acids with New α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases: Biocatalytic Oxidation of CH Bonds. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hibi M, Ogawa J. Characteristics and biotechnology applications of aliphatic amino acid hydroxylases belonging to the Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3869-76. [PMID: 24682483 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric hydroxylation of inactive carbon atoms is still an important reaction in the industrial synthesis of valuable chiral compounds such as pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Applications of monooxygenation enzymes, like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, flavin-containing monooxygenases, and Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (Fe/αKG-DOs), are strongly desired as hydroxylation biocatalysts because they have great advantages in regio- and stereoselectivity of the reactions. Recently, several novel Fe/αKG-DOs have been found to catalyze the asymmetric hydroxylation of aliphatic amino acids. Depending on their amino acid sequences, these Fe/αKG-DOs catalyze different types of regioselective hydroxylations, or C3-, C4-, and C5-hydroxylation. Additionally, most also have stereoselective sulfoxidation activities. Here, we have reviewed the characterization and process development of this novel functioning group of Fe/αKG-DOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hibi
- Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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28
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Hibi M, Kawashima T, Yajima H, Smirnov SV, Kodera T, Sugiyama M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. Enzymatic synthesis of chiral amino acid sulfoxides by Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hüttel W. Biocatalytic Production of Chemical Building Blocks in Technical Scale with α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases. CHEM-ING-TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Smirnov SV, Sokolov PM, Kotlyarova VA, Samsonova NN, Kodera T, Sugiyama M, Torii T, Hibi M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. A novel l-isoleucine-4'-dioxygenase and l-isoleucine dihydroxylation cascade in Pantoea ananatis. Microbiologyopen 2013; 2:471-81. [PMID: 23554367 PMCID: PMC3684760 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique operon structure has been identified in the genomes of several plant- and insect-associated bacteria. The distinguishing feature of this operon is the presence of tandem hilA and hilB genes encoding dioxygenases belonging to the PF13640 and PF10014 (BsmA) Pfam families, respectively. The genes encoding HilA and HilB from Pantoea ananatis AJ13355 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The culturing of E. coli cells expressing hilA (E. coli-HilA) or both hilA and hilB (E. coli-HilAB) in the presence of l-isoleucine resulted in the conversion of l-isoleucine into two novel biogenic compounds: l-4′-isoleucine and l-4,4′-dihydroxyisoleucine, respectively. In parallel, two novel enzymatic activities were detected in the crude cell lysates of the E. coli-HilA and E. coli-HilAB strains: l-isoleucine, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase (4′-hydroxylating) (HilA) and l-4′-hydroxyisoleucine, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating) (HilB), respectively. Two hypotheses regarding the physiological significance of C-4(4′)-hydroxylation of l-isoleucine in bacteria are also discussed. According to first hypothesis, the l-isoleucine dihydroxylation cascade is involved in synthesis of dipeptide antibiotic in P. ananatis. Another unifying hypothesis is that the C-4(4′)-hydroxylation of l-isoleucine in bacteria could result in the synthesis of signal molecules belonging to two classes: 2(5H)-furanones and analogs of N-acyl homoserine lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Smirnov
- Ajinomoto-Genetika Research Institute, 1st Dorozhny pr. 1, Moscow, 113545, Russia
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Lu FR, Yang SL, Shen L, Qin Y, Cai YL, Xiong PC. Therapeutic effect of trigonella foenum-graecum L. total saponins on diet-induced obesity in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2902-2906. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i30.2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the therapeutic effect of trigonella foenum-graecum L. total saponins (TFGs) on high-sugar and high-fat-sucrose (HFS) diet-induced nutritional obesity in rats.
METHODS: A rat model of nutritional obesity was established by feeding rats a high-sugar and HFS diet. Obese rats were treated with TFGs for 8 weeks. During treatment, the weight of rats was recorded. At the end of treatment, the weight of epididymal fat pads was also measured and fat tissue was taken for HE staining. Meanwhile, the levels of blood lipids, including serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS), were determined. Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated.
RESULTS: Compared to rats fed a normal diet, rats fed a HFS diet had heavier body weight (495.5 g ± 69.2 g vs 388.7 g ± 60.2 g, P < 0.01) and epididymal fat pads (8.6 g ± 0.6 g vs 5.3 g ± 0.5 g, P < 0.01), larger adipocytes, increased levels of TG (0.9 mmol/L ± 0.3 mmol/L vs 0.3 mmol/L ± 0.2 mmol/L, P < 0.01), TC (2.7 mmol/L ± 0.4 mmol/L vs 1.5 mmol/L ± 0.1 mmol/L, P < 0.01), LDL-C (1.2 mmol/L ± 0.2 mmol/L vs 0.5 ± 0.2 mmol/L, P < 0.01), FINS (27.8 ± 4.8 vs 13.6 ± 3.6 mIU/L, P < 0.01), and HOMA-IR (8.0 ± 1.1 vs 3.5 ± 1.1, P < 0.01), and decreased HDL-C level (0.5 mmol/L ± 0.1 mmol/L vs 0.7 mmol/L ± 0.2 mmol/L, P < 0.01). Treatment with TFGs caused a significant reduction in weight gain (462.5 g ± 55.2 g vs 495.5 g ± 69.2 g, P < 0.01), fat tissue accumulation (6.9 g ± 0.3 g vs 8.6 g ± 0.6 g, P < 0.01), TG (0.7 mmol/L ± 0.2 mmol/L vs 0.9 mmol/L ± 0.3 mmol/L, P < 0.01), TC (2.1 mmol/L ± 0.3 mmol/L vs 2.7 mmol/L ± 0.4 mmol/L, P < 0.05), LDL-C (0.9 mmol/L ± 0.1 mmol/L vs 1.2 mmol/L ± 0.2 mmol/L, P < 0.01), and HOMA-IR (4.9 ± 1.4 vs 8.0 ± 1.1, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: TFGs have a favorable therapeutic effect on nutritional obesity in rats and might be an effective treatment for obesity.
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Hibi M, Kawashima T, Kasahara T, Sokolov P, Smirnov S, Kodera T, Sugiyama M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. A novel Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase fromBurkholderia ambifariahas β-hydroxylating activity ofN-succinyl l-leucine. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:414-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aouadi K, Jeanneau E, Msaddek M, Praly JP. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of a chiral nitrone to (E)-1,4-dichloro-2-butene: a new efficient synthesis of (2S,3S,4R)-4-hydroxyisoleucine. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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l-Leucine 5-hydroxylase of Nostoc punctiforme is a novel type of Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that is useful as a biocatalyst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2467-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shi F, Huan X, Wang X, Ning J. Overexpression of NAD kinases improves the L-isoleucine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 51:73-80. [PMID: 22664190 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NADPH is the key cofactor in L-isoleucine (Ile) biosynthetic pathway. To increase the Ile biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum JHI3-156, NADPH supply needs to be enhanced. Here NAD kinase, the key enzyme for the de novo biosynthesis of NADP(+) and NADPH, were cloned and expressed in JHI3-156, and their influences on Ile production were analysed. Meanwhile, enzyme properties of NAD kinase from JHI3-156 (CljPpnK) were compared with that from C. glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum ATCC 13869 (ClPpnK). Four variations existed between CljPpnK and ClPpnK. Both PpnKs were poly(P)/ATP-dependent NAD kinases that used ATP as the preferred phosphoryl donor and NAD(+) as the preferred acceptor. CljPpnK exhibited a higher activity and stability than ClPpnK and less sensitivity towards the effectors NADPH, NADP(+), and NADH, partly due to the variations between them. The S57P variation decreased their activity. Expression of CljppnK and ClppnK in JHI3-156 increased the ATP-NAD(+) kinase activity by 69- and 47-fold, respectively, the intracellular NADP(+) concentration by 36% and 101%, respectively, the NADPH concentration by 95% and 42%, respectively, and Ile production by 37% and 24%, respectively. These results suggest that overexpressing NAD kinase is a useful metabolic engineering strategy to improve NADPH supply and isoleucine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Smirnov SV, Sokolov PM, Kodera T, Sugiyama M, Hibi M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J. A novel family of bacterial dioxygenases that catalyse the hydroxylation of free L-amino acids. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 331:97-104. [PMID: 22448874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
L-isoleucine-4-hydroxylase (IDO) is a recently discovered member of the Pfam family PF10014 (the former DUF 2257 family) of uncharacterized conserved bacterial proteins. To uncover the range of biochemical activities carried out by PF10014 members, eight in silico-selected IDO homologues belonging to the PF10014 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. L-methionine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-threonine were found to be catalysed by the investigated enzymes, producing L-methionine sulfoxide, 4-hydroxyleucine, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and 4-hydroxythreonine, respectively. An investigation of enzyme kinetics suggested the existence of a novel subfamily of bacterial dioxygenases within the PF10014 family for which free L-amino acids could be accepted as in vivo substrates. A hypothesis regarding the physiological significance of hydroxylated l-amino acids is also discussed.
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Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis L-isoleucine dioxygenase for production of useful amino acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6926-30. [PMID: 21821743 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05035-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the enzymatic characteristics of an industrially important biocatalyst, α-ketoglutarate-dependent l-isoleucine dioxygenase (IDO), which was found to be the enzyme responsible for the generation of (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine in Bacillus thuringiensis 2e2. Depending on the amino acid used as the substrate, IDO catalyzed three different types of oxidation reactions: hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and sulfoxidation. IDO stereoselectively hydroxylated several hydrophobic aliphatic l-amino acids, as well as l-isoleucine, and produced (S)-3-hydroxy-l-allo-isoleucine, 4-hydroxy-l-leucine, (S)-4-hydroxy-l-norvaline, 4-hydroxy-l-norleucine, and 5-hydroxy-l-norleucine. The IDO reaction product of l-isoleucine, (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, was again reacted with IDO and dehydrogenated into (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-methyl-4-ketopentanoate, which is also a metabolite found in B. thuringiensis 2e2. Interestingly, IDO catalyzed the sulfoxidation of some sulfur-containing l-amino acids and generated l-methionine sulfoxide and l-ethionine sulfoxide. Consequently, the effective production of various modified amino acids would be possible using IDO as the biocatalyst.
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