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Irfan A, Bin Jardan YA, Rubab L, Hameed H, Zahoor AF, Supuran CT. Bacterial tyrosinases and their inhibitors. Enzymes 2024; 56:231-260. [PMID: 39304288 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme with diverse physio-chemical properties, that have been identified in various bacterial strains, including actinobacteria and proteobacteria. Tyrosinases are responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic steps in melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. The physiological role of bacterial tyrosinases in melanin biosynthesis has been harnessed for the production of coloring and dyeing agents. Additionally, bacterial tyrosinases have the capability of cross-linking activity, demonstrated material functionalization applications, and applications in food processing with varying substrate specificities and stability features. These characteristics make bacterial tyrosinases a valuable alternative to well-studied mushroom tyrosinases. The key feature of substrate specificity of bacterial tyrosinase has been exploited to engineer biosensors that have the ability to detect the minimal amount of different phenolic compounds. Today, the world is facing the challenge of multi-drugs resistance in various diseases, especially antibiotic resistance, skin cancer, enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables, and melanogenesis. To address these challenges, medicinal scientists are developing novel chemotherapeutic agents by inhibiting bacterial tyrosinases. To serve this purpose, heterocyclic compounds are of particular interest due to their vast spectrum of biological activities and their potential as effective tyrosinase inhibitors. In this chapter, a plethora of research explores applications of bacterial tyrosinases in different fields, such as the production of dyes and pigments, catalytic applications in organic synthesis, bioremediation, food and feed applications, biosensors, wool fiber coating and the rationalized synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of bacterial tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Laila Rubab
- Department of Chemistry, Sargodha Campus, The University of Lahore, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Huma Hameed
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA-Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Martínková L, Křístková B, Křen V. Laccases and Tyrosinases in Organic Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3462. [PMID: 35408822 PMCID: PMC8998183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases (Lac) and tyrosinases (TYR) are mild oxidants with a great potential in research and industry. In this work, we review recent advances in their use in organic synthesis. We summarize recent examples of Lac-catalyzed oxidation, homocoupling and heterocoupling, and TYR-catalyzed ortho-hydroxylation of phenols. We highlight the combination of Lac and TYR with other enzymes or chemical catalysts. We also point out the biological and pharmaceutical potential of the products, such as dimers of piceid, lignols, isorhamnetin, rutin, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxychalcones, thiols, hybrid antibiotics, benzimidazoles, benzothiazoles, pyrimidine derivatives, hydroxytyrosols, alkylcatechols, halocatechols, or dihydrocaffeoyl esters, etc. These products include radical scavengers; antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor compounds; and building blocks for bioactive compounds and drugs. We summarize the available enzyme sources and discuss the scalability of their use in organic synthesis. In conclusion, we assume that the intensive use of laccases and tyrosinases in organic synthesis will yield new bioactive compounds and, in the long-term, reduce the environmental impact of industrial organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
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Three recombinantly expressed apple tyrosinases suggest the amino acids responsible for mono- versus diphenolase activity in plant polyphenol oxidases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8860. [PMID: 28821733 PMCID: PMC5562730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases belong to the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme family, which is mainly responsible for the browning of fruits. Three cDNAs encoding PPO pro-enzymes have been cloned from leaves of Malus domestica (apple, MdPPO). The three pro-enzymes MdPPO1-3 were heterologously expressed in E. coli yielding substantial amounts of protein and have been characterized with regard to their optimum of activity resulting from SDS, acidic and proteolytic activation. Significant differences were found in the kinetic characterization of MdPPO1-3 when applying different mono- and diphenolic substrates. All three enzymes have been classified as tyrosinases, where MdPPO1 exhibits the highest activity with tyramine (kcat = 9.5 s−1) while MdPPO2 and MdPPO3 are also clearly active on this monophenolic substrate (kcat = 0.92 s−1 and kcat = 1.0 s−1, respectively). Based on the activity, sequence data and homology modelling it is proposed that the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of PPOs can be manipulated by the appropriate combination of two amino acids, which are located within the active site cleft and were therefore named “activity controllers”.
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Pretzler M, Bijelic A, Rompel A. Heterologous expression and characterization of functional mushroom tyrosinase (AbPPO4). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1810. [PMID: 28500345 PMCID: PMC5431950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases are an ubiquitous group of copper containing metalloenzymes that hydroxylate and oxidize phenolic molecules. In an application context the term 'tyrosinase' usually refers to 'mushroom tyrosinase' consisting of a mixture of isoenzymes and containing a number of enzymatic side-activities. We describe a protocol for the efficient heterologous production of tyrosinase 4 from Agaricus bisporus in Escherichia coli. Applying this procedure a pure preparation of a single isoform of latent tyrosinase can be achieved at a yield of 140 mg per liter of autoinducing culture medium. This recombinant protein possesses the same fold as the enzyme purified from the natural source as evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The latent enzyme can be activated by limited proteolysis with proteinase K which cleaves the polypeptide chain after K382, only one The latent enzyme can amino acid before the main in-vivo activation site. Latent tyrosinase can be used as obtained and enzymatic activity may be induced in the reaction mixture by the addition of an ionic detergent (e.g. 2 mM SDS). The proteolytically activated mushroom tyrosinase shows >50% of its maximal activity in the range of pH 5 to 10 and accepts a wide range of substrates including mono- and diphenols, flavonols and chalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria.
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Marková E, Kotik M, Křenková A, Man P, Haudecoeur R, Boumendjel A, Hardré R, Mekmouche Y, Courvoisier-Dezord E, Réglier M, Martínková L. Recombinant Tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius: Overproduction in Escherichia coli, Characterization, and Use in a Study of Aurones as Tyrosinase Effectors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2925-2931. [PMID: 26961852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinases act in the development of organoleptic properties of tea, raisins, etc., but also cause unwanted browning of fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms. The tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus has been used as a model to study tyrosinase inhibitors, which are also indispensable in the treatment of skin pigmentation disorders. However, this model has disadvantages such as side enzyme activities and the presence of multiple isoenzymes. Therefore, we aimed to introduce a new tyrosinase model. The pro-tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius was overproduced in Escherichia coli. Trypsin digestion led to a cleavage after R388 and hence enzyme activation. The tyrosinase was a homodimer and transformed L-DOPA and tert-butylcatechol preferentially. Various aurons were examined as effectors of this enzyme. 2'- and 3'-hydroxyaurones acted as its activators and 2',4'-dihydroxyaurone as an inhibitor, whereas 4'-hydroxyaurones were its substrates. The enzyme is a promising model for tyrosinase effector studies, being a single isoenzyme and void of side enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Marková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Křenková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Romain Haudecoeur
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063 , 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063 , 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Hardré
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Yasmina Mekmouche
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Martínková L, Kotik M, Marková E, Homolka L. Biodegradation of phenolic compounds by Basidiomycota and its phenol oxidases: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:373-382. [PMID: 26874626 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The phylum Basidiomycota include organisms with enormous bioremediation potential. A variety of processes were proposed at the lab scale for using these fungi and their phenol oxidases in the degradation of phenolics. Here we present a survey of this topic using literature published mostly over the last 10 years. First, the sources of the enzymes are summarized. The laccase and tyrosinase were mainly from Trametes versicolor and Agaricus bisporus, respectively. Recently, however, new promising wild-type producers of the enzymes have emerged and a number of recombinant strains were also constructed, based mainly on yeasts or Aspergillus strains as hosts. The next part of the study summarizes the enzyme and whole-cell applications for the degradation of phenols, polyphenols, cresols, alkylphenols, naphthols, bisphenols and halogenated (bis)phenols in model mixtures or real wastewaters from the food, paper and coal industries, or municipal and hospital sewage. The enzymes were applied as free (crude or purified) enzymes or as enzymes immobilized in various supports or CLEAs, and optionally recycled or used in continuous mode. Alternatively, growing cultures or harvested mycelia were used instead. The products, which were characterized as quinones and their polymers in some cases, could be eliminated by filtration, flocculation or adsorption onto chitosan. The purity of a treated wastewater was monitored using a sensitive aquatic organism. It is concluded that low-cost sources of these enzymes should be searched for and the benefits of enzymatic, biological and physico-chemical methods could be combined to make the processes fit for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Martínková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - M Kotik
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E Marková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Homolka
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Moe LL, Maekawa S, Kawamura-Konishi Y. The pro-enzyme C-terminal processing domain of Pholiota nameko tyrosinase is responsible for folding of the N-terminal catalytic domain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5499-510. [PMID: 25904132 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pholiota nameko (Pholiota microspore) tyrosinase is expressed as a latent 67-kDa pro-tyrosinase, comprising a 42-kDa N-terminal catalytic domain with a binuclear copper centre and a 25-kDa C-terminal domain and is activated by proteolytic digestion of the C-terminal domain. To investigate the role of the C-terminal processing domain of pro-tyrosinase, we constructed a recombinant tyrosinase lacking the C-terminal domain and four recombinant pro-tyrosinase mutants (F515G, H539N, L540G and Y543G) carrying substituted amino acid residues on the C-terminal domain. The recombinant tyrosinase lacking the C-terminal domain had no catalytic activity; whereas the mutant L540G was copper depleted, the other mutants had copper contents similar to that of the wild-type pro-tyrosinase. Proteolytic digestion activated the mutants H539N and Y543G following release of the C-terminal domain, and the resulting tyrosinases had higher K m values for t-butyl catechol than the wild-type pro-tyrosinase. The mutants F515G and L540G were degraded by proteolytic digestion and yielded smaller proteins with no activity. These data suggest that the C-terminal processing domain of P. nameko pro-tyrosinase is essential for correct folding of the N-terminal catalytic domain and acts as an intramolecular chaperone during assembly of the active-site conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Lai Moe
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
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Mass spectrometry based N- and C-terminal sequence determination of a hepatopancreas-type prophenoloxidase from the kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2333-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nakatsuka T, Yamada E, Takahashi H, Imamura T, Suzuki M, Ozeki Y, Tsujimura I, Saito M, Sakamoto Y, Sasaki N, Nishihara M. Genetic engineering of yellow betalain pigments beyond the species barrier. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1970. [PMID: 23760173 PMCID: PMC3679504 DOI: 10.1038/srep01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are one of the major plant pigment groups found in some higher plants and higher fungi. They are not produced naturally in any plant species outside of the order Caryophyllales, nor are they produced by anthocyanin-accumulating Caryophyllales. Here, we attempted to reconstruct the betalain biosynthetic pathway as a self-contained system in an anthocyanin-producing plant species. The combined expressions of a tyrosinase gene from shiitake mushroom and a DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase gene from the four-o'clock plant resulted in successful betalain production in cultured cells of tobacco BY2 and Arabidopsis T87. Transgenic tobacco BY2 cells were bright yellow because of the accumulation of betaxanthins. LC-TOF-MS analyses showed that proline-betaxanthin (Pro-Bx) accumulated as the major betaxanthin in these transgenic BY2 cells. Transgenic Arabidopsis T87 cells also produced betaxanthins, but produced lower levels than transgenic BY2 cells. These results illustrate the success of a novel genetic engineering strategy for betalain biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakatsuka
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
- Current address: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Eri Yamada
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imamura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Mariko Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ozeki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ikuko Tsujimura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Misa Saito
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakamoto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
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Fujieda N, Murata M, Yabuta S, Ikeda T, Shimokawa C, Nakamura Y, Hata Y, Itoh S. Multifunctions of MelB, a fungal tyrosinase from Aspergillus oryzae. Chembiochem 2011; 13:193-201. [PMID: 22213164 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pro form of melB tyrosinase from the melB gene of Aspergillus oryzae was over-produced from E. coli and formed a homodimer that exhibited the spectral features of met-tyrosinase. In the presence of NH(2)OH (reductant), the proenzyme bound dioxygen to give a stable (μ-η(2):η(2) -peroxo)dicopper(II) species (oxy form), thus indicating that the pro form tyrosinase can function as an oxygen carrier or storage protein like hemocyanin. The pro form tyrosinase itself showed no catalytic activity toward external substrates, but proteolytic digestion with trypsin activated it to induce tyrosinase activity. Mass spectroscopy analyses, mutagenesis experiments, and colorimetry assays have demonstrated that the tryptic digestion induced cleavage of the C-terminal domain (Glu458-Ala616), although the dimeric structure of the enzyme was retained. The structural changes induced by proteolytic digestion might open the entrance to the enzyme active site for substrate incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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