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Liu J, Xie S, Xu M, Jiang X, Wang Q, Zhao H, Zhang B. Screening the Protective Agents Able to Improve the Survival of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains Subjected to Spray Drying Using Several Key Enzymes Responsible for Carbohydrate Utilization. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1094. [PMID: 38930476 PMCID: PMC11205755 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the most effective protectants for enhancing the viability of specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CICC 6097, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 21839, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM) by assessing their enzymatic activity when exposed to spray drying (inlet/outlet temperature: 135 °C/90 °C). Firstly, it was found that the live cell counts of the selected LAB cells from the 10% (w/v) recovered skim milk (RSM) group remained above 107 CFU/g after spray drying. Among all the three groups (1% w/v RSM group, 10% w/v RSM group, and control group), the two enzymes pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were more sensitive to spray drying than hexokinase (HK) and β-galactosidase (β-GAL). Next, transcriptome data of Lb. acidophilus NCFM showed that 10% (w/v) RSM improved the down-regulated expressions of genes encoding PK (pyk) and LDH (ldh) after spray drying compared to 1% (w/v) RSM. Finally, four composite protectants were created, each consisting of 10% (w/v) RSM plus a different additive-sodium glutamate (CP-A group), sucrose (CP-B group), trehalose (CP-C group), or a combination of sodium glutamate, sucrose, and trehalose (CP-D group)-to encapsulate Lb. acidophilus NCFM. It was observed that the viable counts of strain NCFM (8.56 log CFU/g) and enzymatic activity of PK and LDH in the CP-D group were best preserved compared to the other three groups. Therefore, our study suggested that measuring the LDH and PK activity could be used as a promising tool to screen the effective spray-dried protective agent for LAB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bolin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.L.); (S.X.); (M.X.); (X.J.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.)
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2
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Qin W, Guo S, Li Q, Tang A, Liu H, Liu Y. Biotransformation of the azo dye reactive orange 16 by Aspergillus flavus A5P1: Performance, genetic background, pathway, and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133562. [PMID: 38401208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
This study reports the strain Aspergillus flavus A5P1 (A5P1), which is with the capable of degrading the azo dye reactive orange 16 (RO16). The mechanism of RO16 degradation by A5P1 was elucidated through genomic analysis, enzymatic analysis, degradation pathway analysis and oxidative stress analysis. Strain A5P1 exhibited aerobic degradation of RO16, with optimal degradation at an initial pH of 3.0. Genomic analysis indicates that strain A5P1 possesses the potential for acid tolerance and degradation of azo dye. Enzymatic analysis, combined with degradation product analysis, demonstrated that extracellular laccase, intracellular lignin peroxidase, and intracellular quinone reductase were likely key enzymes in the RO16 degradation process. Oxidative stress analysis revealed that cell stress responses may participate in the RO16 biotransformation process. The results indicated that the biotransformation of RO16 may involves biological processes such as transmembrane transport of RO16, cometabolism of the strain with RO16, and cell stress responses. These findings shed light on the biodegradation of RO16 by A5P1, indicating A5P1's potential for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixing Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Wang D, Hao L, Jiao X, Que Z, Huang J, Jin Y, Zhou R, Wang Z, Wu C. Engineering the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by introducing desaturase improved the stress tolerance of yeast. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2398-2405. [PMID: 37996964 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast is often used to build cell factories to produce various chemicals or nutrient substances, which means the yeast has to encounter stressful environments. Previous research reported that unsaturated fatty acids were closely related to yeast stress resistance. Engineering unsaturated fatty acids may be a viable strategy for enhancing the stress resistance of cells. RESULTS In this study, two desaturase genes, OLE1 and FAD2 from Z. rouxii, were overexpressed in S. cerevisiae to determine how unsaturated fatty acids affect cellular stress tolerance of cells. After cloning and plasmid recombination, the recombinant S. cerevisiae cells were constructed. Analysis of membrane fatty acid contents revealed that the recombinant S. cerevisiae with overexpression of OLE1 and FAD2 genes contained higher levels of fatty acids C16:1 (2.77 times), C18:1 (1.51 times) and C18:2 (4.15 times) than the wild-type S. cerevisiae pY15TEF1. In addition, recombinant S. cerevisiae cells were more resistant to multiple stresses, and exhibited improved membrane functionality, including membrane fluidity and integrity. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that strengthening the expression of desaturases was beneficial to stress tolerance. Overall, this study may provide a suitable means to build a cell factory of industrial yeast cells with high tolerance during biological manufacturing. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Liying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiluo Que
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonghui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhu J, Sun Y, Zhang S, Li H, Liu Z, Liu X, Yi J. Unraveling the Genetic Adaptations in Cell Surface Composition and Transporters of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum for Enhanced Acid Tolerance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5368-5378. [PMID: 38394628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study employed adaptive laboratory evolution to improve the acid tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a vital strain in food fermentation and a potential probiotic. Phenotype and genomic analyses identified the overexpression of stress response proteins, ATP synthases, and transporters as pivotal in conferring acid tolerance to the evolved strains. These adaptations led to a shorter lag phase, improved survival rates, and higher intracellular pH values compared to the wild-type strain under acid stress conditions. Additionally, the evolved strains showed an increased expression of genes in the fatty acid synthesis pathway, resulting in a higher production of unsaturated fatty acids. The changes in cell membrane composition possibly prevented H+ influx, while mutant genes related to cell surface structure contributed to observed elongated cells and thicker cell surface. These alterations in cell wall and membrane composition, along with improved transporter efficiency, were key factors contributing to the enhanced acid tolerance in the evolved strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Food Advanced Manufacturing, Kunming 650500, China
- International Green Food Processing Research and Development Center of Kunming City, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuwei Sun
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiyao Zhang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Food Advanced Manufacturing, Kunming 650500, China
- International Green Food Processing Research and Development Center of Kunming City, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hong Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Food Advanced Manufacturing, Kunming 650500, China
- International Green Food Processing Research and Development Center of Kunming City, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhijia Liu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Food Advanced Manufacturing, Kunming 650500, China
- International Green Food Processing Research and Development Center of Kunming City, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Junjie Yi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Food Advanced Manufacturing, Kunming 650500, China
- International Green Food Processing Research and Development Center of Kunming City, Kunming 650500, China
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Zhang T, Yang Y, Zeng X, Wu Z, Pan D, Luo H, Tao M, Guo Y. Protective mechanism of milk fat globule membrane proteins on Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC 6074 under acid stress based on proteomic analysis. Food Chem 2024; 434:137297. [PMID: 37741242 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The prerequisite for lactic acid bacteria to perform their probiotic function is that they could survive the acid-stressed environment of production and application. In this experiment, the protective mechanism of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins on lactic acid bacteria under acid stress was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence probe were used to analyze the condition of the acid-treated bacteria, which showed that MFGM proteins could enhance the survival ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC 6074 under acid stress by maintaining cell morphology, elevating intracellular pH and H+-ATPase activity. Furthermore, Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) proteomic analysis revealed that MFGM protein could exert protective effects on L. acidophilus CICC 6074 by regulating amino acid metabolism, ATPase activity, peptidoglycan synthesis, gene repair and heritage, etc. The results will provide a new approach for the protection and development of functional lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Haibo Luo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingxuan Tao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Wang H, Tang J, Lv J, Wang X, Sun H. Physiological and transcriptomic insights into sugar stress resistance in osmophilic yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Food Microbiol 2024; 117:104395. [PMID: 37919004 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The osmophilic yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii has attracted increasing attention for its ability to survive and grow in extremely high sugar environments. This trait determines its role in fermentation process and results in contamination in the food industry. However, the behavior of Z. rouxii in regulating cell metabolism to combat high sugar stress and the corresponding mechanism have not been completely elucidated. Here, the resistance strategies of Z. rouxii against high glucose stress were explored by physiological analysis at cell membrane level and transcriptomic analysis. Physiological analysis showed that under high glucose stress, colony transparency increased, cell volume decreased, which was accompanied by reduction in permeability and integrity of cell membrane and subsequent gradual recovering. Additionally, the proportion of ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane significantly increased under high glucose stress. A comparison of transcriptome data showed that most of the obtained differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in ergosterol and linoleic acid synthesis pathways as well as cell wall integrity (CWI) and high osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (HOG-MAPK) pathways, which was in line with the results of physiological data. Our results provided a theoretic basis to develop the process control for the production of high sugar foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxuan Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
| | - Jingqi Tang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Jiayao Lv
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xuanzhi Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
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Wang Y, Dong W, Chu L, Zhao H, He L, Sheng X. A combination of proteomics, genetics, and physiology provides insights into the acid-tolerance phenotype of Pseudomonas pergaminensis F77. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127545. [PMID: 37952350 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Acid tolerance is crucial for the effective and persistent mineral weathering by acid-producing bacteria. Here, the molecular basis of the acid tolerance of mineral-weathering Pseudomonas pergaminensis F77 was identified using proteomics analysis of the strain under acid stress. Then, the acid tolerance of strain F77 and its mutants with deletion of the acid tolerance-related genes orf03767, mcp, resR, nueR, yegD, and fxsA, which are involved in the two-component systems, DNA repair, nucleotide binding, and membrane parts, were compared. Finally, the acid tolerance-related physiological mechanisms of strain F77 and its mutants F77ΔnueR and F77ΔresR under acidic conditions were characterized. The significantly upregulated proteins in the acid-adapted and acid-challenged strain F77 included the proteins involved in metabolic pathways associated with ATPase, membrane components, organic acid transmembrane transporters, response to stimulus, nucleotide binding, ABC transporters, and two-component systems. The cell numbers decreased by 24-100% at pH ≤ 4.50, while the membrane fluidity increased by 22-61% at pH ≤ 5.50 for the mutants F77ΔnueR and F77ΔresR, compared with that of strain F77. The intracellular H+-ATPase activities decreased by 29-33% for the mutant F77ΔnueR at pH ≤ 4.50% and 33-79% for the mutant F77ΔresR at all tested pHs (pH ≤ 7.00); meanwhile, the ratios of intracellular NAD+/NADH decreased by 71-91% for the mutant F77ΔresR at all tested pHs (pH ≤ 7.00), compared with that of strain F77. Furthermore, the intracellular putrescine concentrations were reduced by 40-70% for the mutant F77ΔresR at all tested pHs (pH ≤ 7.00) compared with that of strain F77. Our findings suggested that multiple proteins and metabolic pathways were associated with bacterial acid tolerance and revealed that nueR and resR were involved in acid tolerance based on their modulation of multiple acid tolerance-related physiological functions in strain F77.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China
| | - Wen Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfeng Chu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linyan He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiafang Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Bao Q, Ma X, Bo X, Pang J, Dai L, Wang H, Chen Y, Kwok LY. Transcriptomic analysis of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Zhang in transition to the viable but non-culturable state by RNA sequencing. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280350. [PMID: 38188563 PMCID: PMC10768001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Some bacteria enter the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state to survive harsh environmental conditions and external stresses. This alters cell physiology and has implications for the food industry as some bacteria, such as lactobacilli, undergo similar changes during food processing. Methods This study aimed to investigate the transcriptomic changes of a probiotic strain, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Zhang (L. paracasei Zhang), upon transition to the VBNC state using high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Results Bacteria were inoculated into the de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe medium and maintained at low temperature and pH to induce cell transition to the VBNC state. Cells were harvested for analysis at five stages of VBNC induction: 0, 3, 30, and 180 days after induction and 210 days when the cells entered the VBNC state. Our results showed that the expression of 2,617, 2,642, 2,577, 2,829, and 2,840 genes was altered at these five different stages. The function of differentially expressed genes (DEGs, compared to healthy cells collected at day 0) and their encoded pathways were analyzed by the Gene Ontology Consortium and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. A total of 10 DEGs were identified in cells that entered the VBNC state: five continuously upregulated (LCAZH_0621, LCAZH_1986, LCAZH_2038, LCAZH_2040, and LCAZH_2174) and five continuously downregulated (LCAZH_0024, LCAZH_0210, LCAZH_0339, LCAZH_0621, and LCAZH_0754). Conclusions This study proposes a molecular model of the VBNC mechanism in L. paracasei Zhang, highlighting that changes in cell metabolism improve substrate utilization efficiency, thereby enhancing bacterial survival under adverse conditions. These data may be useful for improving the survival of probiotics in industrial food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Bao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuebo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lixia Dai
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Gao S, Liao Y, He H, Yang H, Yang X, Xu S, Wang X, Chen K, Ouyang P. Advance of tolerance engineering on microbes for industrial production. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:697-707. [PMID: 38025766 PMCID: PMC10656194 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial microbes have become the core of biological manufacturing, which utilized as the cell factory for production of plenty of chemicals, fuels and medicine. However, the challenge that the extreme stress conditions exist in production is unavoidable for cell factory. Consequently, to enhance robustness of the chassis cell lays the foundation for development of bio-manufacturing. Currently, the researches on cell tolerance covered various aspects, involving reshaping regulatory network, cell membrane modification and other stress response. In fact, the strategies employed to improve cell robustness could be summarized into two directions, irrational engineering and rational engineering. In this review, the metabolic engineering technologies on enhancement of microbe tolerance to industrial conditions are summarized. Meanwhile, the novel thoughts emerged with the development of biological instruments and synthetic biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao He
- Petrochemical Research Institute of PetroChina Co. Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
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Santos HSDB, Damé-Teixeira N, Nagano MH, Do T, Parolo CCF, Maltz M, Arthur RA. Acid tolerance of Lactobacillus spp. on root carious lesions: A complex and multifaceted response. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 156:105820. [PMID: 37866118 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus spp. are acidogenic and aciduric bacteria and are among the main cariogenic microorganisms associated with the carious process. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify genes involved in the acid-tolerance of Lactobacillus spp. and potential functions attributed to these genes within the metatranscriptome of sound root surfaces and carious root surfaces. DESIGN Genomic libraries were built from mRNA isolated from the biofilm samples (10 from sound root and 9 from carious root using Illumina HiSeq 2500). Reads generated by RNA-seq were mapped against 162 oral microbial genomes and genes potentially related to acid tolerance were manually extracted from the Lactobacillus spp. genomes using L. paracasei ATCC 344 as reference genome. The R package DESeq2 was used to calculate the level of differential gene expression between those two clinical conditions. RESULTS Fifteen Lactobacillus spp. genomes were identified and a total of 653 acid tolerance genes were overexpressed in carious root surfaces. Multiple functions, as translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, transport of nucleotides and amino acids, are involved in Lactobacillus spp. acid tolerance. Species-specific functions also seem to be related to the fitness of Lactobacillus spp. in acidified environments such as that of the cariogenic biofilm associated with carious root lesions. CONCLUSIONS The response of Lactobacillus spp. to an acidic environment is complex and multifaceted. This finding suggests several possible avenues for further research into the adaptive mechanisms of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Sales de Barros Santos
- Preventive and Community Dentistry Department, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Nailê Damé-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900 Brasilia, Brazil; Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James' University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Hitomi Nagano
- Preventive and Community Dentistry Department, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James' University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi Parolo
- Preventive and Community Dentistry Department, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Marisa Maltz
- Preventive and Community Dentistry Department, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Preventive and Community Dentistry Department, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil.
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11
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Son YS, Kwon M, Son N, Kim SK, Son MY. Multilayer Coating with Red Ginseng Dietary Fiber Improves Intestinal Adhesion and Proliferation of Probiotics in Human Intestinal Epithelial Models. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1309-1316. [PMID: 37528560 PMCID: PMC10619547 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2305.05013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
To exert their beneficial effects, it is essential for the commensal bacteria of probiotic supplements to be sufficiently protected as they pass through the low pH environment of the stomach, and effectively colonize the intestinal epithelium downstream. Here, we investigated the effect of a multilayer coating containing red ginseng dietary fiber, on the acid tolerance, and the adhesion and proliferation capacities of three Lactobacillus strains (Limosilactobacillus reuteri KGC1901, Lacticaseibacillus casei KGC1201, Limosilactobacillus fermentum KGC1601) isolated from Panax ginseng, using HT-29 cells, mucin-coated plates, and human pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells as in vitro models of human gut physiology. We observed that the multilayer-coated strains displayed improved survival rates after passage through gastric juice, as well as high adhesion and proliferation capacities within the various gut epithelial systems tested, compared to their uncoated counterparts. Our findings demonstrated that the multilayer coat effectively protected commensal microbiota and led to improved adhesion and colonization of intestinal epithelial cells, and consequently to higher probiotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Seul Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Kwon
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Naeun Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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12
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Wang D, He Z, Xia H, Huang J, Jin Y, Zhou R, Hao L, Wu C. Engineering acetyl-CoA metabolism to enhance stress tolerance of yeast by regulating membrane functionality. Food Microbiol 2023; 115:104322. [PMID: 37567632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii has excellent fermentation performance and good tolerance to osmotic stress. Acetyl-CoA is a crucial intermediate precursor in the central carbon metabolic pathway of yeast. This study investigated the effect of engineering acetyl-CoA metabolism on the membrane functionality and stress tolerance of yeast. Firstly, exogenous supplementation of acetyl-CoA improved the biomass and the ability of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis of Z. rouxii under salt stress. Q-PCR results suggested that the gene ACSS (coding acetyl-CoA synthetase) was significantly up-expressed. Subsequently, the gene ACSS from Z. rouxii was transformed and heterologously expressed in S. cerevisiae. The recombinant cells exhibited better multiple stress (salt, acid, heat, and cold) tolerance, higher fatty acid contents, membrane integrity, and fluidity. Our findings may provide a suitable means to enhance the stress tolerance and fermentation efficiency of yeast under harsh fermentation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zixi He
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Huan Xia
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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13
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Chen D, Guo C, Ren C, Xia Z, Xu H, Qu H, Wa Y, Guan C, Zhang C, Qian J, Gu R. Screening of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 67 with Strong Adhesion to Caco-2 Cells and the Effects of Protective Agents on Its Adhesion Ability during Vacuum Freeze Drying. Foods 2023; 12:3604. [PMID: 37835257 PMCID: PMC10572606 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to the intestinal tract provides the foundation for Lactobacillus to exert its benefits. Vacuum freeze-drying (VFD) is currently one of the main processing methods for Lactobacillus products. Therefore, the effects of VFD on the adhesion and survival of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 67 were investigated in this study. The results show that L. plantarum 67 exhibits remarkable tolerance following successive exposure to simulated saliva, gastric juice and intestinal juice, and also has a strong adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells. The adhesion and survival rates of L. plantarum 67 significantly decreased after VFD in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), whereas they significantly increased in protective agents (PAs) (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscope observations show that L. plantarum 67 aggregated more to Caco-2 cells in PAs than in PBS, and its shape and size were protected. Proteomics detection findings indicated that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) related to adhesins and vitality and their pathways in L. plantarum 67 were significantly affected by VFD (p < 0.05). However, the expression of DEPs (such as cold shock protein, cell surface protein, adherence protein, chitin-binding domain and extracellular transglycosylase, membrane-bound protein) was improved by PAs. Compared with PBS, the PAs significantly adjusted the phosphotransferase system and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathways (p < 0.05). VFD decreased the adhesion and vitality of L. plantarum 67, while the PAs could exert protective effects by regulating proteins and pathways related to adhesion and vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Jiangsu Yuhang Food Technology Co., Ltd., Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Congcong Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Chenyu Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Zihan Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Hengxian Qu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yunchao Wa
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Chengran Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jianya Qian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Ruixia Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (D.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou 225127, China
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14
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Zhang T, Guo Y, Fan X, Liu M, Xu J, Zeng X, Sun Y, Wu Z, Pan D. Protection Mechanism of Metal Ion Pre-Stress on Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC 6074 under Acid Tolerance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13304-13315. [PMID: 37639527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The prerequisite for the probiotic effect of lactic acid bacteria is that they could survive the acid stress environment of production and application. In this experiment, the mechanism for the effect of different metal ion pre-stress on the acid-tolerant survival of Lactobacillus was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, and flow cytometry were used to analyze the condition of bacteria after acid treatment, which revealed that different metal ion pre-stress could improve the survival ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC 6074 under low acid conditions by improving cell morphology, mitigating cell membrane damage, and regulating surface protein expression. Furthermore, Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) proteomic analysis revealed that Mn2+ pre-stress showed relatively more superior protective effects on acid tolerance in L. acidophilus CICC 6074 through activation of DNA replication, RNA synthesis, S-layer protein secretion, H+-ATPase enzyme activity, etc. This study will provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for the development and application of lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiankang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mingzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yangying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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15
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Benyamin MS, Perisin MP, Hellman CA, Schwalm ND, Jahnke JP, Sund CJ. Modeling control and transduction of electrochemical gradients in acid-stressed bacteria. iScience 2023; 26:107140. [PMID: 37404371 PMCID: PMC10316662 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane electrochemical gradients drive solute uptake and constitute a substantial fraction of the cellular energy pool in bacteria. These gradients act not only as "homeostatic contributors," but also play a dynamic and keystone role in several bacterial functions, including sensing, stress response, and metabolism. At the system level, multiple gradients interact with ion transporters and bacterial behavior in a complex, rapid, and emergent manner; consequently, experiments alone cannot untangle their interdependencies. Electrochemical gradient modeling provides a general framework to understand these interactions and their underlying mechanisms. We quantify the generation, maintenance, and interactions of electrical, proton, and potassium potential gradients under lactic acid-stress and lactic acid fermentation. Further, we elucidate a gradient-mediated mechanism for intracellular pH sensing and stress response. We demonstrate that this gradient model can yield insights on the energetic limitations of membrane transport, and can predict bacterial behavior across changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus S. Benyamin
- Biological and Biotechnology Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Matthew P. Perisin
- Biological and Biotechnology Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Caleb A. Hellman
- Biological and Biotechnology Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Nathan D. Schwalm
- Biological and Biotechnology Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Justin P. Jahnke
- Biological and Biotechnology Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Christian J. Sund
- Biological and Biotechnology Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
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16
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Li Q, Hu K, Mou J, Li J, Liu A, Ao X, Yang Y, He L, Chen S, Zou L, Guo M, Liu S. Insight into the acid tolerance mechanism of Acetilactobacillus jinshanensis subsp. aerogenes Z-1. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1226031. [PMID: 37520381 PMCID: PMC10382275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1226031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are double-edged swords in the production of Sichuan bran vinegar; on the one hand, they are important for the flavour of the vinegar, but on the other hand, they result in vinegar deterioration because of their gas-producing features and their acid resistance. These characteristics intensify the difficulty in managing the safe production of vinegar using strains such as Acetilactobacillus jinshanensis subsp. aerogenes Z-1. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the mechanisms underlying their acid tolerance. The results of this study showed a survival rate of 77.2% for Z-1 when exposed to pH 3.0 stress for 1 h. This strain could survive for approximately 15 days in a vinegar solution with 4% or 6% total acid content, and its growth was effectively enhanced by the addition of 10 mM of arginine (Arg). Under acidic stress, the relative content of the unsaturated fatty acid C18:1 (n-11) increased, and eight amino acids accumulated in the cells. Meanwhile, based on a transcriptome analysis, the genes glnA, carA/B, arcA, murE/F/G, fabD/H/G, DnaK, uvrA, opuA/C, fliy, ecfA2, dnaA and LuxS, mainly enriched in amino acid transport and metabolism, protein folding, DNA repair, and cell wall/membrane metabolism processes, were hypothesized to be acid resistance-related genes in Z-1. This work paves the way for further clarifying the acid tolerance mechanism of Z-1 and shares applicable perspectives for vinegar brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaidi Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Mou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Aiping Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Ao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Li He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Likou Zou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingye Guo
- Sichuan Baoning Vinegar Co., Ltd, Langzhong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
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17
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Hou Z, Dong W, Wang H, Zhao Z, Li Z, Liu H, Li Y, Zeng Z, Xie J, Zhang L, Liu J. Response of nitrite accumulation to elevated C/NO- 3-N ratio during partial denitrification process: Insights of extracellular polymeric substance, microbial community and metabolic function. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129269. [PMID: 37290706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the response of nitrite accumulation to elevated COD/NO3--N ratio (C/N) during partial denitrification (PD). Results indicated nitrite was gradually accumulated and remained stable (C/N = 1.5 ∼ 3.0), while that rapidly declined after reaching the peak (C/N = 4.0 ∼ 5.0). The polysaccharide (PS) and protein (PN) content of tightly-bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) reached the maximum at C/N of 2.5 ∼ 3.0, which might be stimulated by high level of nitrite. Illumina MiSeq sequencing showed Thauera and OLB8 were dominated denitrifying genera at C/N of 1.5 ∼ 3.0, while Thauera was further enriched with fading OLB8 at C/N of 4.0 ∼ 5.0. Meanwhile, the highly-enriched Thauera might enhance the activity of nitrite reductase (nirK) promoting further nitrite reduction. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed positive correlations between nitrite production and PN content of TB-EPS, denitrifying bacteria (Thauera and OLB8) and nitrate reductases (narG/H/I) in low C/N. Finally, their synergistic effects for driving nitrite accumulation were comprehensively elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Hou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zhuoyang Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaguang Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanchen Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Xie
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Shenzhen Wanmu Water Services Co., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shenzhen Wanmu Water Services Co., Shenzhen 518000, China
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18
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Moloto MR, Akinola SA, Seke F, Shoko T, Sultanbawa Y, Shai JL, Remize F, Sivakumar D. Influence of Fermentation on Functional Properties and Bioactivities of Different Cowpea Leaf Smoothies during In Vitro Digestion. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081701. [PMID: 37107496 PMCID: PMC10137366 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 75 (LAB 75) fermentation at 37 °C for 48 h on the pH, total soluble solids (TSS), colour, total titratable acidity (TTA), carotenoids, and bioactivities of cowpea leaf smoothies from three cultivars (VOP 1, VOP 3, and VOP 4). Fermentation reduced the pH from 6.57 to 5.05 after 48 h. The TTA increased with the fermentation period, whilst the TSS reduced. Fermentation of the smoothies resulted in the least colour changes (∆E) in VOP 1 after 48 h. Fermentation of cowpea smoothies (VOP 1, VOP 3, and VOP 4) improved the antioxidant capacity (FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS), which was attributed to the increase in total phenolic compounds and carotenoid constituents in all of the fermented cowpea smoothies. VOP 1 was further selected for analysis due to its high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The VOP 1 smoothie fermented for 24 h showed the lowest reduction in TPC (11%) and had the highest antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS) activity. Ltp. plantarum 75 was viable and survived the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, and, hence, could be used as a probiotic. VOP 1 intestinal digesta showed significantly higher glucose uptake relative to the undigested and the gastric digesta, while the gastric phase had higher levels of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared to the undigested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mapula R Moloto
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Stephen A Akinola
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Faith Seke
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Tinotenda Shoko
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, Elkhorn Building (#1024), 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - Jerry L Shai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Fabienne Remize
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, Université de La Réunion, Institut Agro, INRAE, 2 Place Viala, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Dharini Sivakumar
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, Elkhorn Building (#1024), 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, QLD 4068, Australia
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Gu C, Jin Z, Fan X, Ti Q, Yang X, Sun C, Jiang X. Comparative evaluation and prioritization of key influences on biodegradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether by bacterial isolate B. xenovorans LB400. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 331:117320. [PMID: 36696759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants being widely distributed and harmful to human health and wildlife, and the development of sustainable rehabilitation strategies including microbial degradation is of great concern. Although the increasing number of bacteria, especially the broad-spectrum and potent aerobes have been isolated for the efficient removal of PBDEs, the external influences and the corresponding influential mechanism on biodegradation are not fully understood yet. Given the wide-spectrum biodegradability of aerobic bacterial isolate, B. xenovorans LB400 for PBDEs, the dual impacts of many pivotal factors including pH, temperature, presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and cadmium ion etc. were comprehensively revealed on biodegradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). Due to the structural resemblance and stimulation of specific enzyme activity in bacteria, the biphenyl as substrates showed the greater capacity than non-aromatic compounds in improving biodegradation. The individual adaptation to neutrality and cultivation at about 30 °C was beneficial for biodegradation since the bacterial cellular viability and enzyme activity was mostly preserved. Although it was possibly good for the induction of hormesis and favorable to enhance the permeability or bioavailability of pollutant, the exceeding increase of Cd2+ or DOM may not give the profitable increase of biodegradation yet for the detrimental effect. For biodegradation, the mechanistic relationship that took account of the integrative correlation with the influential factors was artfully developed using partial least square (PLS) regression technique. Relative to the most significant influence of culture time and initial concentration of BDE-47, the larger relevance of other factors primarily marked as pH and DOM was consecutively shown after the quantitative prioritization. This may not only help understand the influential mechanism but provide a prioritizing regulation strategy for biodegradation of BDE-47. The PLS-derived relationship was validated with the certain predictability in biodegradation, and could be used as an alternative to accelerate a priori evaluation of suitability or improve the feasibility of such bacteria in remediation of PBDEs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Zhihua Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiuli Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qingqing Ti
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xinglun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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20
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Xu J, Guo L, Zhao N, Meng X, Zhang J, Wang T, Wei X, Fan M. Response mechanisms to acid stress of acid-resistant bacteria and biotechnological applications in the food industry. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:258-274. [PMID: 35114869 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.2025335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Acid-resistant bacteria are more and more widely used in industrial production due to their unique acid-resistant properties. In order to survive in various acidic environments, acid-resistant bacteria have developed diverse protective mechanisms such as sensing acid stress and signal transduction, maintaining intracellular pH homeostasis by controlling the flow of H+, protecting and repairing biological macromolecules, metabolic modification, and cross-protection. Acid-resistant bacteria have broad biotechnological application prospects in the food field. The production of fermented foods with high acidity and acidophilic enzymes are the main applications of this kind of bacteria in the food industry. Their acid resistance modules can also be used to construct acid-resistant recombinant engineering strains for special purposes. However, they can also cause negative effects on foods, such as spoilage and toxicity. Herein, the aim of this paper is to summarize the research progress of molecular mechanisms against acid stress of acid-resistant bacteria. Moreover, their effects on the food industry were also discussed. It is useful to lay a foundation for broadening our understanding of the physiological metabolism of acid-resistant bacteria and better serving the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tieru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyuan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingtao Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Journey of the Probiotic Bacteria: Survival of the Fittest. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010095. [PMID: 36677387 PMCID: PMC9861974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to bring a more general view of the technological and biological challenges regarding production and use of probiotic bacteria in promoting human health. After a brief description of the current concepts, the challenges for the production at an industrial level are presented from the physiology of the central metabolism to the ability to face the main forms of stress in the industrial process. Once produced, these cells are processed to be commercialized in suspension or dried forms or added to food matrices. At this stage, the maintenance of cell viability and vitality is of paramount for the quality of the product. Powder products requires the development of strategies that ensure the integrity of components and cellular functions that allow complete recovery of cells at the time of consumption. Finally, once consumed, probiotic cells must face a very powerful set of physicochemical mechanisms within the body, which include enzymes, antibacterial molecules and sudden changes in pH. Understanding the action of these agents and the induction of cellular tolerance mechanisms is fundamental for the selection of increasingly efficient strains in order to survive from production to colonization of the intestinal tract and to promote the desired health benefits.
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22
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Wang D, Mi T, Huang J, Zhou R, Jin Y, Wu C. Metabolomics analysis of salt tolerance of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and guided exogenous fatty acid addition for improved salt tolerance. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6263-6272. [PMID: 35510311 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zygosaccharomyces rouxii plays an irreplaceable role in the manufacture of traditional fermented foods, which are produced in a high-salt environment. However, there is little research on strategies for improving salt tolerance of Z. rouxii. RESULTS In this study, metabolomics was used to reveal the changes in intracellular metabolites under salt stress, and the results show that most of the carbohydrate contents decreased, the contents of xanthohumol and glycerol increased (fold change 4.07 and 5.35, respectively), while the contents of galactinol, xylitol and d-threitol decreased (fold change -9.43, -5.83 and -3.59, respectively). In addition, the content of four amino acids and six organic acids decreased, while that of the ten nucleotides increased. Notably, except for stearic acid (C18:0), all fatty acid contents increased. Guided by the metabolomics results, the effect of addition of seven exogenous fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C16:1, C18:1, and C18:2) on the salt tolerance of Z. rouxii was analyzed, and the results suggested that four exogenous fatty acids (C12:0, C16:0, C16:1, and C18:1) can increase the biomass yield and maximum growth rate. Physiological analyses demonstrated that exogenous fatty acids could regulate the distribution of fatty acids in the cell membrane, increase the degree of unsaturation, improve membrane fluidity, and maintain cell integrity, morphology and surface roughness. CONCLUSION These results are applicable to revealing the metabolic mechanisms of Z. rouxii under salt stress and screening potential protective agents to improve stress resistance by adding exogenous fatty acids. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Mi
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Wang J, Wang T, Li Y, Fan Z, Lv Z, Liu L, Li X, Li B. Comparative genomic analysis of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SMN-LBK from koumiss. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042117. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SMN-LBK, which was isolated in Xinjiang, has been shown to be a probiotic strain and used as the auxiliary starter for dairy fermentation. Comparative genomic analysis was performed to investigate the metabolic preference and ethanol tolerance mechanisms of L. paracasei SMN-LBK. The results of comparative genomics showed that L. paracasei strains had high conservation and genetic diversity. SMN-LBK encoded various genes related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism pathways, which endow this strain with good fermentation potential. In addition, 6 CRISPR sequences and 8 cas proteins were found in SMN-LBK, and these could play vital roles in the immune system. Furthermore, a unique cluster of potential secondary metabolism genes related to bacteriocins was detected in the genome of SMN-LBK, and this could be important for the preservation of fermented foods. Multiple genes related to alcohol tolerance were also identified. In conclusion, our study explained the traits that were previously demonstrated for SMN-LBK as phenotypes and provided a theoretical basis for the application of SMN-LBK in the food industry.
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24
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Li X, Zhai Z, Hao Y, Zhang M, Hou C, He J, Shi S, Zhao Z, Sang Y, Ren F, Wang R. The plasmid-encoded lactose operon plays a vital role in the acid production rate of Lacticaseibacillus casei during milk beverage fermentation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016904. [PMID: 36386630 PMCID: PMC9647812 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus casei is used extensively in the fermented milk-beverage industry as a starter culture. Acid production capacity during fermentation is the main criterion for evaluating starters although it is strain-dependent. In this study, the acid production rates of 114 L. casei strains were determined and then classified into high acid (HC), medium acid (MC), and low acid (LC) groups. Comparative genomics analysis found that the lac operon genes encoding the phosphoenolpyruvate-lactose phosphotransferase system (PTSLac) were located on plasmids in the HC strains; however, it is notable that the corresponding operons were located on the chromosome in LC strains. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the copy numbers of lac operon genes in HC strains were between 3.1 and 9.3. To investigate the relationship between copy number and acid production rate, the lac operon cluster of the HC group was constitutively expressed in LC strains. The resulting copy numbers of lac operon genes were between 15.8 and 18.1; phospho-β-galactosidase activity increased by 1.68–1.99-fold; and the acid production rates increased by 1.24–1.40-fold, which enhanced the utilization rate of lactose from 17.5 to 42.6% in the recombinant strains. The markedly increased expression of lac operon genes increased lactose catabolism and thereby increased the acid production rate of L. casei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Hou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoqi Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Sang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fazheng Ren, Ran Wang,
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fazheng Ren, Ran Wang,
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25
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Zhang C, Han Y, Gui Y, Wa Y, Chen D, Huang Y, Yin B, Gu R. Influence of nitrogen sources on the tolerance of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus to heat stress and oxidative stress. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6693999. [PMID: 36073749 PMCID: PMC9559300 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that 32 genes related to nitrogen source metabolism in Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus are downregulated under both heat stress and oxidative stress. In this study, the influence of different nitrogen sources within the growth medium on the tolerance of L. rhamnosus to heat stress and oxidative stress was investigated. Tryptone-free MRS was found to enhance the tolerance of L. rhamnosus hsryfm 1301 to heat stress and oxidative stress during the whole growth period, and this result was universal for all L. rhamnosus species analyzed. The strongest strengthening effect occurred when the OD600 value reached 2.0, at which the survival rates under heat stress and oxidative stress increased 130-fold and 40-fold, respectively. After supplementing phenylalanine, isoleucine, glutamate, valine, histidine, or tryptophan into the tryptone-free MRS, the tolerance of L. rhamnosus to heat stress and oxidative stress exhibited a sharp drop. The spray drying survival rate of L. rhamnosus hsryfm 1301 cultured in the tryptone-free MRS rose to 75% (from 30%), and the spray dried powder also performed better in the experimentally simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These results showed that decreasing the intake of amino acids is an important mechanism for L. rhamnosus to tolerate heat stress and oxidative stress. When L. rhamnosus is cultured for spray drying, the concentration of the nitrogen source's components should be an important consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Dairy Biotechnology Engineering Research Center, Kang Yuan Dairy Co. Ltd., Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuemei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ya Gui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yunchao Wa
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yujun Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Boxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Dairy Biotechnology Engineering Research Center, Kang Yuan Dairy Co. Ltd., Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou, P.R. China
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26
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Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the contribution of membrane transporters to acid tolerance in Lactococcus lactis. J Biotechnol 2022; 357:9-17. [PMID: 35963594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acid stress caused by the accumulation of acidic metabolites severely affects the fermentation performance of lactic acid bacteria. In this study, to overcome the impact of acid stress during growth, nine membrane transporters were introduced in Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 to study their effects on acid tolerance. The engineered strains that overexpressed the metal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters zitP (metal ABC transporter permease) and zitQ (metal ABC transporter ATP-binding protein) exhibited 14.5 and 9.5-fold higher survival rates, respectively, at pH 4.0 for 4 h than the control strain. During acid stress, the two recombinant strains maintained relatively higher ATP concentrations, i.e., 7.7- and 11.7-fold higher, respectively, than the control strain at pH 4.0 for 3 h. Subsequently, transcriptome analysis revealed that genes associated with ABC transporters, metal ion transport, transcriptional regulation, and stress response exhibited differentially expressed. The transcriptional level of ecfA2 gene (energy-coupling factor transporter ATPase) was substantially higher in L. lactis (ZitQ) during acid stress, and the ecfA2 gene was overexpressed in L. lactis. This recombinant strain L. lactis (EcfA2) exhibited a 598.7-fold higher survival rate than the control strain at pH 4.0 for 4 h. This study showed that the membrane transporters ZitP and ZitQ could increase acid tolerance and provided a strategy for constructing robust strains that can be used in food industry.
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27
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Liu Y, Wang K, Pan L, Chen X. Improved Production of ε-Poly-L-Lysine in Streptomyces albulus Using Genome Shuffling and Its High-Yield Mechanism Analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:923526. [PMID: 35711770 PMCID: PMC9195005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.923526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), a natural food preservative, has recently gained interest and mainly produced by Streptomyces albulus. Lacking of efficient breeding methods limit ε-PL production improving, knockout byproducts and increase of main product flux strategies as a logical solution to increase yield. However, removing byproduct formation and improving main product synthesis has seen limited success due to the genetic background of ε-PL producing organism is not clear. To overcome this limitation, random mutagenesis continues to be the best way towards improving strains for ε-PL production. Recent advances in Illumina sequencing opened new avenues to understand improved strains. In this work, we used genome shuffling on strains obtained by ribosome engineering to generate a better ε-PL producing strain. The mutant strain SG-86 produced 144.7% more ε-PL than the parent strain M-Z18. Except that SG-86 displayed obvious differences in morphology and ATP compared to parent strain M-Z18. Using Illumina sequencing, we mapped the genomic changes leading to the improved phenotype. Sequencing two strains showed that the genome of the mutant strain was about 2.1 M less than that of the parent strain, including a large number of metabolic pathways, secondary metabolic gene clusters, and gene deletions. In addition, there are many SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and InDels (insertions and deletions) in the mutant strain. Based on the results of data analysis, a mechanism of ε-PL overproduction in S. albulus SG-86 was preliminarily proposed. This study is of great significance for improving the fermentation performance and providing theoretical guidance for the metabolic engineering construction of ε-PL producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaifang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Long Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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28
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Nguyen TT, Nguyen PT, Pham MN, Razafindralambo H, Hoang QK, Nguyen HT. Synbiotics: a New Route of Self-production and Applications to Human and Animal Health. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:980-993. [PMID: 35650337 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Synbiotics are preparations in which prebiotics are added to probiotics to achieve superior performance and benefits on the host. A new route of their formation is to induce the prebiotic biosynthesis within the probiotic for synbiotic self-production or autologous synbiotics. The aim of this review paper is first to overview the basic concept and (updated) definitions of synergistic synbiotics, and then to focus particularly on the prebiotic properties of probiotic wall components while describing the environmental factors/stresses that stimulate autologous synbiotics, that is, the biosynthesis of prebiotic-forming microcapsule by probiotic bacteria, and finally to present some of their applications to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Tho Nguyen
- Hutech Institute of Applied Science, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phu-Tho Nguyen
- An Giang University, An Giang, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh-Nhut Pham
- Hutech Institute of Applied Science, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Quoc-Khanh Hoang
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- An Giang University, An Giang, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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29
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MgO recycling in l-lactic acid fermentation and effects of the reusable alkaline neutralizer on Lactobacillus rhamnosus: From process integration to transcriptome analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Responses of Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4 upon Citric Acid Stress. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092664. [PMID: 35566015 PMCID: PMC9102369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the responses of a novel characterized Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4 against citric acid stress by performing physiological analysis, morphology observation, and structural and membrane fatty acid composition analysis. The results showed that under citric acid stress, the cell vitality of I. terricola WJL-G4 was reduced. The cell morphology changed with the unclear, uncompleted and thinner cell wall, and degraded the cell structure. When the citric acid concentration was 20 g/L, I. terricola WJL-G4 could tolerate citric acid and maintain the cell structure by increasing the intracellular pH, superoxide dismutase activity, and contents of unsaturated fatty acids. As the citric acid concentration was ≥80 g/L, the stress has exceeded the cellular anti-stress ability, causing substantial cell damage. The cell membrane permeability, the content of membrane lipids, malondialdehyde and superoxide anion increased, but the intracellular pH and superoxide dismutase activities decreased, accompanying the increase of citric acid concentrations. The findings of this work provided a theoretical basis for the responsive mechanism of I. terricola WJL-G4 under high concentrations of citric acid, and can serve as a reference for biological acid reduction in fruit processing.
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31
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Shi A, Broach JR. Microbial adaptive evolution. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 49:6407523. [PMID: 34673973 PMCID: PMC9118994 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial species can adapt to significant changes in their environment by mutation followed by selection, a phenomenon known as “adaptive evolution.” With the development of bioinformatics and genetic engineering, research on adaptive evolution has progressed rapidly, as have applications of the process. In this review, we summarize various mechanisms of bacterial adaptive evolution, the technologies used for studying it, and successful applications of the method in research and industry. We particularly highlight the contributions of Dr. L. O. Ingram. Microbial adaptive evolution has significant impact on our society not only from its industrial applications, but also in the evolution, emergence, and control of various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Shi
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - James R Broach
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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E J, Chen J, Chen Z, Ma R, Zhang J, Yao C, Wang R, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Li J, Wang J. Effects of different initial pH values on freeze-drying resistance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1 based on transcriptomics and proteomics. Food Res Int 2021; 149:110694. [PMID: 34600689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth and the resistance to adverse environments of lactic acid bacteria would be affected by adjusting the initial pH of the medium. In order to explore the effect of changing the initial pH of culture medium on the freeze-drying survival rate of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1, the effect of initial pH on cell membrane fatty acid composition and key enzyme activity were mainly determined, and the internal mechanism was studied by transcriptomics and proteomics methods. We found that compared with initial pH 7.4 group, initial pH 6.8 group could improve the freeze-drying survival rate of the L. plantarum LIP-1. It was possibly due to the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was upregulated in the initial pH6.8 group, which led to a rapid decrease in culture pH. To reduce the inhibitory effect of long-term acid environment on growth, the strain upregulated the expression of fatty acid synthesis-related genes and proteins, promoted the relative content of cyclopropane and unsaturated fatty acids, improved integrity of the cell membranes. The adjustment of fatty acid composition maintained the integrity of the cell membrane in a freeze-drying environment to improve the freeze-drying survival rate of the initial pH6.8 group. In addition, the long-term acid environment stimulated a cross-stress tolerance mechanism that significantly upregulated the expression of a cold stress protein. The results indicated that the optimal initial pH of the medium could improve the ability of L. plantarum LIP-1 to resist freeze-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing E
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Zichao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Rongze Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Jingya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Caiqing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Qiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Junguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, PR China
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Differences in Acid Stress Response of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Zhang Cultured from Solid-State Fermentation and Liquid-State Fermentation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091951. [PMID: 34576848 PMCID: PMC8465097 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-state fermentation (LSF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) are two forms of industrial production of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The choice of two fermentations for LAB production has drawn wide concern. In this study, the tolerance of bacteria produced by the two fermentation methods to acid stress was compared, and the reasons for the tolerance differences were analyzed at the physiological and transcriptional levels. The survival rate of the bacterial agent obtained from solid-state fermentation was significantly higher than that of bacteria obtained from liquid-state fermentation after spray drying and cold air drying. However, the tolerance of bacterial cells obtained from liquid-state fermentation to acid stress was significantly higher than that from solid-state fermentation. The analysis at physiological level indicated that under acid stress, cells from liquid-state fermentation displayed a more solid and complete membrane structure, higher cell membrane saturated fatty acid, more stable intracellular pH, and more stable activity of ATPase and glutathione reductase, compared with cells from solid-state fermentation, and these physiological differences led to better tolerance to acid stress. In addition, transcriptomic analysis showed that in the cells cultured from liquid-state fermentation, the genes related to glycolysis, inositol phosphate metabolism, and carbohydrate transport were down-regulated, whereas the genes related to fatty acid synthesis and glutamate metabolism were upregulated, compared with those in cells from solid-state fermentation. In addition, some genes related to acid stress response such as cspA, rimP, rbfA, mazF, and nagB were up-regulated. These findings provide a new perspective for the study of acid stress tolerance of L. paracasei Zhang and offer a reference for the selection of fermentation methods of LAB production.
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Wang D, Chen H, Yang H, Yao S, Wu C. Incorporation of Exogenous Fatty Acids Enhances the Salt Tolerance of Food Yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10301-10310. [PMID: 34449211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids have great effects on the maintenance of the cell membrane structure, cell viability, and cell metabolisms. In this study, we sought to elucidate the effects of exogenous fatty acids on the salt tolerance of food yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Results showed that Z. rouxii can grow by using exogenous fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2) as the sole carbon source. Four fatty acids (C12:0, C16:0, C16:1, and C18:1) can improve the salt tolerance of cells, enhance the formation of the cell biofilm, regulate the chemical compositions, restore growth in the presence of cerulenin, regulate the contents of membrane fatty acids, and control the expression of key genes in the fatty acid metabolism. Our results reveal that Z. rouxii can synthesize membrane fatty acids from exogenous fatty acids and the supplementation of these fatty acids can override the need for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Huan Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shangjie Yao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Physiology and antioxidant activity of Pediococcus pentosaceus R1 and Lactobacillus fermentum R6 in response to lactic acid stress. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Gao X, Kong J, Zhu H, Mao B, Cui S, Zhao J. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus response to environmental stress: Mechanisms and application of cross-protection to improve resistance against freeze-drying. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:802-821. [PMID: 34365708 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The review deals with lactic acid bacteria in characterizing the stress adaptation with cross-protection effects, mainly associated with Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus. It focuses on adaptation and cross-protection in Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus, including heat shocking, cold stress, acid stress, osmotic stress, starvation effect, etc. Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed databases were used for the systematic search of literature up to the year 2020. The literature suggests that a lower survival rate during freeze-drying is linked to environmental stress. Protective pretreatment under various mild stresses can be applied to lactic acid bacteria which may enhance resistance in a strain-dependent manner. We investigate the mechanism of damage and adaptation under various stresses including heat, cold, acidic, osmotic, starvation, oxidative and bile stress. Adaptive mechanisms include synthesis of stress-induced proteins, adjusting the composition of cell membrane fatty acids, accumulating compatible substances, etc. Next, we reveal the cross-protective effect of specific stress on the other environmental stresses. Freeze-drying is discussed from three perspectives including the regulation of membrane, accumulation of compatible solutes and the production of chaperones and stress-responsive proteases. The resistance of lactic acid bacteria against technological stress can be enhanced via cross-protection, which improves industrial efficiency concerning the survival of probiotics. However, the adaptive responses and cross-protection are strain-dependent and should be optimized case by case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Kong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongkang Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Response of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NMGL2 to Combinational Cold and Acid Stresses during Storage of Fermented Milk as Analyzed by Data-Independent Acquisition Proteomics. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071514. [PMID: 34209263 PMCID: PMC8305577 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanism of tolerance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during cold storage of fermented milk, 31 LAB strains were isolated from traditional fermented products, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NMGL2 was identified with good tolerance to both cold and acid stresses. Data-independent acquisition proteomics method was employed to analyze the response of Lpb. plantarum NMGL2 to the combinational cold and acid stresses during storage of the fermented milk made with the strain at 4 °C for 21 days. Among the differentially expressed proteins identified, 20 low temperature-resistant proteins and 10 acid-resistant proteins were found. Protein interaction analysis showed that the low temperature-resistant proteins associated with acid-resistant proteins were Hsp1, Hsp2, Hsp3, CspC, MurA1, MurC, MurD, MurE1, and MurI, while the acid-resistant proteins associated with low temperature-resistant proteins were DnaA, DnaK, GrpE, GroEL, and RbfA. The overall metabolic pathways of Lpb. plantarum NMGL2 in response to the stresses were determined including increased cell wall component biosynthesis, extracellular production of abundant glycolipids and glycoproteins, increased expression of F1Fo-ATPase, activation of glutamate deacidification system, enhanced expression of proteins and chaperones associated with cell repairing caused by the acidic and cold environment into the correct proteins. The present study for the first time provides further understanding of the proteomic pattern and metabolic changes of Lpb. plantarum in response to combinational cold and acid stresses in fermented milk, which facilitates potential application of Lpb. plantarum in fermented foods with enhanced survivability.
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Yuan L, Wu H, Wang B, Jia C, Liang D, Caiyin QGL, Qiao J. ComX improves acid tolerance by regulating the expression of late competence proteins in Lactococcus lactis F44. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9556-9569. [PMID: 34147226 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ComX can improve bacterial competence by modulating global gene expression. Although competence induction may also be a protective mechanism under stress, this has not been investigated in detail. Here, we demonstrated that ComX improved the acid tolerance and nisin yield of Lactococcus lactis, which is an important gram-positive bacterium increasingly used in modern biotechnological applications. We found that overexpression of comX could improve the survival rate up to 36.5% at pH 4.0, compared with only 5.4% and 1.1% with the wild-type and comX knockout strains, respectively. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR results indicated that comX overexpression stimulated the expression of late competence genes synergistically with exposure to acid stress. Finally, electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated the binding of purified ComX to the cin-box in the promoters of these genes. Taken together, our results reveal a regulation mechanism by which ComX and acid stress can synergistically modulate the expression of late competence genes to enhance cells' acid tolerance and nisin yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; Department of Bioengineering, School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing 312300, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 41000, P. R. China
| | - Cuili Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing 312300, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Ge-Le Caiyin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing 312300, P. R. China.
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Yang H, He M, Wu C. Cross protection of lactic acid bacteria during environmental stresses: Stress responses and underlying mechanisms. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Yang H, Zhang L, Li J, Jin Y, Zou J, Huang J, Zhou R, Huang M, Wu C. Cell surface properties and transcriptomic analysis of cross protection provided between heat adaptation and acid stress in Tetragenococcus halophilus. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110005. [PMID: 33648238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cross protection is a widely existed phenomenon in microorganisms which subjected to a mild stress develop tolerance to other stresses, yet the underlying mechanisms for this protection have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that heat preadaptation induced cross protection against acid stress in Tetragenococcus halophilus, and the cross protective mechanisms were revealed based on cell surface characterizations and transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that heat preadaptation of T. halophilus at 45 °C for 1.5 h improved the acid tolerance of cells at pH 2.5, and the preadapted cells exhibited higher pHi compared with the un-preadapted cells during acid stress. Analysis of the cell surface properties suggested that the heat-treated cells displayed smoother surface, lower roughness and higher integrity than those of untreated cells. Meanwhile, the distributions of membrane fatty acids also changed in response to acid stress, and the treated cells reveled lower ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. RNA-Sequencing was employed to further elucidate the cross protective mechanism induced by heat preadaptation, and the results showed that the differentially expressed genes (DGEs) were mainly involved in cellular metabolism and membrane transport during heat preadaptation. A detailed analysis of gene expression profile of cells between heat treated and untreated revealed that genes associated with energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and genetic information processing were induced upon heat stress. Results presented in this study may broaden our understanding on cross protection and provide a potential strategy to enhance the performance of cells during industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Luzhou Laojiao Group Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Luzhou Laojiao Group Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | | | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Heat preadaptation improved the ability of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii to salt stress: a combined physiological and transcriptomic analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 105:259-270. [PMID: 33216160 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii plays important roles in the brewing process of fermented foods such as soy sauce, where salt stress is a frequently encountered condition. In this study, effect of heat preadaptation on salt tolerance of Z. rouxii and the protective mechanisms underlying heat preadaptation were investigated based on physiological and transcriptomic analyses. Results showed that cells subjected to heat preadaptation (37 °C, 90 min) prior to salt stress aroused many physiological responses, including maintaining cell surface smooth and intracellular pH level, increasing Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Cells subjected to heat preadaptation increased the amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic C16:1, oleic C18:1, linoleic C18:2) and decreased the amounts of saturated fatty acids (palmitic C16:0, stearic C18:0) which caused the unsaturation degree (unsaturated/saturated = U/S ratio) increased by 2.4 times when compared with cells without preadaptation under salt stress. Besides, salt stress led to increase in contents of 5 amino acids (valine, proline, threonine, glycine, and tyrosine) and decrease of 2 amino acids (serine and lysine). When comparing the cells pre-exposed to heat preadaptation followed by challenged with salt stress and the cells without preadaptation under salt stress, the serine, threonine, and lysine contents increased significantly. RNA sequencing revealed that the metabolic level of glycolysis by Z. rouxii was weakened, while the metabolic levels of the pentose phosphate pathway and the riboflavin were enhanced in cells during heat preadaptation. Results presented in this study may contribute to understand the bases of adaptive responses in Z. rouxii and rationalize its exploitation in industrial processes.Key points• Heat preadaptation can improve high salinity tolerance of Z. rouxii.• Combined physiological and transcriptomic analyses of heat preadaptation mechanisms.• Provide theoretical support for the application of Z. rouxii.
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Hu S, Yu Y, Lv Z, Shen J, Ke Y, Xiao X. Proteomics study unveils ROS balance in acid-adapted Salmonella Enteritidis. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103585. [PMID: 32950169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis and is thus a persistent threat to global public health. The acid adaptation response helps Salmonella survive exposure to gastric environment during ingestion. In a previous study we highlighted the damage caused to cell membrane and the regulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. Enteritidis. In this study, we applied both physiologic and iTRAQ analyses to explore the regulatory mechanism of acid resistance in Salmonella. It was found that after S. Enteritidis was subject to a 1 h period of acid adaptation at pH 5.5, an additional 1 h period of acid shock stress at pH 3.0 caused less Salmonella cell death than in non-acid adapted Salmonella cells. Although there were no significant differences between adapted and non-adapted cells in terms of cell membrane damage (e.g., membrane permeability or lipid peroxidation) after 30 min, intracellular ROS level in acid adapted cells was dramatically reduced compared to that in non-acid adapted cells, indicating that acid adaption promoted less ROS generation or increased the ability of ROS scavenging with little reduction in the integrity of the cell membrane. These findings were confirmed via an iTRAQ analysis. The adapted cells were shown to trigger incorporation of exogenous long-chain fatty acids into the cellular membrane, resulting in a different membrane lipid profile and promoting survival rate under acid stress. S. Enteritidis experiences oxidative damage and iron deficiency under acid stress, but after acid adaption S. Enteritidis cells were able to balance their concentrations of intracellular ROS. Specifically, SodAB consumed the free protons responsible for forming reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and KatE protected cells from the toxic effects of ROIs. Additionally, acid-labile proteins released free unbound iron promoting ferroptotic metabolism, and NADH reduced GSSH to G-SH, protecting cells from acid/oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518055, PR China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10083, PR China
| | - Yigang Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, PR China
| | - Ziquan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518055, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10083, PR China
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518055, PR China.
| | - Xinglong Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, PR China.
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Wang C, Ren X, Yu C, Wang J, Wang L, Zhuge X, Liu X. Physiological and Transcriptional Responses of Streptomyces albulus to Acid Stress in the Biosynthesis of ε-Poly-L-lysine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1379. [PMID: 32636829 PMCID: PMC7317143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces albulus has commercially been used for the production of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), a natural food preservative, where acid stress is inevitably encountered in the biosynthesis process. To elucidate the acid tolerance response (ATR), a comparative physiology and transcriptomic analysis of S. albulus M-Z18 at different environmental pH (5.0, 4.0, and 3.0) was carried out. In response to acid stress, cell envelope regulated the membrane fatty acid composition and chain length to reduce damage. Moreover, intracellular pH homeostasis was maintained by increasing H+-ATPase activity and intracellular ATP and amino acid (mainly arginine, glutamate, aspartate and lysine) concentrations. Transcriptional analysis based on RNA-sequencing indicated that acid stress aroused global changes and the differentially expressed genes involved in transcriptional regulation, stress-response protein, transporter, cell envelope, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, DNA and RNA metabolism and ribosome subunit. Consequently, the ATR of S. albulus was preliminarily proposed. Notably, it is indicated that the biosynthesis of ε-PL is also a response mechanism for S. albulus to combat acid stress. These results provide new insights into the ATR of S. albulus and will contribute to the production of ε-PL via adaptive evolution or metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xidong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Junming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Zhuge
- Process Development Department, IntellectiveBio Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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44
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Deng N, Du H, Xu Y. Cooperative Response of Pichia kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Lactic Acid Stress in Baijiu Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4903-4911. [PMID: 32180399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid is a universal metabolite, as well as a growth inhibitor of ethanol producers in Baijiu fermentation. Revealing the mechanism of lactic acid tolerance is essential for the yield of fermented foods. Here, we employed reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction to explore the degradation mechanism of lactic acid, based on the coculture of Pichia kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Under high lactic acid stress, P. kudriavzevii decreased lactic acid from 40.00 to 35.46 g L-1 within 24 h. Then, S. cerevisiae restored its capacity to degrade lactic acid. Finally, lactic acid decreased to 26.29 g L-1. Coculture significantly enhanced lactic acid consumption compared to the monoculture of P. kudriavzevii (90% higher) or S. cerevisiae (209% higher). We found that lactate catabolism, H+ extrusion, and glycerol transport were the lactic acid tolerance pathways in yeasts. This study reveals the novel acid tolerance mechanisms of microbiota and would provide new strategies for ethanol production under acid stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Institute for Chinese Jiang-Flavor Baijiu (Liquor), Renhuai, Guizhou 564500, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Institute for Chinese Jiang-Flavor Baijiu (Liquor), Renhuai, Guizhou 564500, China
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45
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Zhang W, Li X, He Y, Xu X, Chen H, Zhang A, Liu Y, Xue G, Makinia J. Ammonia amendment promotes high rate lactate production and recovery from semi-continuous food waste fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 302:122881. [PMID: 32014732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a reliable approach using ammonia nitrogen was proposed to increase lactate production during semi-continuous food waste (FW) fermentation under mesophilic conditions. Both free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) and ammonium ion (NH4+-N) were present in mesophilic reactors, with a wide FAN/NH4+-N ratio variation due to the intermittent pH control. The investigation of responsible mechanisms revealed that the increased production yield of LA was associated with the acceleration of solubilization, hydrolysis, glycolysis and acidification. The presence of FAN and NH4+-N in proper concentrations increased lactate production by 2.4 folds and recovered lactate production to 24.5 g COD/L from low rate control reactor (9.6 g COD/L) under mesophilic conditions. Furthermore, the microorganisms responsible for LA accumulation (Bavariicoccus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium and Corynebacterium) were selectively enriched, and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways associated with carbohydrate transport and LA production were enhanced in nitrogen fed reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Ya He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Xianbao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ai Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jacek Makinia
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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46
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Nyabako BA, Fang H, Cui F, Liu K, Tao T, Zan X, Sun W. Enhanced Acid Tolerance in Lactobacillus acidophilus by Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) Coupled with Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1499-1514. [PMID: 32125647 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve the acid tolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus by combining atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutation with adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). To achieve a high mutation efficiency, 60 s was determined as the ideal exposure time for ARTP mutation of L. acidophilus with a survival rate of 5.91%. The ARTP-ALE mutant strain LAartp-ale2 displayed increased lactic acid stress tolerance with survival rates of 75.67% and 25.78% when cultured in pH 3.0 and 2.5, respectively, for 3 h. Physiological analysis revealed that the ARTP-ALE mutant exhibited a lower inner membrane permeability than that of the parental strain during acid stress. Furthermore, the mutant LAartp-ale2 produced more biofilm in response to lactic acid-induced acid stress and showed an increased hydrophobicity (87.2%) when compared to the parent strain (76.2%) at pH 2.5. LAartp-ale2 exhibited a higher unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) to saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio that affected the physical state of the cell membrane for increased survival in pH 3.0 and 2.5. The mutation with ARTP coupled with ALE in the present study proved to be effective in enhancing the acid tolerance of L. acidophilus for potential industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Amanda Nyabako
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Fang
- ShangHai YuanYao Biotechnology, Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201316, People's Republic of China
| | - FengJie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China. .,ShangHai YuanYao Biotechnology, Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201316, People's Republic of China.
| | - KaiYue Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - TingLei Tao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - XinYi Zan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - WenJing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
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47
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Wang D, Zhang M, Huang J, Zhou R, Jin Y, Wu C. Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Combats Salt Stress by Maintaining Cell Membrane Structure and Functionality. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:62-70. [PMID: 31635442 PMCID: PMC9728352 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1904.04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is an important yeast that is required in the food fermentation process due to its high salt tolerance. In this study, the responses and resistance strategies of Z. rouxii against salt stress were investigated by performing physiological analysis at membrane level. The results showed that under salt stress, cell integrity was destroyed, and the cell wall was ruptured, which was accompanied by intracellular substance spillover. With an increase of salt concentrations, intracellular Na+ content increased slightly, whereas intracellular K+ content decreased significantly, which caused the increase of the intracellular Na+/K+ ratio. In addition, in response to salt stress, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase increased from 0.54 to 2.14 μmol/mg protein, and the ergosterol content increased to 2.42-fold to maintain membrane stability. Analysis of cell membrane fluidity and fatty acid composition showed that cell membrane fluidity decreased and unsaturated fatty acid proportions increased, leading to a 101.21% rise in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio. The results presented in this study offer guidance in understanding the salt tolerance mechanism of Z. rouxii, and in developing new strategies to increase the industrial utilization of this species under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkang Wang
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 60065, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 60065, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 60065, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 60065, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 60065, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China,Corresponding authors Y.J. Phone: +86-13882197633 Fax: +86-28-85405237 E-mail:
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 60065, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China,C.W. Phone: +86-28-85406149 Fax: +86-28-85405237 E-mail:
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48
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O’Donnell ST, Ross RP, Stanton C. The Progress of Multi-Omics Technologies: Determining Function in Lactic Acid Bacteria Using a Systems Level Approach. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3084. [PMID: 32047482 PMCID: PMC6997344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have long been recognized as having a significant impact ranging from commercial to health domains. A vast amount of research has been carried out on these microbes, deciphering many of the pathways and components responsible for these desirable effects. However, a large proportion of this functional information has been derived from a reductionist approach working with pure culture strains. This provides limited insight into understanding the impact of LAB within intricate systems such as the gut microbiome or multi strain starter cultures. Whole genome sequencing of strains and shotgun metagenomics of entire systems are powerful techniques that are currently widely used to decipher function in microbes, but they also have their limitations. An available genome or metagenome can provide an image of what a strain or microbiome, respectively, is potentially capable of and the functions that they may carry out. A top-down, multi-omics approach has the power to resolve the functional potential of an ecosystem into an image of what is being expressed, translated and produced. With this image, it is possible to see the real functions that members of a system are performing and allow more accurate and impactful predictions of the effects of these microorganisms. This review will discuss how technological advances have the potential to increase the yield of information from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The potential for integrated omics to resolve the role of LAB in complex systems will also be assessed. Finally, the current software approaches for managing these omics data sets will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Thomas O’Donnell
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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49
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Guan N, Liu L. Microbial response to acid stress: mechanisms and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:51-65. [PMID: 31773206 PMCID: PMC6942593 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms encounter acid stress during multiple bioprocesses. Microbial species have therefore developed a variety of resistance mechanisms. The damage caused by acidic environments is mitigated through the maintenance of pH homeostasis, cell membrane integrity and fluidity, metabolic regulation, and macromolecule repair. The acid tolerance mechanisms can be used to protect probiotics against gastric acids during the process of food intake, and can enhance the biosynthesis of organic acids. The combination of systems and synthetic biology technologies offers new and wide prospects for the industrial applications of microbial acid tolerance mechanisms. In this review, we summarize acid stress response mechanisms of microbial cells, illustrate the application of microbial acid tolerance in industry, and prospect the introduction of systems and synthetic biology to further explore the acid tolerance mechanisms and construct a microbial cell factory for valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzi Guan
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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50
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Zhu Z, Yang P, Wu Z, Zhang J, Du G. Systemic understanding of Lactococcus lactis response to acid stress using transcriptomics approaches. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1621-1629. [PMID: 31414323 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During fermentation, acid stress caused by the accumulation of acidic metabolites seriously affects the metabolic activity and production capacity of microbial cells. To elucidate the acid stress-tolerance mechanisms of microbial cells, we performed genome mutagenesis combined with high-throughput technologies to screen acid stress-tolerant strains. Mutant strain Lactococcus lactis WH101 showed a 16,000-fold higher survival rate than that of the parent strain after 5 h of acid shock at pH 4.0 and maintained higher ATP, NH4+, and intracellular pH (pHi) levels during acid stress. Additionally, comparative transcriptomics analysis revealed enhanced regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport to provide additional energy, amino acid metabolism and transport to maintain pHi homeostasis and ATP generation, and fatty acid metabolism to enhance cellular acid tolerance. Moreover, overexpression of identified components resulted in 12.6- and 12.9-fold higher survival rates after acid shock for 3 h at pH 4.0 in L. lactis (ArcB) and L. lactis (MalQ) compared to the control strain, respectively. These findings provide valuable insight into the acid stress-response mechanisms of L. lactis and promote the further development of robust industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peishan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
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