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Microbial cell surface engineering for high-level synthesis of bio-products. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 55:107912. [PMID: 35041862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial cell surface layers, which mainly include the cell membrane, cell wall, periplasmic space, outer membrane, capsules, S-layers, pili, and flagella, control material exchange between the cell and the extracellular environment, and have great impact on production titers and yields of various bio-products synthesized by microbes. Recent research work has made exciting achievements in metabolic engineering using microbial cell surface components as novel regulation targets without direct modifications of the metabolic pathways of the desired products. This review article will summarize the accomplishments obtained in this emerging field, and will describe various engineering strategies that have been adopted in bacteria and yeasts for the enhancement of mass transfer across the cell surface, improvement of protein expression and folding, modulation of cell size and shape, and re-direction of cellular resources, all of which contribute to the construction of more efficient microbial cell factories toward the synthesis of a variety of bio-products. The existing problems and possible future directions will also be discussed.
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Wang Z, Zheng Y, Ji M, Zhang X, Wang H, Chen Y, Wu Q, Chen GQ. Hyperproduction of PHA copolymers containing high fractions of 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) by outer membrane-defected Halomonas bluephagenesis grown in bioreactors. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1586-1597. [PMID: 34978757 PMCID: PMC9049619 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane (OM) is a self‐protective and permeable barrier, while having many non‐negligible negative effects in industrial biotechnology. Our previous studies revealed enhanced properties of Halomonas bluephagenesis based on positive cellular properties by OM defects. This study further expands the OM defect on membrane compactness by completely deleting two secondary acyltransferases for lipid A modification in H. bluephagenesis, LpxL and LpxM, and found more significant advantages than that of the previous lpxL mutant. Deletions on LpxL and LpxM accelerated poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production by H. bluephagenesis WZY229, leading to a 37% increase in PHB accumulation and 84‐folds reduced endotoxin production. Enhanced membrane permeability accelerates the diffusion of γ‐butyrolactone, allowing H. bluephagenesis WZY254 derived from H. bluephagenesis WZY229 to produce 82wt% poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐23mol%4‐hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB‐co‐23mol%4HB)) in shake flasks, showing increases of 102% and 307% in P(3HB‐co‐4HB) production and 4HB accumulation, respectively. The 4HB molar fraction in copolymer can be elevated to 32 mol% in the presence of more γ‐butyrolactone. In a 7‐l bioreactor fed‐batch fermentation, H. bluephagenesis WZY254 supported a 84 g l−1 dry cell mass with 81wt% P(3HB‐co‐26mol%4HB), increasing 136% in 4HB molar fraction. This study further demonstrated that OM defects generate a hyperproduction strain for high 4HB containing copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yifei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mengke Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuemeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Dept Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Wang Z, Qin Q, Zheng Y, Li F, Zhao Y, Chen GQ. Engineering the permeability of Halomonas bluephagenesis enhanced its chassis properties. Metab Eng 2021; 67:53-66. [PMID: 34098101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane (OM), an asymmetric lipid bilayer functioning as a self-protective barrier with reduced permeability for Gram-negative bacteria, yet wasting nutrients and energy to synthesize, has not been studied for its effect on bioproduction. Here we construct several OM-defected halophile Halomonas bluephagenesis strains to investigate the effects of OM on bioproduction. We achieve enhanced chassis properties of H. bluephagenesis based on positive cellular properties among several OM-defected strains. The OM-defected H. bluephagenesis WZY09 demonstrates better adaptation to lower salinity, increasing 28%, 30% and 12% on dry cell mass (DCM), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) accumulation and glucose to PHB conversion rate, respectively, including enlarged cell sizes and 21-folds reduced endotoxin. Interestingly, a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-21mol%4-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-co-21mol%4HB)) is produced by H. bluephagenesis WZY09 derivate WZY249, increasing 60% and 260% on polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production and 4HB content, respectively. Furthermore, increased electroporation efficiency, more sensitive isopropyl β-D-1-thio-galactopyranoside (IPTG) induction, better oxygen uptake, enhanced antibiotics sensitivity and ectoine secretion due to better membrane permeability are observed if OM defected, demonstrating significant OM defection impacts for further metabolic engineering, synthetic biology studies and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qin Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yifei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fajin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Dept Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Wang J, Ma W, Wang X. Insights into the structure of Escherichia coli outer membrane as the target for engineering microbial cell factories. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:73. [PMID: 33743682 PMCID: PMC7980664 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is generally used as model bacteria to define microbial cell factories for many products and to investigate regulation mechanisms. E. coli exhibits phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, colanic acid, flagella and type I fimbriae on the outer membrane which is a self-protective barrier and closely related to cellular morphology, growth, phenotypes and stress adaptation. However, these outer membrane associated molecules could also lead to potential contamination and insecurity for fermentation products and consume lots of nutrients and energy sources. Therefore, understanding critical insights of these membrane associated molecules is necessary for building better microbial producers. Here the biosynthesis, function, influences, and current membrane engineering applications of these outer membrane associated molecules were reviewed from the perspective of synthetic biology, and the potential and effective engineering strategies on the outer membrane to improve fermentation features for microbial cell factories were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Wang J, Ma W, Fang Y, Zhang H, Liang H, Li Y, Wang X. Truncating the Structure of Lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli Can Effectively Improve Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Production. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1201-1215. [PMID: 32302096 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate is an environmentally friendly polymer with many promising applications and can be produced in Escherichia coli cells after overexpressing the heterologous gene cluster phaCAB. In this study, we found that truncating the structure of lipopolysaccharide in E. coli can effectively enhance poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production. E. coli mutant strains WJW00, WJD00, and WJJ00 were constructed by deleting rfaD from E. coli strain W3110, DH5α, and JM109, respectively. Compared to the controls W3110/pDXW-8-phaCAB, DH5a/pDXW-8-phaCAB, and JM109/pDXW-8-phaCAB, the yield of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in WJW00/pDXW-8-phaCAB, WJD00/pDXW-8-phaCAB, and WJJ00/pDXW-8-phaCAB cells increased by 200%, 81.5%, and 75.6%, respectively, and the conversion rate of glucose to poly-3-hydroxybutyrate was increased by ∼250%. Further analysis revealed that LPS truncation in E. coli rebalanced carbon and nitrogen metabolism, increased the levels of acetyl-CoA, γ-aminobutyric acid, NADPH, NADH, and ATP, and decreased the levels of organic acids and flagella, resulting in the high ratio of carbon to nitrogen. These metabolic changes in these E. coli mutants led to the significant increase of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Raberg M, Heinrich D, Steinbüchel A. Analysis of PHB Metabolism Applying Tn5 Mutagenesis in Ralstonia eutropha. SPRINGER PROTOCOLS HANDBOOKS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/8623_2015_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Osanai T, Numata K, Oikawa A, Kuwahara A, Iijima H, Doi Y, Tanaka K, Saito K, Hirai MY. Increased bioplastic production with an RNA polymerase sigma factor SigE during nitrogen starvation in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. DNA Res 2013; 20:525-35. [PMID: 23861321 PMCID: PMC3859321 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cyanobacteria directly harvest CO2 and light energy, their carbon metabolism is important for both basic and applied sciences. Here, we show that overexpression of the sigma factor sigE in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 widely changes sugar catabolism and increases production of the biodegradable polyester polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) during nitrogen starvation. sigE overexpression elevates the levels of proteins implicated in glycogen catabolism, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis. PHB accumulation is enhanced by sigE overexpression under nitrogen-limited conditions, yet the molecular weights of PHBs synthesized by the parental glucose-tolerant and sigE overexpression strain are similar. Although gene expression induced by nitrogen starvation is changed and other metabolites (such as GDP-mannose and citrate) accumulate under sigE overexpression, genetic engineering of this sigma factor altered the metabolic pathway from glycogen to PHB during nitrogen starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Osanai
- 1RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Zhao D, Cai L, Wu J, Li M, Liu H, Han J, Zhou J, Xiang H. Improving polyhydroxyalkanoate production by knocking out the genes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Haloferax mediterranei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:3027-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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