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Alegbeleye O, Sant'Ana AS. Impact of temperature, soil type and compost amendment on the survival, growth and persistence of Listeria monocytogenes of non-environmental (food-source associated) origin in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157033. [PMID: 35777564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes of varied sources including food-related sources may reach the soil. Associated food safety and environmental health risks of such contamination depend significantly on the capacity of L. monocytogenes to survive in the soil. This study assessed the survival of 13 L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food and food processing environments and a cocktail of three of the strains in two types of soils (loam and sandy) under controlled temperature conditions: 5, 10, 20, 25, 30℃ and 'uncontrolled' ambient temperature conditions in a tropical region. The impact of compost amendment on the survival of L. monocytogenes in the two different types of soils was also assessed. Soil type, temperature and compost amendment significantly (P <0.001) impacted the survival of L. monocytogenes in soil. Temperature variations affected the survival of L. monocytogenes in soil, where some strains such as strain 732, a L. monocytogenes 1/2a strain survived better at lower temperature (5°C), for which counts of up to 10.47 ± 0.005 log CFU/g were recovered in compost-amended sandy soil, 60 days post-inoculation. Some other strains such as strain 441, a L. monocytogenes 1/2a survived best at intermediate temperature (25 and 30 °C), while others such as 2739 (L. monocytogenes 1/2b) thrived at higher temperature (between 30 °C - 37 °C). There were significant correlations between the influence of temperature and soil type, where lower temperature conditions (5°C - 20°C) were generally more suitable for survival in sandy soil compared to higher temperature conditions. For some of the strains that thrived better in sandy soil at lower temperature, Pearson correlation analysis found significant correlations between temperature and soil type. Steady, controlled temperature generally favored the survival of the strains compared to uncontrolled ambient temperature conditions, except for the cocktail. The cocktail persisted until the last day of post-inoculation storage (60th day) in all test soils and under all incubation temperature conditions. Loam soil was more favorable for the survival of L. monocytogenes and compost amendment improved the survival of the strains, especially in compost-amended sandy soil. Listeria monocytogenes may exhibit variable survival capacity in soil, depending on conditions such as soil type, compost amendment and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Alegbeleye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Random encounters and amoeba locomotion drive the predation of Listeria monocytogenes by Acanthamoeba castellanii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122659119. [PMID: 35914149 PMCID: PMC9371647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122659119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Predatory protozoa play an essential role in shaping microbial populations. Among these protozoa, Acanthamoeba are ubiquitous in the soil and aqueous environments inhabited by Listeria monocytogenes. Observations of predator-prey interactions between these two microorganisms revealed a predation strategy in which Acanthamoeba castellanii assemble L. monocytogenes in aggregates, termed backpacks, on their posterior. The rapid formation and specific location of backpacks led to the assumption that A. castellanii may recruit L. monocytogenes by releasing an attractant. However, this hypothesis has not been validated, and the mechanisms driving this process remained unknown. Here, we combined video microscopy, microfluidics, single-cell image analyses, and theoretical modeling to characterize predator-prey interactions of A. castellanii and L. monocytogenes and determined whether bacterial chemotaxis contributes to the backpack formation. Our results indicate that L. monocytogenes captures are not driven by chemotaxis. Instead, random encounters of bacteria with amoebae initialize bacterial capture and aggregation. This is supported by the strong correlation between experimentally derived capture rates and theoretical encounter models at the single-cell level. Observations of the spatial rearrangement of L. monocytogenes trapped by A. castellanii revealed that bacterial aggregation into backpacks is mainly driven by amoeboid locomotion. Overall, we show that two nonspecific, independent mechanisms, namely random encounters enhanced by bacterial motility and predator surface-bound locomotion, drive backpack formation, resulting in a bacterial aggregate on the amoeba ready for phagocytosis. Due to the prevalence of these two processes in the environment, we expect this strategy to be widespread among amoebae, contributing to their effectiveness as predators.
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Amoebae as Targets for Toxins or Effectors Secreted by Mammalian Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080526. [PMID: 34437397 PMCID: PMC8402458 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous microorganisms, pathogenic for mammals, come from the environment where they encounter predators such as free-living amoebae (FLA). The selective pressure due to this interaction could have generated virulence traits that are deleterious for amoebae and represents a weapon against mammals. Toxins are one of these powerful tools that are essential for bacteria or fungi to survive. Which amoebae are used as a model to study the effects of toxins? What amoeba functions have been reported to be disrupted by toxins and bacterial secreted factors? Do bacteria and fungi effectors affect eukaryotic cells similarly? Here, we review some studies allowing to answer these questions, highlighting the necessity to extend investigations of microbial pathogenicity, from mammals to the environmental reservoir that are amoebae.
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Denet E, Triadou S, Michalet S, Nazaret S, Favre-Bonté S. Growth of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and expression of Sme efflux pumps encoding genes in the presence of supernatants from amoebal and bacterial co-cultures: towards the role of amoebal secondary metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:702-711. [PMID: 32902135 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps are relevant determinants of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia multidrug resistance as they can extrude a broad range of antibiotics and compounds involved in virulence and physiological functions. S. maltophilia, an environmental bacterium, was shown to be associated with amoebae and able to multiply inside them. To explore whether S. maltophilia RND efflux pumps play a role when interacting with amoebae, we evaluated the effect of amoebal culture and co-culture supernatants on the growth of S. maltophilia and the expression of sme efflux pump genes. Acanthamoeba castellanii and Willaertia magna were used as amoebal models and strain S. maltophilia BurE1 as bacterial one. Our data showed that both bacterial growth and sme gene expression were not modified by amoebal culture supernatants. On the contrary, co-culture supernatants negatively impacted the growth of BurE1 and induced the expression of three out of eight efflux pump genes, i.e. smeE, smeN and smeZ. Finally, we evidenced the production of A. castellanii secondary metabolites, putatively belonging to the diterpene family, in the amoebal supernatant and in the co-culture supernatant of A. castellanii and BurE1. Whether these compounds act directly as substrates of the efflux pumps and/or inducers of the sme genes need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Denet
- Université Lyon 1, Research Group on Environmental Multi-Resistance and Bacterial Efflux, UMR CNRS 5557/ UMR INRAe 1418 Ecologie Microbienne, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
| | - Sylvain Triadou
- Université Lyon 1, Research Group on Environmental Multi-Resistance and Bacterial Efflux, UMR CNRS 5557/ UMR INRAe 1418 Ecologie Microbienne, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
| | - Serge Michalet
- Université Lyon 1, Research Group on Environmental Multi-Resistance and Bacterial Efflux, UMR CNRS 5557/ UMR INRAe 1418 Ecologie Microbienne, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
| | - Sylvie Nazaret
- Université Lyon 1, Research Group on Environmental Multi-Resistance and Bacterial Efflux, UMR CNRS 5557/ UMR INRAe 1418 Ecologie Microbienne, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
| | - Sabine Favre-Bonté
- Université Lyon 1, Research Group on Environmental Multi-Resistance and Bacterial Efflux, UMR CNRS 5557/ UMR INRAe 1418 Ecologie Microbienne, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, France
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Abstract
For nearly a century the use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has benefited human and animal health. In recent years there has been an increase in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, in part attributed to the overuse of compounds in clinical and farming settings. The genus Listeria currently comprises 17 recognized species found throughout the environment. Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis in humans and many vertebrate species, including birds, whereas Listeria ivanovii causes infections mainly in ruminants. L. monocytogenes is the third-most-common cause of death from food poisoning in humans, and infection occurs in at-risk groups, including pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
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Sun S, Noorian P, McDougald D. Dual Role of Mechanisms Involved in Resistance to Predation by Protozoa and Virulence to Humans. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1017. [PMID: 29867902 PMCID: PMC5967200 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most opportunistic pathogens transit in the environment between hosts and the environment plays a significant role in the evolution of protective traits. The coincidental evolution hypothesis suggests that virulence factors arose as a response to other selective pressures rather for virulence per se. This idea is strongly supported by the elucidation of bacterial-protozoal interactions. In response to protozoan predation, bacteria have evolved various defensive mechanisms which may also function as virulence factors. In this review, we summarize the dual role of factors involved in both grazing resistance and human pathogenesis, and compare the traits using model intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Intracellular pathogens rely on active invasion, blocking of the phagosome and lysosome fusion and resistance to phagocytic digestion to successfully invade host cells. In contrast, extracellular pathogens utilize toxin secretion and biofilm formation to avoid internalization by phagocytes. The complexity and diversity of bacterial virulence factors whose evolution is driven by protozoan predation, highlights the importance of protozoa in evolution of opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Sun
- ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Parisa Noorian
- ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diane McDougald
- ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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de Souza TK, Soares SS, Benitez LB, Rott MB. Interaction Between Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:541-549. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Shabbir MZ, Barbuddhe S, Malik SVS, Singh RK. Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2015; 35:211-35. [PMID: 26073265 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1063023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, stillbirth, perinatal infections and gastroenteritis with the incubation period varying with the form of infection. L. monocytogenes has been isolated worldwide from humans, animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and infection is mainly transmitted through foods in humans and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- b Division of Bacteriology and Mycology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences , Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura 281001 , India
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- d Quality Operations Laboratory , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sukhadeo Barbuddhe
- e Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex for Goa , Old Goa, Goa 403402, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- f Division of Veterinary Public Health , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- g Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
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Vaerewijck MJ, Baré J, Lambrecht E, Sabbe K, Houf K. Interactions of Foodborne Pathogens with Free-living Protozoa: Potential Consequences for Food Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Baré
- Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent Univ; Belgium
| | - Ellen Lambrecht
- Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent Univ; Belgium
| | - Koen Sabbe
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology; Dept. of Biology, Ghent Univ; Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent Univ; Belgium
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Schuppler M. How the interaction of Listeria monocytogenes and Acanthamoeba spp. affects growth and distribution of the food borne pathogen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2907-16. [PMID: 24557567 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne opportunistic pathogen capable to switch from an environmental saprophyte to a potentially fatal human pathogen. The fact that the pathogen maintains the genes suitable for an elaborate infectious process indicates that these genes are required to survive in the environment. However, no environmental host reservoir for L. monocytogenes has been identified so far. The similarity of free-living, bacteria-scavenging amoebae to macrophages led to the hypothesis that protozoa may represent the missing link in the ecology and pathology of L. monocytogenes. Consequently, numerous studies have been published reporting on the potential of Acanthamoeba spp. to serve as host for a variety of pathogenic bacteria. However, the data on the interaction of L. monocytogenes with Acanthamoeba spp. are inconsistent and relatively little information on the impact of this interaction on growth and distribution of the foodborne pathogen is currently available. Hence, this review focuses on the interaction of L. monocytogenes and Acanthamoeba spp. affecting survival and growth of the foodborne pathogen in natural and man-made environments, in order to highlight the potential impact of this interplay on food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schuppler
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland,
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