1
|
Lee Erickson J, Schuster M. Extracellular proteases from microbial plant pathogens as virulence factors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102621. [PMID: 39232347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deploy specialized proteins to aid disease progression, some of these proteins function in the apoplast and constitute proteases. Extracellular virulence proteases have been described to play roles in plant cell wall manipulation and immune evasion. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the hypothesized virulence functions of bacterial, fungal, and oomycete extracellular proteases. We highlight the contrast between the low number of elucidated functions for these proteins and the size of extracellular protease repertoires among pathogens. Finally, we suggest that the refinement of in planta 'omics' approaches, combined with recent advances in modeling and mechanism-based methods for trapping substrates finally make it possible to address this knowledge gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Schuster
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Svetlova AO, Karaseva MA, Berdyshev IM, Chukhontseva KN, Pobeguts OV, Galyamina MA, Smirnov IP, Polyakov NB, Zavialova MG, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. Protease S of entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus laumondii: expression, purification and effect on greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:713. [PMID: 38824247 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease S (PrtS) from Photorhabdus laumondii belongs to the group of protealysin-like proteases (PLPs), which are understudied factors thought to play a role in the interaction of bacteria with other organisms. Since P. laumondii is an insect pathogen and a nematode symbiont, the analysis of the biological functions of PLPs using the PrtS model provides novel data on diverse types of interactions between bacteria and hosts. METHODS AND RESULTS Recombinant PrtS was produced in Escherichia coli. Efficient inhibition of PrtS activity by photorin, a recently discovered emfourin-like protein inhibitor from P. laumondii, was demonstrated. The Galleria mellonella was utilized to examine the insect toxicity of PrtS and the impact of PrtS on hemolymph proteins in vitro. The insect toxicity of PrtS is reduced compared to protease homologues from non-pathogenic bacteria and is likely not essential for the infection process. However, using proteomic analysis, potential PrtS targets have been identified in the hemolymph. CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of identified proteins indicates that the function of PrtS is to modulate the insect immune response. Further studies of PLPs' biological role in the PrtS and P. laumondii model must clarify the details of PrtS interaction with the insect immune system during bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Olga V Pobeguts
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Galyamina
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor P Smirnov
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita B Polyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G Zavialova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tendiuk N, Diakonova A, Petrova O, Mukhametzyanov T, Makshakova O, Gorshkov V. Svx Peptidases of Phytopathogenic Pectolytic Bacteria: Structural, Catalytic and Phytoimmune Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:756. [PMID: 38255830 PMCID: PMC10815107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Svx proteins are virulence factors secreted by phytopathogenic bacteria of the Pectobacterium genus into the host plant cell wall. Svx-encoding genes are present in almost all species of the soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (Pectobacterium and Dickeya genera). The Svx of P. atrosepticum (Pba) has been shown to be a gluzincin metallopeptidase that presumably targets plant extensins, proteins that contribute to plant cell wall rigidity and participate in cell signaling. However, the particular "output" of the Pba Svx action in terms of plant-pathogen interactions and plant immune responses remained unknown. The Svx proteins are largely unexplored in Dickeya species, even though some of them have genes encoding two Svx homologs. Therefore, our study aims to compare the structural and catalytic properties of the Svx proteins of Pba and D. solani (Dso) and to test the phytoimmune properties of these proteins. Two assayed Dso Svx proteins, similar to Pba Svx, were gluzincin metallopeptidases with conservative tertiary structures. The two domains of the Svx proteins form electronegative clefts where the active centers of the peptidase domains are located. All three assayed Svx proteins possessed phytoimmunosuppressory properties and induced ethylene-mediated plant susceptible responses that play a decisive role in Pba-caused disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tendiuk
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Anastasiya Diakonova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Timur Mukhametzyanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Olga Makshakova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (N.T.); (A.D.); (O.P.); (O.M.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ben Moussa H, Pédron J, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Barny MA. Two species with a peculiar evolution within the genus Pectobacterium suggest adaptation to a new environmental niche. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2465-2480. [PMID: 37550252 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically, research on Soft Rot Pectobacteriacea (SRP) has focused on economically important crops and ornamentals and knowledge of these bacteria outside the plant context remains poorly investigated. Recently, two closely related species Pectobacterium aquaticum and Pectobacterium quasiaquaticum were isolated from water and have not been isolated from any plant yet. To identify the distinctive characteristics of these two species, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of 80 genomes representing 19 Pectobacterium species and performed an evolutionary reconstruction. Both water species underwent a reduction in genome size associated with a high pseudogene content. A high gene loss was predicted at the emergence of both species. Among the 199 gene families missing from both P. aquaticum and P. quasiaquaticum genomes but present in at least 80% of other Pectobacterium genomes, COG analysis identified many genes involved in nutrient transport systems. In addition, many type II secreted proteins were also missing in both species. Phenotypic analysis revealed that both species had reduced pectinolytic activity, a biofilm formation defect, were highly motile and had reduced virulence on several plants. These genomic and phenotypic data suggest that the ecological niche of P. aquaticum and P. quasiaquaticum may differ from that of other Pectobacterium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Ben Moussa
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, IRD, CNRS, UPEC, UMR 7618 Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Pédron
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, IRD, CNRS, UPEC, UMR 7618 Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Anne Barny
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, IRD, CNRS, UPEC, UMR 7618 Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Berdyshev IM, Svetlova AO, Chukhontseva KN, Karaseva MA, Varizhuk AM, Filatov VV, Kleymenov SY, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. Production and Characterization of Photorin, a Novel Proteinaceous Protease Inhibitor from the Entomopathogenic Bacteria Photorhabdus laumondii. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1356-1367. [PMID: 37770402 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic bacteria of the genus Photorhabdus secrete protease S (PrtS), which is considered a virulence factor. We found that in the Photorhabdus genomes, immediately after the prtS genes, there are genes that encode small hypothetical proteins homologous to emfourin, a recently discovered protein inhibitor of metalloproteases. The gene of emfourin-like inhibitor from Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii TT01 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant protein, named photorin (Phin), was purified by metal-chelate affinity and gel permeation chromatography and characterized. It has been established that Phin is a monomer and inhibits activity of protealysin and thermolysin, which, similar to PrtS, belong to the M4 peptidase family. Inhibition constants were 1.0 ± 0.3 and 10 ± 2 µM, respectively. It was also demonstrated that Phin is able to suppress proteolytic activity of P. laumondii culture fluid (half-maximal inhibition concentration 3.9 ± 0.3 nM). Polyclonal antibodies to Phin were obtained, and it was shown by immunoblotting that P. laumondii cells produce Phin. Thus, the prtS genes in entomopathogenic bacteria of the genus Photorhabdus are colocalized with the genes of emfourin-like inhibitors, which probably regulate activity of the enzyme during infection. Strict regulation of the activity of proteolytic enzymes is essential for functioning of all living systems. At the same time, the principles of regulation of protease activity by protein inhibitors remain poorly understood. Bacterial protease-inhibitor pairs, such as the PrtS and Phin pair, are promising models for in vivo studies of these principles. Bacteria of the genus Photorhabdus have a complex life cycle with multiple hosts, being both nematode symbionts and powerful insect pathogens. This provides a unique opportunity to use the PrtS and Phin pair as a model for studying the principles of protease activity regulation by proteinaceous inhibitors in the context of bacterial interactions with different types of hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Berdyshev
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | | | | | - Maria A Karaseva
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Anna M Varizhuk
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Vasily V Filatov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Kleymenov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kostrov
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tsvetkov V, Yarullina L, Sorokan A, Khabibullina V, Mardanshin I. Activity of Hydrolases and Their Inhibitors in Potato Plants Treated with Bacillus subtilis, Salicylic, and Jasmonic Acids and Affected by the Combined Effect of the Late Blight and the Lack of Moisture. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb14020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of Bacillus subtilis in combination with salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids on the activity of amylases, cellulases, proteases, and their inhibitors in potato leaves in connection with the development of resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in conditions of moisture deficiency have been investigated. Plants grown from microtubers were treated with Bacillus subtilis suspension (108 cells/mL) and with a mixture of bacteria with SA (10−6 M), JA (10−7 M), and SA + JA and were then infected with P. infestans (107 spores/mL) and cultivated under drought. Treatment with B. subtilis bacteria, especially in combination with signaling molecules, contributed to a decrease in the degree of pathogen infestation on plants grown with a lack of moisture. Both salicylate and jasmonate signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation of hydrolase activity and the stimulation of plant resistance. The revealed differences in the degree of hydrolase inhibitors activation under the influence of B. subtilis bacteria and signal molecules suggest different paths to the formation of resistance to P. infestans in potato under drought conditions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mukherjee S, Bhakta K, Ghosh A, Ghosh A. Ger1 is a secreted aspartic acid protease essential for spore germination in Ustilago maydis. Yeast 2023; 40:102-116. [PMID: 36562128 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis expresses a number of proteases during its pathogenic lifecycle. Some of the proteases including both intracellular and extracellular ones have previously been shown to influence the virulence of the pathogen. However, any role of secreted proteases in the sporulation process of U. maydis have not been explored earlier. In this study we have investigated the biological function of one such secreted protease, Ger1 belonging to aspartic protease A1 family. An assessment of the real time expression of ger1 revealed an infection specific expression of the protein especially during late phases of infection. We also evaluated any contribution of the protein in the pathogenicity of the fungus. Our data revealed an involvement of Ger1 in the sporulation and spore germination processes of U. maydis. Ger1 also showed positive influence on the pathogenicity of the fungus and accordingly the ger1 deletion mutant exhibited reduced pathogenicity. The study also demonstrated the protease activity associated with Ger1 to be essential for its biological function. Fluorescence microscopy of maize plants infected with U. maydis cells expressing Ger1-mcherry-HA also revealed that Ger1 is efficiently secreted within maize apoplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koustav Bhakta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Anupama Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Structure-Functional Characteristics of the Svx Protein—The Virulence Factor of the Phytopathogenic Bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136914. [PMID: 35805920 PMCID: PMC9266454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Svx proteins are virulence factors of phytopathogenic bacteria of the Pectobacterium genus. The specific functions of these proteins are unknown. Here we show that most of the phytopathogenic species of Pectobacterium, Dickeya, and Xanthomonas genera have genes encoding Svx proteins, as well as some plant-non-associated species of different bacterial genera. As such, the Svx-like proteins of phytopathogenic species form a distinct clade, pointing to the directed evolution of these proteins to provide effective interactions with plants. To get a better insight into the structure and functions of the Svx proteins, we analyzed the Svx of Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Pba)—an extracellular virulence factor secreted into the host plant cell wall (PCW). Using in silico analyses and by obtaining and analyzing the recombinant Pba Svx and its mutant forms, we showed that this protein was a gluzincin metallopeptidase. The 3D structure model of the Pba Svx was built and benchmarked against the experimental overall secondary structure content. Structure-based substrate specificity analysis using molecular docking revealed that the Pba Svx substrate-binding pocket might accept α-glycosylated proteins represented in the PCW by extensins—proteins that strengthen the PCW. Thus, these results elucidate the way in which the Pba Svx may contribute to the Pba virulence.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yarullina LG, Burkhanova GF, Tsvetkov VO, Cherepanova EA, Zaikina EA, Sorokan AV, Maksutova VO, Kalatskaya JN, Maksimov IV. Stimulation of the Protective Mechanisms of Solanum tuberosum by the Bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Chitooligosaccharides upon Infection with Phytophthora infestans. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Yu Y, Tan H, Liu T, Liu L, Tang J, Peng W. Dual RNA-Seq Analysis of the Interaction Between Edible Fungus Morchella sextelata and Its Pathogenic Fungus Paecilomyces penicillatus Uncovers the Candidate Defense and Pathogenic Factors. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:760444. [PMID: 34925269 PMCID: PMC8675245 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.760444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morels (Morchella spp.) are economically important mushrooms cultivated in many countries. However, their production and quality are hindered by white mold disease because of Paecilomyces penicillatus infection. In this study, we aimed to understand the genetic mechanisms of interactions between P. penicillatus and Morchella. M. sextelata, the most prevalent species of Morchella in China, was inoculated with P. penicillatus; then, the expression profiles of both fungi were determined simultaneously at 3 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi) using a dual RNA-Seq approach. A total of 460 and 313 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in P. penicillatus and M. sextelata, respectively. The CAZymes of β-glucanases and mannanases, as well as subtilase family, were upregulated in P. penicillatus, which might be involved in the degradation of M. sextelata cell walls. Chitin recognition protein, caffeine-induced death protein, and putative apoptosis-inducing protein were upregulated, while cyclin was downregulated in infected M. sextelata. This indicates that P. penicillatus could trigger programmed cell death in M. sextelata after infection. Laccase-2, tyrosinases, and cytochrome P450s were also upregulated in M. sextelata. The increased expression levels of these genes suggest that M. sextelata could detoxify the P. penicillatus toxins and also form a melanin barrier against P. penicillatus invasion. The potential pathogenic mechanisms of P. penicillatus on M. sextelata and the defense mechanisms of M. sextelata against P. penicillatus were well described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Tan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China.,School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianhai Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixu Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Tang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,National Observing and Experimental Station of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bozin TN, Chukhontseva KN, Lesovoy DM, Filatov VV, Kozlovskiy VI, Demidyuk IV, Bocharov EV. NMR assignments and secondary structure distribution of emfourin, a novel proteinaceous protease inhibitor. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2021; 15:10.1007/s12104-021-10030-x. [PMID: 34091855 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-021-10030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emfourin (M4in) from Serratia proteamaculans is a new proteinaceous inhibitor of protealysin-like proteases (PLPs), a subgroup of the well-known and widely represented metallopeptidase M4 family. Although the biological role of PLPs is debatable, data published indicate their involvement in pathogenesis, including bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells, suppression of immune defense of some animals, and destruction of plant cell walls. Gene colocalization into a bicistronic operon observed for some PLPs and their inhibitors (as in the case of M4in) implies a mutually consistent functioning of both entities. The originality of the amino acid sequence of M4in suggests it belongs to a previously unknown protein family and this encourages structural studies. In this work, we report a near-complete assignment of 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances of recombinant M4in and its structural-dynamic properties derived from the chemical shifts. According the NMR data analysis, the M4in molecule comprises 3-5 helical elements and 4-6 β-strands, at least two of which are apparently antiparallel, ascribing this obviously globular protein to the α + β structural class. Besides, two disordered regions also exist in the central loops between the regular secondary structural elements. The obtained data provide the basis for determining the high-resolution structure as well as functioning mechanism of M4in that can be used for development of new antibacterial therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur N Bozin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 2, Kurchatov Sq, 123182, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia N Chukhontseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 2, Kurchatov Sq, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry M Lesovoy
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily V Filatov
- Chernogolovka Branch of the Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Viacheslav I Kozlovskiy
- Chernogolovka Branch of the Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 2, Kurchatov Sq, 123182, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020399. [PMID: 33669710 PMCID: PMC7921929 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
Collapse
|
13
|
The protealysin operon encodes emfourin, a prototype of a novel family of protein metalloprotease inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:583-596. [PMID: 33385454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protealysin is a Serratia proteamaculans metalloproteinase of the M4 peptidase family and the prototype of a large group of protealysin-like proteases (PLPs). PLPs are likely involved in bacterial interaction with plants and animals as well as in bacterial pathogenesis. We demonstrated that the PLP genes in bacteria colocalize with the genes of putative conserved proteins. In S. proteamaculans, these two genes form a bicistronic operon. The putative S. proteamaculans protein that we called emfourin (M4in) was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. M4in forms a complex with protealysin with a 1:1 stoichiometry and is a potent slow-binding competitive inhibitor of protealysin (Ki = 52 ± 14 pM); besides, M4in is not secreted from S. proteamaculans constitutively. A comparison of amino acid sequences of M4in and its homologs with those of known inhibitors suggests that M4in is the prototype of a new family of protein inhibitors of proteases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang WB, Yan HL, Zhu ZC, Zhang C, Du PX, Zhao WJ, Li WM. Genome-wide identification of the Sec-dependent secretory protease genes in Erwinia amylovora and analysis of their expression during infection of immature pear fruit. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:716-726. [PMID: 32893528 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The general secretory (Sec) pathway represents a common mechanism by which bacteria secrete proteins, including virulence factors, into the extracytoplasmic milieu. However, there is little information about this system, as well as its associated secretory proteins, in relation to the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. In this study, data mining revealed that E. amylovora harbors all of the essential components of the Sec system. Based on this information, we identified putative Sec-dependent secretory proteases in E. amylovora on a genome-wide scale. Using the programs SignalP, LipoP, and Phobius, a total of 15 putative proteases were predicted to contain the N-terminal signal peptides (SPs) that might link them to the Sec-dependent pathway. The activities of the predicted SPs were further validated using an Escherichia coli-based alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) gene fusion system that confirmed their extracytoplasmic property. Transcriptional analyses showed that the expression of 11 of the 15 extracytoplasmic protease genes increased significantly when E. amylovora was used to inoculate immature pears, suggesting their potential roles in plant infection. The results of this study support the suggestion that E. amylovora might employ the Sec system to secrete a suite of proteases to enable successful infection of plants, and shed new light on the interaction of E. amylovora with host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Bin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China.,Southern Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Hai-Lin Yan
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zong-Cai Zhu
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pei-Xiu Du
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wei-Min Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Xia Y, Liu X, Xiong Z, Wang S, Zhang N, Ai L. High-Level Expression and Substrate-Binding Region Modification of a Novel BL312 Milk-Clotting Enzyme To Enhance the Ratio of Milk-Clotting Activity to Proteolytic Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13684-13693. [PMID: 31742396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel BL312 milk-clotting enzyme (MCE) exhibited high-level expression and remarkable milk-clotting activity (MCA) (865 ± 20 SU/mL) that was 3.3-fold higher than the control by optimizing induction conditions in recombinant Escherichia. coli harboring pET24a-proMCE. Through substrate-binding region analyses and modification, MCE-G165A was identified from nine mutants and showed a proteolytic activity of 49.4 ± 2.4 U/mL and an MCA/PA ratio of 18.2, which were respectively 1.9-fold lower and 2.0-fold higher than those of the control. The purified MCE-G165A (28 kDa) exhibited weak αs-casein, β-casein, and strong κ-casein (κ-CN) hydrolysis levels as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The milk-clotting mechanism for MCE-G165A was the primary hydrolysis of Met106-Ala107 and Asn123-Thr124 bonds in κ-CN, as determined by mass spectrometry. MCE-G165A showed different hydrolysis sites in casein, leading to various functional peptides. Feasible methods for obtaining MCEs suitable as calf rennet substitutes are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Yongjun Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Shijiazhuang Junlebao Dairy Co., Ltd. , Shijiazhuang , Hebei 050221 , China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province , Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Karaseva MA, Chukhontseva KN, Lemeskina IS, Pridatchenko ML, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. An Internally Quenched Fluorescent Peptide Substrate for Protealysin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14352. [PMID: 31586119 PMCID: PMC6778150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protealysin, a metalloprotease of Serratia proteamaculans, is the prototype of a subgroup of the M4 peptidase family. Protealysin-like proteases (PLPs) are widely spread in bacteria but also occur in fungi and certain archaea. The interest in PLPs is primarily due to their putative involvement in the bacterial pathogenesis in animals and plants. Studying PLPs requires an efficient quantitative assay for their activity; however, no such assay has been reported so far. Here, we used the autoprocessing site sequence of the protealysin precursor to construct an internally quenched fluorescent peptide substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-L-arginyl-L-seryl-L-valyl-L-isoleucyl-L-(ε-2,4-dinitrophenyl)lysine. Protealysin and thermolysin, the prototype of the M4 family, proved to hydrolyze only the Ser-Val bond of the substrate. The substrate exhibited a KM = 35 ± 4 μM and kcat = 21 ± 1 s−1 for protealysin as well as a KM = 33 ± 8 μM and kcat = 7 ± 1 s−1 for thermolysin at 37 °C. Comparison of the effect of different enzymes (thermolysin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, savinase, and pronase E) on the substrate has demonstrated that it is not strictly specific for protealysin; however, this enzyme has higher molar activity even compared to the closely related thermolysin. Thus, the proposed substrate can be advantageous for quantitative studies of protealysin as well as for activity assays of other M4 peptidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Karaseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Irina S Lemeskina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L Pridatchenko
- V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li K, Zhu Y, Yan W, Deng X, Xiao Y, Song L, Fang R, Jia Y, Tang X. Two components of the rhpPC operon coordinately regulate the type III secretion system and bacterial fitness in Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007673. [PMID: 30998769 PMCID: PMC6490944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant bacterial pathogens including Pseudomonas species, utilize the type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into plant cells. Genes encoding the T3SS and its effectors are repressed in nutrient-rich media but are rapidly induced after the bacteria enter a plant or are transferred into nutrient-deficient media. To understand how the T3SS genes are regulated, we screened for P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (Psph) mutants displaying diminished induction of avrPto-luc, a reporter for the T3SS genes, in Arabidopsis. A mutant carrying transposon insertion into a gene coding for a small functional unknown protein, designated as rhpC, was identified that poorly induced avrPto-luc in plants and in minimal medium (MM). Interestingly, rhpC is located immediately downstream of a putative metalloprotease gene named rhpP, and the two genes are organized in an operon rhpPC; but rhpP and rhpC displayed different RNA expression patterns in nutrient-rich King’s B medium (KB) and MM. Deletion of the whole rhpPC locus did not significantly affect the avrPto-luc induction, implying coordinated actions of rhpP and rhpC in regulating the T3SS genes. Further analysis showed that RhpC was a cytoplasmic protein that interacted with RhpP and targeted RhpP to the periplasm. In the absence of RhpC, RhpP was localized in the cytoplasm and caused a reduction of HrpL, a key regulator of the T3SS genes, and also reduced the fitness of Psph. Expression of RhpP alone in E. coli inhibited the bacterial growth. The detrimental effect of RhpP on the fitness of Psph and E. coli required metalloprotease active sites, and was repressed when RhpC was co-expressed with RhpP. The coordination between rhpP and rhpC in tuning the T3SS gene expression and cell fitness reveals a novel regulatory mechanism for bacterial pathogenesis. The function of RhpP in the periplasm remains to be studied. The induction of the type III secretion system (T3SS) is of great importance to the pathogenesis of bacterial pathogens in host plants. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (Psph) causes halo blight disease on beans. We discovered that the bicistronic genes in the rhpPC locus of Psph act coordinately to regulate the T3SS gene expression, bacterial fitness, and pathogenicity. rhpP encodes a metalloprotease that can degrade the key T3SS regulator protein HrpL and reduce bacterial fitness. rhpC encodes a chaperone that inhibits the RhpP activity and mediates translocation of RhpP to the periplasm. The level of rhpP RNA is high in KB but decreases in MM, but the rhpC RNA is low in KB but increases in MM. The elevated rhpC/rhpP transcript ratio in MM plus the inhibition of RhpC on RhpP activity in cytoplasm provide double insurance that warrants high induction of the T3SS genes in MM and bacterial fitness. The coordination between rhpP and rhpC reveals a new mechanism regulating bacterial pathogenicity, and may provide an important target for controlling bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yanmei Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Liyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RF); (YJ); (XT)
| | - Yantao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RF); (YJ); (XT)
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (RF); (YJ); (XT)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chukhontseva KN, Salnikov VV, Morenkov OS, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. Protealysin is not Secreted Constitutively. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:221-226. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181212114907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Protealysin, a zinc metalloprotease of Serratia proteamaculans, is the prototype of a new group within the peptidase family M4. Protealysin-like proteases (PLPs) are widely spread in bacteria but are also found in fungi and archaea. The biological functions of PLPs have not been well studied, but published data showed the involvement of enzymes of this group in the interaction of bacteria with higher organisms, and most likely in the pathogenesis. Such functionality requires the release of the proteases from bacterial cells; however, the data on the cellular localization of PLPs are contradictory and no direct data of this kind have been published. </P><P> Objective: Here, the protealysin cellular localization was studied for the first time using immunochemical methods. </P><P> Methods and Results: We have produced polyclonal rabbit antibodies against the protealysin precursor. The enzyme was evaluated in cells and medium of periodic culture of S. proteamaculans 94 using Western blotting as well as the enzyme localization was analysed by immunoelectron microscopy. It was shown that more than 99% of the enzyme is in a cell-associated form. Protealysin is accumulated in cells as an inactive precursor. It matures only after the release from cells (after their lysis). Immunoelectron microscopy analysis of bacterial cells has revealed no specific localization of protealysin; it was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm.Conclusion:The data obtained suggest that S. proteamaculans protealysin and supposedly other protealysin-like proteases are not secreted constitutively and their release from bacteria is likely induced by a certain stimulus such as a contact with a eukaryotic cell. This finding is critical for further studies of the involvement of these enzymes in pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia N. Chukhontseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Oleg S. Morenkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V. Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V. Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Figaj D, Ambroziak P, Przepiora T, Skorko-Glonek J. The Role of Proteases in the Virulence of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030672. [PMID: 30720762 PMCID: PMC6386880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A pathogenic lifestyle is inextricably linked with the constant necessity of facing various challenges exerted by the external environment (both within and outside the host). To successfully colonize the host and establish infection, pathogens have evolved sophisticated systems to combat the host defense mechanisms and also to be able to withstand adverse environmental conditions. Proteases, as crucial components of these systems, are involved in a variety of processes associated with infection. In phytopathogenic bacteria, they play important regulatory roles and modulate the expression and functioning of various virulence factors. Secretory proteases directly help avoid recognition by the plant immune systems, and contribute to the deactivation of the defense response pathways. Finally, proteases are important components of protein quality control systems, and thus enable maintaining homeostasis in stressed bacterial cells. In this review, we discuss the known protease functions and protease-regulated signaling processes associated with virulence of plant pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donata Figaj
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Ambroziak
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Przepiora
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ayim I, Ma H, Alenyorege EA, Ali Z, Zhou C, Donkor PO. Effect of alkali concentration on functionality, lysinoalanine formation, and structural characteristics of tea residue proteins. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Ayim
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu University Jiangsu People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Applied SciencesKumasi Technical University Kumasi Ghana
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu University Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Evans Adingba Alenyorege
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu University Jiangsu People's Republic of China
- Faculty of AgricultureUniversity for Development Studies Tamale Ghana
| | - Zeshan Ali
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu University Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu University Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Prince Ofori Donkor
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu University Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Castilleux R, Plancot B, Ropitaux M, Carreras A, Leprince J, Boulogne I, Follet-Gueye ML, Popper ZA, Driouich A, Vicré M. Cell wall extensins in root-microbe interactions and root secretions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4235-4247. [PMID: 29945246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extensins are cell wall glycoproteins, belonging to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) family, which are involved in many biological functions, including plant growth and defence. Several reviews have described the involvement of HRGPs in plant immunity but little focus has been given specifically to cell wall extensins. Yet, a large set of recently published data indicates that extensins play an important role in plant protection, especially in root-microbe interactions. Here, we summarise the current knowledge on this topic and discuss the importance of extensins in root defence. We first provide an overview of the distribution of extensin epitopes recognised by different monoclonal antibodies among plants and discuss the relevance of some of these epitopes as markers of the root defence response. We also highlight the implication of extensins in different types of plant interactions elicited by either pathogenic or beneficial micro-organisms. We then present and discuss the specific importance of extensins in root secretions, as these glycoproteins are not only found in the cell walls but are also released into the root mucilage. Finally, we propose a model to illustrate the impact of cell wall extensin on root secretions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Castilleux
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Barbara Plancot
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Marc Ropitaux
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Carreras
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U1239, Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zou Y, Wang L, Li P, Cai P, Zhang M, Sun Z, Sun C, Geng Z, Xu W, Xu X, Wang D. Effects of ultrasound assisted extraction on the physiochemical, structural and functional characteristics of duck liver protein isolate. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
23
|
Baum A, Hansen P, Nørgaard L, Sørensen J, Mikkelsen J. Rapid quantification of casein in skim milk using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, enzymatic perturbation, and multiway partial least squares regression: Monitoring chymosin at work. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6071-6079. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|