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Wang Z, Hou X, Shang G, Deng G, Luo K, Peng M. Exploring Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Pathways in Bacteria: From General Mechanisms to DSF Signaling and Pathogenicity in Xanthomonas. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:336. [PMID: 39223428 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) participate in extensive physiological activities such as energy metabolism, transcriptional control, and cell signaling. In bacteria, FAs are degraded and utilized through various metabolic pathways, including β-oxidation. Over the past ten years, significant progress has been made in studying FA oxidation in bacteria, particularly in E. coli, where the processes and roles of FA β-oxidation have been comprehensively elucidated. Here, we provide an update on the new research achievements in FAs β-oxidation in bacteria. Using Xanthomonas as an example, we introduce the oxidation process and regulation mechanism of the DSF-family quorum sensing signal. Based on current findings, we propose the specific enzymes required for β-oxidation of several specific FAs. Finally, we discuss the future outlook on scientific issues that remain to be addressed. This paper supplies theoretical guidance for further study of the FA β-oxidation pathway with particular emphasis on its connection to the pathogenicity mechanisms of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Selenium Food Nutrition and Health Intelligent Technology College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Xue Hou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Selenium Food Nutrition and Health Intelligent Technology College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Guohui Shang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangai Deng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Selenium Food Nutrition and Health Intelligent Technology College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Selenium Food Nutrition and Health Intelligent Technology College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Mu Peng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Selenium Food Nutrition and Health Intelligent Technology College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China.
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2
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Chin WC, Zhou YZ, Wang HY, Feng YT, Yang RY, Huang ZF, Yang YL. Bacterial polyynes uncovered: a journey through their bioactive properties, biosynthetic mechanisms, and sustainable production strategies. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:977-989. [PMID: 38284321 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Conjugated polyynes are natural compounds characterized by alternating single and triple carbon-carbon bonds, endowing them with distinct physicochemical traits and a range of biological activities. While traditionally sourced mainly from plants, recent investigations have revealed many compounds originating from bacterial strains. This review synthesizes current research on bacterial-derived conjugated polyynes, delving into their biosynthetic routes, underscoring the variety in their molecular structures, and examining their potential applications in biotechnology. Additionally, we outline future directions for metabolic and protein engineering to establish more robust and stable platforms for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Zhi Zhou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yung Wang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Wood Based Materials and Design, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Feng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yin Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Fang Huang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
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3
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Gao L, She M, Shi J, Cai D, Wang D, Xiong M, Shen G, Gao J, Zhang M, Yang Z, Chen S. Enhanced production of iturin A by strengthening fatty acid synthesis modules in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:974460. [PMID: 36159706 PMCID: PMC9500472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.974460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iturin A is a biosurfactant with various applications, and its low synthesis capability limits its production and application development. Fatty acids play a critical role in cellular metabolism and target product syntheses, and the relationship between fatty acid supplies and iturin A synthesis is unclear. In this study, we attempted to increase iturin A production via strengthening fatty acid synthesis pathways in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. First, acetyl-CoA carboxylase AccAD and ACP S-malonyltransferase fabD were overexpressed via promoter replacement, and iturin A yield was increased to 1.36 g/L by 2.78-fold in the resultant strain HZ-ADF1. Then, soluble acyl-ACP thioesterase derived from Escherichia coli showed the best performance for iturin A synthesis, as compared to those derived from B. amyloliquefaciens and Corynebacterium glutamicum, the introduction of which in HZ-ADF1 further led to a 57.35% increase of iturin A yield, reaching 2.14 g/L. Finally, long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase LcfA was overexpressed in HZ-ADFT to attain the final strain HZ-ADFTL2, and iturin A yield reached 2.96 g/L, increasing by 6.59-fold, and the contents of fatty acids were enhanced significantly in HZ-ADFTL2, as compared to the original strain HZ-12. Taken together, our results implied that strengthening fatty acid supplies was an efficient approach for iturin A production, and this research provided a promising strain for industrial production of iturin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Menglin She
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoming Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaming Gao
- Hubei Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Zhifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Shouwen Chen, ; Zhifan Yang,
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
- *Correspondence: Shouwen Chen, ; Zhifan Yang,
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4
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Park H, Bak D, Jeon W, Jang M, Ahn JO, Choi KY. Engineering of CYP153A33 With Enhanced Ratio of Hydroxylation to Overoxidation Activity in Whole-Cell Biotransformation of Medium-Chain 1-Alkanols. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:817455. [PMID: 35059390 PMCID: PMC8764613 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.817455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α,ω-Dodecanediol is a versatile material that has been widely used not only as an adhesive and crosslinking reagent, but also as a building block in the pharmaceutical and polymer industries. The biosynthesis of α,ω-dodecanediol from fatty derivatives, such as dodecane and dodecanol, requires an ω-specific hydroxylation step using monooxygenase enzymes. An issue with the whole-cell biotransformation of 1-dodecanol using cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) with ω-specific hydroxylation activity was the low conversion and production of the over-oxidized product of dodecanoic acid. In this study, CYP153A33 from Marinobacter aquaeolei was engineered to obtain higher ω-specific hydroxylation activity through site-directed mutagenesis. The target residue was mutated to increase flux toward α,ω-dodecanediol synthesis, while reducing the generation of the overoxidation product of dodecanoic acid and α,ω-dodecanedioic acid. Among the evaluated variants, CYP153A33 P136A showed a significant increase in 1-dodecanol conversion, i.e., 71.2% (7.12 mM from 10 mM 1-dodecanol), with an increased hydroxylation to over-oxidation activity ratio, i.e., 32.4. Finally, the applicability of this engineered enzyme for ω-specific hydroxylation against several 1-alkanols, i.e., from C6 to C16, was investigated and discussed based on the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Doyeong Bak
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Wooyoung Jeon
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Korea Research Institute of Biosceince and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Minjung Jang
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Korea Research Institute of Biosceince and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Oh Ahn
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Korea Research Institute of Biosceince and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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5
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Microbial cell surface engineering for high-level synthesis of bio-products. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 55:107912. [PMID: 35041862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial cell surface layers, which mainly include the cell membrane, cell wall, periplasmic space, outer membrane, capsules, S-layers, pili, and flagella, control material exchange between the cell and the extracellular environment, and have great impact on production titers and yields of various bio-products synthesized by microbes. Recent research work has made exciting achievements in metabolic engineering using microbial cell surface components as novel regulation targets without direct modifications of the metabolic pathways of the desired products. This review article will summarize the accomplishments obtained in this emerging field, and will describe various engineering strategies that have been adopted in bacteria and yeasts for the enhancement of mass transfer across the cell surface, improvement of protein expression and folding, modulation of cell size and shape, and re-direction of cellular resources, all of which contribute to the construction of more efficient microbial cell factories toward the synthesis of a variety of bio-products. The existing problems and possible future directions will also be discussed.
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6
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Sawant N, Singh H, Appukuttan D. Overview of the Cellular Stress Responses Involved in Fatty Acid Overproduction in E. coli. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:373-387. [PMID: 34796451 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Research on microbial fatty acid metabolism started in the late 1960s, and till date, various developments have aided in elucidating the fatty acid metabolism in great depth. Over the years, synthesis of microbial fatty acid has drawn industrial attention due to its diverse applications. However, fatty acid overproduction imparts various stresses on its metabolic pathways causing a bottleneck to further increase the fatty acid yields. Numerous strategies to increase fatty acid titres in Escherichia coli by pathway modulation have already been published, but the stress generated during fatty acid overproduction is relatively less studied. Stresses like pH, osmolarity and oxidative stress, not only lower fatty acid titres, but also alter the cell membrane composition, protein expression and membrane fluidity. This review discusses an overview of fatty acid synthesis pathway and presents a panoramic view of various stresses caused due to fatty acid overproduction in E. coli. It also addresses how certain stresses like high temperature and nitrogen limitation can boost fatty acid production. This review paper also highlights the interconnections that exist between these stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sawant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Harinder Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
| | - Deepti Appukuttan
- Biosystems Engineering Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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7
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A multi-enzyme cascade reaction for the production of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids from free fatty acids. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Salvador López JM, Van Bogaert INA. Microbial fatty acid transport proteins and their biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2184-2201. [PMID: 33638355 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism has been widely studied in various organisms. However, fatty acid transport has received less attention, even though it plays vital physiological roles, such as export of toxic free fatty acids or uptake of exogenous fatty acids. Hence, there are important knowledge gaps in how fatty acids cross biological membranes, and many mechanisms and proteins involved in these processes still need to be determined. The lack of information is more predominant in microorganisms, even though the identification of fatty acids transporters in these cells could lead to establishing new drug targets or improvements in microbial cell factories. This review provides a thorough analysis of the current information on fatty acid transporters in microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and microalgae species. Most available information relates to the model organisms Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but transport systems of other species are also discussed. Intracellular trafficking of fatty acids and their transport through organelle membranes in eukaryotic organisms is described as well. Finally, applied studies and engineering efforts using fatty acids transporters are presented to show the applied potential of these transporters and to stress the need for further identification of new transporters and their engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Salvador López
- BioPort Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge N A Van Bogaert
- BioPort Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Ge J, Yang X, Yu H, Ye L. High-yield whole cell biosynthesis of Nylon 12 monomer with self-sufficient supply of multiple cofactors. Metab Eng 2020; 62:172-185. [PMID: 32927060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of Nylon 12 monomer using dodecanoic acid (DDA) or its esters as the renewable feedstock typically involves ω-hydroxylation, oxidation and ω-amination. The dependence of hydroxylation and oxidation-catalyzing enzymes on redox cofactors, and the requirement of L-alanine as the co-substrate and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) as the coenzyme for transamination, raise the issue of redox imbalance and cofactor shortage, challenging the development of efficient biocatalysts. Simultaneous regeneration of the redox equivalents, PLP and L-alanine required in the artificial pathway was enabled by its interfacing with the native metabolism of the host using glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), L-alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH) and an exogenous ribose 5-phosphate (R5P)-dependent PLP synthesis pathway as bridges. Further engineering of the host by blocking β-oxidation and enhancing substrate uptake improved the ω-aminododecanoic acid (ω-AmDDA) yield to 96.5%. This study offers a strategy to resolve the cofactor imbalance issue commonly encountered in whole-cell biocatalysis and meanwhile lays a solid foundation for Nylon 12 bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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10
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Park HA, Choi KY. α, ω-Oxyfunctionalization of C12 alkanes via whole-cell biocatalysis of CYP153A from Marinobacter aquaeolei and a new CYP from Nocardia farcinica IFM10152. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Lycopene production from glucose, fatty acid and waste cooking oil by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Whole-cell biocatalysis using cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for biotransformation of sustainable bioresources (fatty acids, fatty alkanes, and aromatic amino acids). Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107504. [PMID: 31926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of CH bonds in a regio and stereoselective manner. Activation of the non-activated carbon atom can be further enhanced by multistep chemo-enzymatic reactions; moreover, several useful chemicals can be synthesized to provide alternative organic synthesis routes. Given their versatile functionality, CYPs show promise in a number of biotechnological fields. Recently, various CYPs, along with their sequences and functionalities, have been identified owing to rapid developments in sequencing technology and molecular biotechnology. In addition to these discoveries, attempts have been made to utilize CYPs to industrially produce biochemicals from available and sustainable bioresources such as oil, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lignin. Here, these accomplishments, particularly those involving the use of CYP enzymes as whole-cell biocatalysts for bioresource biotransformation, will be reviewed. Further, recently developed biotransformation pathways that result in gram-scale yields of fatty acids and fatty alkanes as well as aromatic amino acids, which depend on the hosts used for CYP expression, and the nature of the multistep reactions will be discussed. These pathways are similar regardless of whether the hosts are CYP-producing or non-CYP-producing; the limitations of these methods and the ways to overcome them are reviewed here.
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13
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Yoo HW, Kim J, Patil MD, Park BG, Joo SY, Yun H, Kim BG. Production of 12-hydroxy dodecanoic acid methyl ester using a signal peptide sequence-optimized transporter AlkL and a novel monooxygenase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121812. [PMID: 31376668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a signal peptide of AlkL was replaced with other signal peptides to improve the soluble expression and thereby facilitate the transport of dodecanoic acid methyl ester (DAME) substrate into the E. coli. Consequently, AlkL with signal peptide FadL (AlkLf) showed higher transport activity toward DAME. Furthermore, the promoter optimization for the efficient heterologous expression of the transporter AlkLf and alkane monooxygenase (AlkBGT) system was conducted and resulted in increased ω-oxygenation activity of AlkBGT system. Moreover, bioinformatic studies led to the identification of novel monooxygenase from Pseudomonas pelagia (Pel), which exhibited 20% higher activity towards DAME as substrate compared to AlkB. Finally, the construction of a chimeric transporter and the expression of newly identified monooxygenase enabled the production of 44.8 ± 7.5 mM of 12-hydroxy dodecanoic acid methyl ester (HADME) and 31.8 ± 1.7 mM of dodecanedioic acid monomethyl ester (DDAME) in a two-phase reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Wang Yoo
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Gi Park
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Joo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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14
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He Q, Bennett GN, San KY, Wu H. Biosynthesis of Medium-Chain ω-Hydroxy Fatty Acids by AlkBGT of Pseudomonas putida GPo1 With Native FadL in Engineered Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:273. [PMID: 31681749 PMCID: PMC6812396 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) are valuable compounds that are widely used in medical, cosmetic and food fields. Production of ω-HFAs via bioconversion by engineered Escherichia coli has received a lot of attention because this process is environmentally friendly. In this study, a whole-cell bio-catalysis strategy was established to synthesize medium-chain ω-HFAs based on the AlkBGT hydroxylation system from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. The effects of blocking the β-oxidation of fatty acids (FAs) and enhancing the transportation of FAs on ω-HFAs bio-production were also investigated. When fadE and fadD were deleted, the consumption of decanoic acid decreased, and the yield of ω-hydroxydecanoic acid was enhanced remarkably. Additionally, the co-expression of the FA transporter protein, FadL, played an important role in increasing the conversion rate of ω-hydroxydecanoic acid. As a result, the concentration and yield of ω-hydroxydecanoic acid in NH03(pBGT-fadL) increased to 309 mg/L and 0.86 mol/mol, respectively. This whole-cell bio-catalysis system was further applied to the biosynthesis of ω-hydroxyoctanoic acid and ω-hydroxydodecanoic acid using octanoic acid and dodecanoic acid as substrates, respectively. The concentrations of ω-hydroxyoctanoic acid and ω-hydroxydodecanoic acid reached 275.48 and 249.03 mg/L, with yields of 0.63 and 0.56 mol/mol, respectively. This study demonstrated that the overexpression of AlkBGT coupled with native FadL is an efficient strategy to synthesize medium-chain ω-HFAs from medium-chain FAs in fadE and fadD mutant E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofei He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - George N. Bennett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ka-Yiu San
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Engineering of China National Light Industry Council, Shanghai, China
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15
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Enzymatic Synthesis of ω-Hydroxydodecanoic Acid By Employing a Cytochrome P450 from Limnobacter sp. 105 MED. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ω-Hydroxylated fatty acids are valuable and versatile building blocks for the production of various adhesives, lubricants, cosmetic intermediates, etc. The biosynthesis of ω-hydroxydodecanoic acid from vegetable oils is one of the important green pathways for their chemical-based synthesis. In the present study, the novel monooxygenase CYP153AL.m from Limnobacter sp. 105 MED was used for the whole-cell biotransformations. We constructed three-component system that was comprised of CYP153AL.m, putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase from Pseudomonas putida. This in vivo study demonstrated that CYP153AL.m is a powerful catalyst for the biosynthesis of ω-hydroxydodecanoic acid. Under optimized conditions, the application of a solid-state powdered substrate rather than a substrate dissolved in DMSO significantly enhanced the overall reaction titer of the process. By employing this efficient system, 2 g/L of 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid (12-OHDDA) was produced from 4 g/L of its corresponding fatty acid, which was namely dodecanoic acid. Furthermore, the system was extended to produce 3.28 g/L of 12-OHDDA using 4 g/L of substrate by introducing native redox partners. These results demonstrate the utility of CYP153AL.m-catalyzed biotransformations in the industrial production of 12-OHDDA and other valuable building blocks.
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Kim J, Yoo HW, Kim M, Kim EJ, Sung C, Lee PG, Park BG, Kim BG. Rewiring FadR regulon for the selective production of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid from glucose in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2018; 47:414-422. [PMID: 29719215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ω-Hydroxy palmitic acid (ω-HPA) is a valuable compound for an ingredient of artificially synthesized ceramides and an additive for lubricants and adhesives. Production of such a fatty acid derivative is limited by chemical catalysis, but plausible by biocatalysis. However, its low productivity issue, including formations of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) byproducts in host cells, remains as a hurdle toward industrial biological processes. In this study, to achieve selective and high-level production of ω-HPA from glucose in Escherichia coli, FadR, a native transcriptional regulator of fatty acid metabolism, and its regulon were engineered. First, FadR was co-expressed with a thioesterase with a specificity toward palmitic acid production to enhance palmitic acid production yield, but a considerable quantity of UFAs was also produced. In order to avoid the UFA production caused by fadR overexpression, FadR regulon was rewired by i) mutating FadR consensus binding sites of fabA or fabB, ii) integrating fabZ into fabI operon, and iii) enhancing the strength of fabI promoter. This approach led to dramatic increases in both proportion (48.3-83.0%) and titer (377.8 mg/L to 675.8 mg/L) of palmitic acid, mainly due to the decrease in UFA synthesis. Introducing a fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, CYP153A35, into the engineered strain resulted in a highly selective production of ω-HPA (83.5 mg/L) accounting for 87.5% of total ω-hydroxy fatty acids. Furthermore, strategies, such as i) enhancement in CYP153A35 activity, ii) expression of a fatty acid transporter, iii) supplementation of triton X-100, and iv) separation of the ω-HPA synthetic pathway into two strains for a co-culture system, were applied and resulted in 401.0 mg/L of ω-HPA production. For such selective productions of palmitic acid and ω-HPA, the rewiring of FadR regulation in E. coli is a promising strategy to develop an industrial process with economical downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonwon Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Wang Yoo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Kim
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmin Sung
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Gang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Gi Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Ahsan MM, Jeon H, P. Nadarajan S, Chung T, Yoo HW, Kim BG, Patil MD, Yun H. Biosynthesis of the Nylon 12 Monomer, ω-Aminododecanoic Acid with Novel CYP153A, AlkJ, and ω-TA Enzymes. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700562. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunwoo Jeon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Saravanan P. Nadarajan
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Taeowan Chung
- School of Biotechnology; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan 38541 South Korea
| | - Hee-Wang Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
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Jung E, Park BG, Yoo HW, Kim J, Choi KY, Kim BG. Semi-rational engineering of CYP153A35 to enhance ω-hydroxylation activity toward palmitic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:269-277. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Schwarzer TS, Hermann M, Krishnan S, Simmel FC, Castiglione K. Preparative refolding of small monomeric outer membrane proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 132:171-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hydrolase BioH knockout in E. coli enables efficient fatty acid methyl ester bioprocessing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:339-351. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) originating from plant oils are most interesting renewable feedstocks for biofuels and bio-based materials. FAMEs can also be produced and/or functionalized by engineered microbes to give access to, e.g., polymer building blocks. Yet, they are often subject to hydrolysis yielding free fatty acids, which typically are degraded by microbes. We identified BioH as the key enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of medium-chain length FAME derivatives in different E. coli K-12 strains. E. coli ΔbioH strains showed up to 22-fold reduced FAME hydrolysis rates in comparison with respective wild-type strains. Knockout strains showed, beside the expected biotin auxotrophy, unchanged growth behavior and biocatalytic activity. Thus, high specific rates (~80 U gCDW −1) for terminal FAME oxyfunctionalization catalyzed by a recombinant alkane monooxygenase could be combined with reduced hydrolysis. Biotransformations in process-relevant two-liquid phase systems profited from reduced fatty acid accumulation and/or reduced substrate loss via free fatty acid metabolization. The BioH knockout strategy was beneficial in all tested strains, although its effect was found to differ according to specific strain properties, such as FAME hydrolysis and FFA degradation activities. BioH or functional analogs can be found in virtually all microorganisms, making bioH deletion a broadly applicable strategy for efficient microbial bioprocessing involving FAMEs.
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Tan Z, Black W, Yoon JM, Shanks JV, Jarboe LR. Improving Escherichia coli membrane integrity and fatty acid production by expression tuning of FadL and OmpF. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:38. [PMID: 28245829 PMCID: PMC5331629 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Construction of microbial biocatalysts for the production of biorenewables at economically viable yields and titers is frequently hampered by product toxicity. Membrane damage is often deemed as the principal mechanism of this toxicity, particularly in regards to decreased membrane integrity. Previous studies have attempted to engineer the membrane with the goal of increasing membrane integrity. However, most of these works focused on engineering of phospholipids and efforts to identify membrane proteins that can be targeted to improve fatty acid production have been unsuccessful. Results Here we show that deletion of outer membrane protein ompF significantly increased membrane integrity, fatty acid tolerance and fatty acid production, possibly due to prevention of re-entry of short chain fatty acids. In contrast, deletion of fadL resulted in significantly decreased membrane integrity and fatty acid production. Consistently, increased expression of fadL remarkably increased membrane integrity and fatty acid tolerance while also increasing the final fatty acid titer. This 34% increase in the final fatty acid titer was possibly due to increased membrane lipid biosynthesis. Tuning of fadL expression showed that there is a positive relationship between fadL abundance and fatty acid production. Combinatorial deletion of ompF and increased expression of fadL were found to have an additive role in increasing membrane integrity, and was associated with a 53% increase the fatty acid titer, to 2.3 g/L. Conclusions These results emphasize the importance of membrane proteins for maintaining membrane integrity and production of biorenewables, such as fatty acids, which expands the targets for membrane engineering. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0650-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigao Tan
- 4134 Biorenewables Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - William Black
- 4134 Biorenewables Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2575, USA
| | - Jong Moon Yoon
- 4134 Biorenewables Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jacqueline V Shanks
- 4134 Biorenewables Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- 4134 Biorenewables Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Schmid J, Steiner L, Fademrecht S, Pleiss J, Otte KB, Hauer B. Biocatalytic study of novel oleate hydratases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kirtz M, Klebensberger J, Otte KB, Richter SM, Hauer B. Production of ω-hydroxy octanoic acid with Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2016; 230:30-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Production of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid using CYP153A35 and comparison of cytochrome P450 electron transfer system in vivo. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10375-10384. [PMID: 27344594 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes in cytochrome P450 (CYP)153 family were recently reported as fatty acid ω-hydroxylase. Among them, CYP153As from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 (CYP153A33), Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 (CYP153A13), and Gordonia alkanivorans (CYP153A35) were selected, and their specific activities and product yields of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid based on whole cell reactions toward palmitic acid were compared. Using CamAB as redox partner, CYP153A35 and CYP153A13 showed the highest product yields of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid in whole cell and in vitro reactions, respectively. Artificial self-sufficient CYP153A35-BMR was constructed by fusing it to the reductase domain of CYP102A1 (i.e., BM3) from Bacillus megaterium, and its catalytic activity was compared with CYP153A35 and CamAB systems. Unexpectedly, the system with CamAB resulted in a 1.5-fold higher yield of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid than that using A35-BMR in whole cell reactions, whereas the electron coupling efficiency of CYP153A35-BM3 reductase was 4-fold higher than that of CYP153A35 and CamAB system. Furthermore, various CamAB expression systems according to gene arrangements of the three proteins and promoter strength in their gene expression were compared in terms of product yields and productivities. Tricistronic expression of the three proteins in the order of putidaredoxin (CamB), CYP153A35, and putidaredoxin reductase (CamA), i.e., A35-AB2, showed the highest product yield from 5 mM palmitic acid for 9 h in batch reaction owing to the concentration of CamB, which is the rate-limiting factor for the activity of CYP153A35. However, in fed-batch reaction, A35-AB1, which expressed the three proteins individually using three T7 promoters, resulted with the highest product yield of 17.0 mM (4.6 g/L) ω-hydroxy palmitic acid from 20 mM (5.1 g/L) palmitic acid for 30 h.
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Wang X, Xing X, Ma Q. Boosting the hydroxyfatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli by expression of Bacillus megaterium glucose dehydrogenase. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1196121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Qinglin Ma
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
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Duan Y, Ba L, Gao J, Gao X, Zhu D, de Jong RM, Mink D, Kaluzna I, Lin Z. Semi-rational engineering of cytochrome CYP153A from Marinobacter aquaeolei for improved ω-hydroxylation activity towards oleic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8779-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hoffmann SM, Weissenborn MJ, Gricman Ł, Notonier S, Pleiss J, Hauer B. The Impact of Linker Length on P450 Fusion Constructs: Activity, Stability and Coupling. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Hoffmann
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Łukasz Gricman
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sandra Notonier
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of hydroxy fatty acids from glucose. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:26. [PMID: 26956722 PMCID: PMC4782510 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) are valuable chemicals for a broad variety of applications. However, commercial production of HFAs has not been established so far due to the lack of low cost routes for their synthesis. Although the microbial transformation pathway of HFAs was extensively studied decades ago, these attempts mainly focused on converting fatty acids or vegetable oils to their hydroxyl counterparts. The use of a wider range of feedstocks to produce HFAs would reduce the dependence on oil crops and be expected to cut down the manufacturing cost. Results In this study, the industrially important microorganism Escherichia coli was engineered to produce HFAs directly from glucose. Through the coexpression of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and the leadless acyl-CoA thioesterase (‘TesA), and knockout of the endogenous acyl-CoA synthetase (FadD), an engineered E. coli strain was constructed to efficiently synthesize free fatty acids (FFAs). Under shake-flask conditions, 244.8 mg/L of FFAs were obtained by a 12 h induced culture. Then the fatty acid hydroxylase (CYP102A1) from Bacillus megaterium was introduced into this strain and high-level production of HFAs was achieved. The finally engineered strain BL21ΔfadD/pE-A1’tesA&pA-acc accumulated up to 58.7 mg/L of HFAs in the culture broth. About 24 % of the FFAs generated by the thioesterase were converted to HFAs. Fatty acid composition analysis showed that the HFAs mainly consisted of 9-hydroxydecanoic acid (9-OH-C10), 11-hydroxydodecanoic acid (11-OH-C12), 10-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (10-OH-C16) and 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (12-OH-C18). Fed-batch fermentation of this strain further increased the final titer of HFAs to 548 mg/L. Conclusions A robust HFA-producing strain was successfully constructed using glucose as the feedstock, which demonstrated a novel strategy for bioproduction of HFAs. The results of this work suggest that metabolically engineered E. coli has the potential to be a microbial cell factory for large-scale production of HFAs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0257-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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13-Hydroxy-9Z,15Z-Octadecadienoic Acid Production by Recombinant Cells Expressing Lactobacillus acidophilus 13-Hydratase. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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P212A Mutant of Dihydrodaidzein Reductase Enhances (S)-Equol Production and Enantioselectivity in a Recombinant Escherichia coli Whole-Cell Reaction System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:1992-2002. [PMID: 26801575 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03584-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(S)-Equol, a gut bacterial isoflavone derivative, has drawn great attention because of its potent use for relieving female postmenopausal symptoms and preventing prostate cancer. Previous studies have reported on the dietary isoflavone metabolism of several human gut bacteria and the involved enzymes for conversion of daidzein to (S)-equol. However, the anaerobic growth conditions required by the gut bacteria and the low productivity and yield of (S)-equol limit its efficient production using only natural gut bacteria. In this study, the low (S)-equol biosynthesis of gut microorganisms was overcome by cloning the four enzymes involved in the biosynthesis from Slackia isoflavoniconvertens into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The reaction conditions were optimized for (S)-equol production from the recombinant strain, and this recombinant system enabled the efficient conversion of 200 μM and 1 mM daidzein to (S)-equol under aerobic conditions, achieving yields of 95% and 85%, respectively. Since the biosynthesis of trans-tetrahydrodaidzein was found to be a rate-determining step for (S)-equol production, dihydrodaidzein reductase (DHDR) was subjected to rational site-directed mutagenesis. The introduction of the DHDR P212A mutation increased the (S)-equol productivity from 59.0 mg/liter/h to 69.8 mg/liter/h in the whole-cell reaction. The P212A mutation caused an increase in the (S)-dihydrodaidzein enantioselectivity by decreasing the overall activity of DHDR, resulting in undetectable activity for (R)-dihydrodaidzein, such that a combination of the DHDR P212A mutant with dihydrodaidzein racemase enabled the production of (3S,4R)-tetrahydrodaidzein with an enantioselectivity of >99%.
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