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Jiang X, Hong X, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhong H, Ren J, Zhou B. Phospholipid biosynthesis regulation for improving pigment production by Monascus in response to ammonium chloride stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0114624. [PMID: 39287399 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01146-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In the actual industrial production process, the efficient biosynthesis and secretion of Monascus pigments (MPs) tend to take place under abiotic stresses, which often result in an imbalance of cell homeostasis. The present study aimed to thoroughly describe the changes in lipid profiles in Monascus purpureus by absolute quantitative lipidomics and tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics. The results showed that ammonium chloride stress (15 g/L) increased MP production while inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, leading to an imbalance in membrane lipid homeostasis in Monascus. In response to the imbalance of lipid homeostasis, the regulation mechanism of phospholipids in Monascus was implemented, including the inhibition of lysophospholipids production, maintenance of the ratio of PC/PE, and improvement of the biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and cardiolipin with high saturated and long carbon chain fatty acids through the CDP-DG pathway rather than the Kennedy pathway. The inhibition of lysophospholipid biosynthesis was attributed to the upregulated expression of protein and its gene related to lysophospholipase NTE1, while maintenance of the PC/PE ratio was achieved by the upregulated expression of protein and its gene related to CTP: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in the Kennedy pathway. These findings provide insights into the regulation mechanism of MP biosynthesis from new perspectives.IMPORTANCEMonascus is important in food microbiology as it produces natural colorants known as Monascus pigments (MPs). The industrial production of MPs has been achieved by liquid fermentation, in which the nitrogen source (especially ammonium chloride) is a key nutritional parameter. Previous studies have investigated the regulatory mechanisms of substance and energy metabolism, as well as the cross-protective mechanisms in Monascus in response to ammonium chloride stress. Our research in this work demonstrated that ammonium chloride stress also caused an imbalance of membrane lipid homeostasis in Monascus due to the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. We found that the regulation mechanism of phospholipids in Monascus was implemented, including inhibition of lysophospholipids production, maintenance of the ratio of PC/PE, and improvement of biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and cardiolipin with high saturated and long carbon chain fatty acids through the CDP-DG pathway. These findings further refine the regulatory mechanisms of MP production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiya Hong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhulin Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyan Zhong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Barreto JVDO, Casanova LM, Junior AN, Reis-Mansur MCPP, Vermelho AB. Microbial Pigments: Major Groups and Industrial Applications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2920. [PMID: 38138065 PMCID: PMC10745774 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pigments have many structures and functions with excellent characteristics, such as being biodegradable, non-toxic, and ecologically friendly, constituting an important source of pigments. Industrial production presents a bottleneck in production cost that restricts large-scale commercialization. However, microbial pigments are progressively gaining popularity because of their health advantages. The development of metabolic engineering and cost reduction of the bioprocess using industry by-products opened possibilities for cost and quality improvements in all production phases. We are thus addressing several points related to microbial pigments, including the major classes and structures found, the advantages of use, the biotechnological applications in different industrial sectors, their characteristics, and their impacts on the environment and society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- Bioinovar Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (J.V.d.O.B.); (L.M.C.); (A.N.J.); (M.C.P.P.R.-M.)
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3
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Nie M, Liu T, Qiu X, Yang J, Liu J, Ren J, Zhou B. Regulation mechanism of lipids for extracellular yellow pigments production by Monascus purpureus BWY-5. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12654-6. [PMID: 37405437 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis and secretion of Monascus pigments are closely related to the integrity of the cell membrane, which determines the composition of lipids and its content in cell membrane. The present study aimed to thoroughly describe the changes of lipid profiling in Monascus purpureus BWY-5, which was screened by carbon ion beam irradiation (12C6+) to almost single yield extracellular Monascus yellow pigments (extra-MYPs), by absolute quantitative lipidomics and tandem mass tags (TMT) based quantitative proteomic. 12C6+ irradiation caused non-lipid oxidation damage to Monascus cell membrane, leading to an imbalance in cell membrane lipid homeostasis. This imbalance was attributed to significant changes not only in the composition but also in the content of lipids in Monascus, especially the inhibition of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. Integrity of plasma membrane was maintained by the increased production of ergosterol, monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (MGMG) and sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerol (SQMG), while mitochondrial membrane homeostasis was maintained by the increase of cardiolipin production. The growth and extra-MYPs production of Monascus BWY-5 have been regulated by the promotion of sphingolipids (ceramide and sulfatide) biosynthesis. Simultaneous, energy homeostasis may be achieved by increase of TG synthesis and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activity. These finding suggest ergosterol, cardiolipin, sphingolipids, MGMG and SQMG play a key facilitating role in cytomembrane lipid homeostasis maintaining for Monascus purpureus BWY-5, and then it is closely related to cell growth and extra-MYPs production. KEY POINTS: 1. Energy homeostasis in Monascus purpureus BWY-5 was achieved by increase of TG synthesis and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activity. 2. Integrity of plasma membrane in Monascus purpureus BWY-5 was maintained by the increased production of ergosterol. 3. Mitochondrial membrane homeostasis in Monascus purpureus BWY-5 was maintaed by the increase of cardiolipin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyu Nie
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Xunhan Qiu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
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Monascus Yellow Pigment Production by Coupled Immobilized-Cell Fermentation and Extractive Fermentation in Nonionic Surfactant Micelle Aqueous Solution. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fermentation with immobilized cells possesses many advantages. However, this fermentation mode is restricted to the production of extracellular products. Our previous study demonstrated that the extractive fermentation of Monascus spp. in nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution can export Monascus pigments that are supposed to be mainly intracellular products to extracellular culture broth and, in the meantime, extracellularly enhance the production of yellow pigments at a low pH condition; consequently, this makes the continuous production of yellow pigments with immobilized Monascus cells feasible. In this study, immobilized-cell fermentation and extractive fermentation in Triton X-100 micelle aqueous solution were successfully combined to continuously produce Monascus yellow pigments extracellularly. We examined the effects of cell immobilization and Triton X-100 on cell growth, pigment production, and pigment composition. In the repeated-batch extractive fermentation with immobilized cells, the biomass in Ca-alginate gel beads continued to grow and reached 21.2 g/L after seven batches, and dominant yellow pigments were produced extracellularly and stable for each batch. The mean productivity of the extracellular yellow pigments reached up to 22.31 AU410 nm/day within the first four batches (13 days) and 19.7 AU410 nm/day within the first seven batches (25 days). The results also provide a new strategy for producing such intracellular products continuously and extracellularly.
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A mutant of Monascus purpureus obtained by carbon ion beam irradiation yielded yellow pigments using various nitrogen sources. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 162:110121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Metabolomics Analysis Coupled with Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Unravels the Associations of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-Intermediates with Edible Pigments Produced by Monascus purpureus (Hong Qu). Foods 2022; 11:foods11142168. [PMID: 35885410 PMCID: PMC9320606 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus azaphilones pigments (MonAzPs) produced by microbial fermentation are widely used as food chemicals for coloring and supplying beneficial biological attributes. In this study, a fermentation perturbation strategy was implemented by separately adding different amino acids, and detecting the intracellular metabolome via UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. With the aid of weighted gene co-expression network analysis, two metabolic intermediates, fumarate and malate, involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were identified as the hub metabolites. Moreover, exogenous addition of fumarate or malate significantly promoted red pigment production, and reduced orange/yellow pigment production. The importance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle was further emphasized by detecting intracellular levels of ATP, NAD(P)H, and expression of oxidoreductase-coding genes located in the MonAzPs synthetic gene cluster, suggesting a considerable effect of the energy supply on MonAzPs synthesis. Collectively, metabolomics is a powerful approach to position the crucial metabolic regulatory factors, and facilitate the development of engineering strategies for targeted regulation, lower trial-and-error cost, and advance safe and controllable processes for fermented food chemistry industries.
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Bai J, Gong Z, Shu M, Zhao H, Ye F, Tang C, Zhang S, Zhou B, Lu D, Zhou X, Lin Q, Liu J. Increased Water-Soluble Yellow Monascus Pigment Productivity via Dual Mutagenesis and Submerged Repeated-Batch Fermentation of Monascus purpureus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914828. [PMID: 35756045 PMCID: PMC9218666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) have been used in the food industry for more than 2,000 years and are known for their safety, bold coloring, and physiological activity. MPs are mainly yellow (YMPs), orange (OMPs), and red (RMPs). In this study, a mutant strain Monascus purpureus H14 with high production of water-soluble YMPs (WSYMPs, λmax at 370 nm) was generated instead of primary YMPs (λmax at 420 nm), OMPs (λmax at 470 nm), and RMPs (λmax at 510 nm) produced by the parent strain M. purpureus LQ-6 through dual mutagenesis of atmospheric and room-temperature plasma and heavy ion beam irradiation (HIBI), producing 22.68 U/ml extracellular YMPs and 10.67 U/ml intracellular YMPs. WSYMP production was increased by 289.51% in optimal conditions after response surface methodology was applied in submerged fermentation. Application of combined immobilized fermentation and extractive fermentation improved productivity to 16.89 U/ml/day, 6.70 times greater than with conservative submerged fermentation. The produced WSYMPs exhibited good tone stability to environmental factors, but their pigment values were unstable to pH, light, and high concentrations of Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Mg2+. Furtherly, the produced exYMPs were identified as two yellow monascus pigment components (monascusone B and C21H27NO7S) by UHPLC-ESI-MS. This strategy may be extended to industrial production of premium WSYMPs using Monascus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zihan Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Shu
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Fanyu Ye
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Chenglun Tang
- Nanjing Sheng Ming Yuan Health Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Industrial Biotechnology JITRI Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Lu
- Biophysics Research Laboratory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Biophysics Research Laboratory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Safety Monitoring and Early Waring, Changsha, China
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8
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Zhang C, Chen M, Yang L, Cheng Y, Qin Y, Zang Y, Wang B, Sun B, Wang C. Effects of mokF gene deletion and overexpression on the Monacolin K metabolism yields of Monascus purpureus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3069-3080. [PMID: 35435455 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monascus purpureus is a fungus known for producing various physiologically active secondary metabolites. Of these, Monacolin K, a compound with hypocholesterolemic effects, is controlled by the biosynthetic gene mokF. Here, mokF deletion and overexpression strains (F2 and C3, respectively) were constructed using genetic engineering and compared with the M. purpureus wild strain (M1). The results showed that Monacolin K production was reduced by 50.86% in F2 and increased by 74.19% in C3. Of the three strains, C3 showed the highest production of Monacolin K and the most abnormal morphology. In addition, mokF influenced the expression level of mokA-mokI and might play an important role in regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in M. purpureus. Overall, our study verified the function of mokF in M. purpureus using gene deletion and overexpression technology. KEY POINTS: • The deletion and overexpression strains of mokF gene were successfully constructed. • The deletion or overexpression of mokF gene directly affected Monacolin K production. •The mokF gene had little effect on Monascus pigments and cell biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhang
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China. .,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Mengxue Chen
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Le Yang
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuhui Qin
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yueming Zang
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China. .,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Huang D, Wang Y, Zhang J, Xu H, Bai J, Zhang H, Jiang X, Yuan J, Lu G, Jiang L, Liao X, Liu B, Liu H. Integrative Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Uncover Metabolic Alterations and Pigment Diversity in Monascus in Response to Different Nitrogen Sources. mSystems 2021; 6:e0080721. [PMID: 34491088 PMCID: PMC8547423 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00807-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen in different chemical forms is critical for metabolic alterations in Monascus strains and associated pigment diversity. In this study, we observed that ammonium-form nitrogen was superior in promoting the biosynthesis of Monascus pigments (MPs) when compared with nitrate and organic forms. Moreover, with any nitrogen source, the production of yellow and orange pigments was highly synchronized but distantly related to red pigments. However, transcriptional analyses of MP gene clusters suggested a low contribution to MP accumulation, suggesting that MP-limiting factors were located outside the gene cluster. Our metabolomic analyses demonstrated that red pigment biosynthesis was closely related to intracellular amino acids, whereas orange and yellow pigments were associated with nucleotides. In addition, weighted gene coexpression network analyses (WGCNA) based on transcriptomic data showed that multiple primary metabolic pathways were closely related to red pigment production, while several secondary pathways were related to orange pigments, and others were involved with yellow pigment regulation. These findings demonstrate that pigment diversity in Monascus is under combined regulation at metabolomic and transcriptomic levels. IMPORTANCE Natural MPs containing a mixture of red, orange, and yellow pigments are widely used as food coloring agents. MP diversity provides foods with versatile colors and health benefits but, in turn, complicate efforts to achieve maximum yield or desirable combination of pigments during the manufacturing process. Apart from the MP biosynthetic gene cluster, interactions between the main biosynthetic pathways and other intracellular genes/metabolites are critical to our understanding of MP differentiation. The integrative multiomics analytical strategy provides a technical platform and new perspectives for the identification of metabolic shunting mechanisms in MP biosynthesis. Equally, our research highlights the influence of intracellular metabolic alterations on MP differentiation, which will facilitate the rational engineering and optimization of MP production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijing Zhang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Gege Lu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals the metabolic regulation mechanism of yellow pigment overproduction by Monascus using ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6369-6379. [PMID: 34402939 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monascus yellow pigments (MYPs), as food colorants, are of great interest to the food industry, because of their beneficial biological activities. In this study, a comparative metabolomics strategy revealed the metabolic regulatory mechanism of MYP overproduction, comparing ammonium chloride with peptone as nitrogen sources. Metabolomics-based multivariate regression modeling showed that metabolic biomarkers/modules, such as glucose, lactate, and the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, were closely associated with the biosynthesis of MYPs. Exogenous addition of glucose increased production of MYPs, whereas lactate reduced it. Inhibition of the PP pathway with dehydroepiandrosterone decreased MYP production, while increasing the shunting production of orange and red pigments. All these treatments significantly changed the expression profiles of the pigment biosynthetic gene cluster and the mycelial morphology. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of elucidating the mechanism of MYP biosynthesis by comprehensive metabolomics analysis, as well as discovering potential engineering targets of efficiency improvements to commercial MYP production. KEY POINTS: • Comparative metabolomics revealed the biomarkers/modules of MYP production. • A rational exogenously adding strategy was implemented to regulate MYP synthesis. • Expression profiles of gene cluster and mycelial morphology were characterized.
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Liu J, Wu J, Cai X, Zhang S, Liang Y, Lin Q. Regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus via cofactor metabolic engineering strategies. Food Microbiol 2020; 95:103689. [PMID: 33397619 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of cofactor metabolism on secondary metabolite production in M. purpureus through the application of different cofactor engineering strategies. Total pigment production dramatically increased by 39.08% and 40.89%, and yellow pigment production increased by 74.62% and 114.06% after the addition of 1.0 mg/L of the exogenous cofactor reagents methyl viologen and rotenone, respectively, in submerged batch-fermentation. The extracellular red pigment tone changed to yellow with the application of electrolytic stimulation at 800 mV/cm2, but almost no citrinin production was detected. In addition, the total pigment, yellow pigment and citrinin production increased by 35.46%, 54.89% and 6.27% after disruption of the nuoⅠ gene that encodes NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, respectively. Thus, cofactor metabolic engineering strategies could be extended to the industrial production of Monascus pigment or high yellow pigment with free citrinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Jingyan Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Xinru Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Song Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Ying Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China.
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12
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Santos AG, de Albuquerque TL, Ribeiro BD, Coelho MAZ. In situ product recovery techniques aiming to obtain biotechnological products: A glance to current knowledge. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:1044-1057. [PMID: 32931049 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology and bioengineering techniques have been widely used in the production of biofuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food additives, being considered a "green" form of production because they use renewable and nonpolluting energy sources. On the other hand, in the traditional processes of production, the target product obtained by biotechnological routes must undergo several stages of purification, which makes these processes more expensive. In the past few years, some works have focused on processes that integrate fermentation to the recovery and purification steps necessary to obtain the final product required. This type of process is called in situ product recovery or extractive fermentation. However, there are some differences in the concepts of the techniques used in these bioprocesses. In this way, this review sought to compile relevant content on considerations and procedures that are being used in this field, such as evaporation, liquid-liquid extraction, permeation, and adsorption techniques. Also, the objective of this review was to approach the different configurations in the recent literature of the processes employed and the main bioproducts obtained, which can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and/or fuel additives industry. We intended to elucidate concepts of these techniques, considered very recent, but which emerge as a promising alternative for the integration of bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane G Santos
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago L de Albuquerque
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo D Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Z Coelho
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Yang X, Xiang L, Dong Y, Cao Y, Wang C. Effect of nonionic surfactant Brij 35 on morphology, cloud point, and pigment stability in Monascus extractive fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4521-4530. [PMID: 32400028 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonionic surfactant Brij 35 in submerged fermentation of Monascus can significantly increase Monascus pigment yield. Here, the effects of nonionic surfactant Brij 35 on Monascus pigment secretion in extractive fermentation are discussed in terms of cell morphology, cloud point change, and pigment stability. RESULTS At Brij 35 concentrations up to 32 g L-1 , the higher concentrations led to the loosening of the network structure on the surface of the fungal wall, enhanced cell wall permeability, and increased abundance of lipid droplets. Alternatively, when the concentration of Brij 35 exceeded 32 g L-1 , a large amount of substances accumulated on the surface of the fungal wall, permeability reduced, and the degree of oil droplet dispersion in cells decreased. Further, during extractive fermentation, Brij 35 induced formation of a grid structure on the fungal wall surface beginning on day 2, increased the number of intracellular lipid droplets, and promoted intracellular pigment secretion into the extracellular environment. When the cloud point temperature in the fermentation system approached that of fermentation, the nonionic surfactant exhibited stronger Monascus pigment extraction capacity, thereby enhancing pigment yield. Hence, Brij 35 can improve pigment stability and effectively reduce damage caused by natural factors, such as light and temperature. CONCLUSION Brij 35 promotes the secretion of pigment by changing the fungal wall structure and cloud point, as well as by improving pigment stability. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Longbei Xiang
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ye Dong
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
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14
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Zhang C, Zhu Q, Zhang H, Zhang N, Yang X, Shi J, Sun B, Wang C. Effects on the sporulation and secondary metabolism yields of Monascus purpureus with mokH gene deletion and overexpression. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:661-670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Zhang S, Guo F, Yan W, Dai Z, Dong W, Zhou J, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. Recent Advances of CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genetic Engineering and Transcriptional Regulation in Industrial Biology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:459. [PMID: 32047743 PMCID: PMC6997136 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial biology plays a crucial role in the fields of medicine, health, food, energy, and so on. However, the lack of efficient genetic engineering tools has restricted the rapid development of industrial biology. Recently, the emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system brought a breakthrough in genome editing technologies due to its high orthogonality, versatility, and efficiency. In this review, we summarized the barriers of CRISPR/Cas9 and corresponding solutions for efficient genetic engineering in industrial microorganisms. In addition, the advances of industrial biology employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system were compared in terms of its application in bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi. Furthermore, the cooperation between CRISPR/Cas9 and synthetic biology was discussed to help build complex and programmable gene circuits, which can be used in industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongxue Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Li L, Chen S, Gao M, Ding B, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Wu Q, Chen F. Acidic conditions induce the accumulation of orange Monascus pigments during liquid-state fermentation of Monascus ruber M7. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8393-8402. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Yuan K, Huang B, Qin T, Song P, Zhang K, Ji X, Ren L, Zhang S, Huang H. Effect of SDS on release of intracellular pneumocandin B 0 in extractive batch fermentation of Glarea lozoyensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6061-6069. [PMID: 31161390 PMCID: PMC6616208 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocandin B0 is a hydrophobic secondary metabolite that accumulates in the mycelia of Glarea lozoyensis and inhibits fungal 1,3-β-glucan synthase. Extractive batch fermentation can promote the release of intracellular secondary metabolites into the fermentation broth and is often used in industry. The addition of extractants has been proven as an effective method to attain higher accumulation of hydrophobic secondary metabolites and circumvent troublesome solvent extraction. Various extractants exerted significant but different influences on the biomass and pneumocandin B0 yields. The maximum pneumocandin B0 yield (2528.67 mg/L) and highest extracellular pneumocandin B0 yield (580.33 mg/L) were achieved when 1.0 g/L SDS was added on the 13th day of extractive batch fermentation, corresponding to significant increases of 37.63 and 154% compared with the conventional batch fermentation, respectively. The mechanism behind this phenomenon is partly attributed to the release of intracellular pneumocandin B0 into the fermentation broth and the enhanced biosynthesis of pneumocandin B0 in the mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Baoqi Huang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Tingting Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China. .,School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lujing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.,School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaboration Innovation Center of Chinese Medical Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - He Huang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.,School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
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18
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Lim YJ, Lee DW, Park SH, Kwon HJ. Extractive fermentation of Monascus purpureus promotes the production of oxidized congeners of the pigment azaphilone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2018.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ji Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh Won Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Hyung Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources and Institute for Traditional Korean Medicine Industry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyunggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
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19
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Identification of water-soluble Monascus yellow pigments using HPLC-PAD-ELSD, high-resolution ESI-MS, and MS-MS. Food Chem 2018; 245:536-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Chen G, Wang M, Tian X, Wu Z. Analyses of Monascus pigment secretion and cellular morphology in non-ionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:409-419. [PMID: 29239514 PMCID: PMC5812241 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments produced by Monascus spp. are widely used as natural food colourants. Extractive fermentation technology can facilitate the secretion of intracellular Monascus pigments into extracellular non-ionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution, so as to avoid the feedback inhibition and decomposition. In this study, behaviour of the trans-membrane secretion of Monascus pigments was investigated using morphological and spectroscopic analyses. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) traced that pigment secretion occurred through rapid trans-membrane permeation in 4 min, with a simultaneous conversion in pigment characteristics. Approximately 50% of intracellular pigments (AU470 ) extracted to extracellular broth with 40 g l-1 Triton X-100, indicating the capacity for pigment extraction was limited by the saturation concentrations of surfactant. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging showed some damage in the cell wall but an intact cell membrane with a slightly increased mycelial diameter. However, the physiological properties of the cell membrane, including integrity, fluorescence intensity and permeability, were altered. A diagram was provided to demonstrate the behaviour of Monascus pigment secretion induced by Triton X-100. This study lays a foundation for the further investigation of Monascus pigment metabolism and secretion in extractive fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Chen
- School of Bioscience and BioengineeringGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006China
| | - Meihua Wang
- School of Bioscience and BioengineeringGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006China
| | - Xiaofei Tian
- School of Bioscience and BioengineeringGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006China
- Dongguan Tianyi Biotechnology Co. Ltd.Dongguan523000China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Bioscience and BioengineeringGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006China
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21
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Huang T, Tan H, Chen G, Wang L, Wu Z. Rising temperature stimulates the biosynthesis of water-soluble fluorescent yellow pigments and gene expression in Monascus ruber CGMCC10910. AMB Express 2017. [PMID: 28651383 PMCID: PMC5483225 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus species can produce secondary metabolites that have a polyketide structure. In this study, four types of extracellular water-soluble yellow pigments (Y1–Y4) were generated by submerged fermentation with Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910, of which Y3 and Y4 had strong yellow fluorescence. The composition of the pigment mixtures was closely related to the fermentation temperature. The dominating pigments changed from Y1 to Y3 and Y4 when fermentation temperature increased from 30 to 35 °C. Increasing the temperature to 35 °C changed the metabolic pathways of the pigments, which inhibited the biosynthesis of Y1 and enhanced the biosynthesis of Y3 and Y4. Moreover, the yield of Y1 reduced insignificantly, while the yields of Y3 and Y4 increased by 98.21 and 79.31% respectively under two-stage temperature fermentation condition. The expression levels of the relative pigment biosynthetic genes, such as MpFasA2, MpFasB2, MpPKS5, mppR1, mppB, and mppE, were up-regulated at 35 °C. The two-stage temperature strategy is a potential method for producing water-soluble Monascus yellow pigments with strong yellow fluorescence.
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22
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Chen G, Bei Q, Shi K, Tian X, Wu Z. Saturation effect and transmembrane conversion of Monascus pigment in nonionic surfactant aqueous solution. AMB Express 2017; 7:24. [PMID: 28116697 PMCID: PMC5256623 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extractive fermentation in a nonionic surfactant aqueous solution provides a promising and efficient method to produce Monascus pigments. The behaviour of pigment secretion during the extractive cultivation was investigated in the present work. The results revealed that the secretion of intracellular pigment was limited by its saturation concentration in the nonionic surfactant aqueous solution. The intracellular pigment was completely extracted to the outside of the cell at a low cell density and high concentration of Triton X-100 (TX) in fermentation broth; otherwise, a restriction for pigment extraction would occur. The decrement of the intracellular orange and yellow pigments was inconsistent with the increment of extracellular pigments with an increase in the TX concentration. It could be inferred that the intracellular orange pigment was converted to extracellular yellow pigment during the transmembrane secretion process, which might be attributed to the enzyme catalysis in the non-aqueous phase solution. This study helps explain the mechanism of variation of pigment characteristic and extraction capacity in extractive fermentation.
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23
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Lu F, Liu L, Huang Y, Zhang X, Wang Z. Production of Monascus pigments as extracellular crystals by cell suspension culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:677-687. [PMID: 29177624 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that Monascus pigments are predominantly cell-bound, including both intracellular and surface-bound pigments. This long-term misconception was corrected in the present work. Production of extracellular crystal pigments by submerged culture of Monascus sp. was confirmed by microscopic observation and collection of Monascus pigments from extracellular broth by direct membrane filtration. Following up the new fact, the bioactivity of mycelia as whole-cell biocatalyst for biosynthesis and biodegradation of Monascus pigments had been detailedly examined in both an aqueous solution and a nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution. Based on those experimental results, cell suspension culture in an aqueous medium was developed as a novel strategy for accumulation of high concentration of Monascus pigments. Thus, glucose feeding during submerged culture in the aqueous medium was carried out successfully and high orange Monascus pigments concentration of near 4 g/L was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaolin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Tracking of pigment accumulation and secretion in extractive fermentation of Monascus anka GIM 3.592. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:172. [PMID: 28978326 PMCID: PMC5628469 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monascus pigments are promising sources for food and medicine due to their natural food-coloring functions and pharmaceutical values. The innovative technology of extractive fermentation is used to promote pigment productivity, but reports of pigment trans-membrane secretion mechanism are rare. In this study, tracking of pigment accumulation and secretion in extractive fermentation of Monascus anka GIM 3.592 was investigated. Results The increased vacuole size in mycelia correlated with fluorescence intensity (r > 0.85, p < 0.05), which indicates that intracellular pigments with strong fluorescence accumulated in the cytoplasmic vacuole. After adding nonionic surfactant Triton X-100, the uptake of rhodamine123 (Rh123) and 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN) and the release of K+ and Na+ rapidly increased, demonstrating that the physiological performances of the cell membrane varied upon damaging the integrity, increasing the permeability, and changing the potential. Simultaneously, the fatty acid composition also varied, which caused a weak fluidity in the membrane lipids. Therefore, the intracellular pigments embedded in Triton X-100 were secreted through the ion channels of the cell membrane. Dense, spherical pigment-surfactant micelles with an average size of 21 nm were distributed uniformly in the extraction broth. Based on the different pigment components between extractive fermentation and batch fermentation, a threefold decrease in the NAD+/NADH ratio in mycelia and a more than 200-fold increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity in extracellular broth occurred, further suggesting that a reduction reaction for pigment conversion from orange pigments to yellow pigments occurred in non-aqueous phase solution. Conclusions A putative model was established to track the localization of Monascus pigment accumulation and its trans-membrane secretion in extractive fermentation. This finding provides a theoretical explanation for microbial extractive fermentation of Monascus pigments, as well as other non-water-soluble products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0786-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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25
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CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing of the filamentous fungi: the state of the art. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7435-7443. [PMID: 28887634 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of genetic tools have been developed and applied to various filamentous fungi, which are widely applied in agriculture and the food industry. However, the low efficiency of gene targeting has for many years hampered studies on functional genomics in this important group of microorganisms. The emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology has sparked a revolution in genetic research due to its high efficiency, versatility, and easy operation and opened the door for the discovery and exploitation of many new natural products. Although the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in filamentous fungi is still in its infancy compared to its common use in E. coli, yeasts, and mammals, the deep development of this system will certainly drive the exploitation of fungal diversity. In this review, we summarize the research progress on CRISPR/Cas9 systems in filamentous fungi and finally highlight further prospects in this area.
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26
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Shi K, Tang R, Huang T, Wang L, Wu Z. Pigment fingerprint profile during extractive fermentation with Monascus anka GIM 3.592. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:46. [PMID: 28545553 PMCID: PMC5445263 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional submerged fermentation mainly accumulates intracellular orange pigments with absorption maxima at 470 nm, whereas extractive fermentation of Monascus spp. with Triton X-100 can promote the export of intracellular pigments to extracellular broth, mainly obtaining extracellular yellow pigments with absorption maxima at approximately 410 nm. In this study, a strain of Monascus (M. anka GIM 3.592) that produces high yields of pigments was employed to investigate the differences in pigment fingerprint profiles between submerged and extractive fermentations. RESULTS Using extractive fermentation with this high-yield strain, the extracellular pigments exhibited an absorption maximum at 430 nm, not 410 nm, as previously observed. By comparing the pigment fingerprint profiles between submerged and extractive fermentations, extractive fermentation was found to not only export intracellular pigments to the extracellular broth, but also to form four other yellow pigments (Y1-Y4) that accounted for a large proportion of the extracellular pigments and that were not produced in submerged fermentation. The yields of Y1-Y4 were closely related to the concentration and feeding time point of Triton X-100. Y1-Y4 presented identical UV-Vis spectra with absorption maxima at 430 nm and fluorescence spectra with absorption maxima (emission) at 565 nm. HPLC-MS and the spectral analysis showed that the four pigments (Y1-Y4) had not been previously reported. The results indicated that these pigments may rely on the bioconversion of orange pigments (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin). CONCLUSIONS Using extractive fermentation with M. anka led to a high yield of extracellular yellow pigments (AU410 nm = 114), and the pigment fingerprint profile significantly differed compared to the results of traditional submerged fermentation. These results provide information and a detailed view of the composition and variation of pigments in extractive fermentation and could also contribute to characterizing pigment metabolism during extractive fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Shi
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rui Tang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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27
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Wang M, Huang T, Chen G, Wu Z. Production of water-soluble yellow pigments via high glucose stress fermentation of Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3121-3130. [PMID: 28091787 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monascus pigments are secondary metabolites of Monascus species and are mainly composed of yellow pigments, orange pigments and red pigments. In this study, a larger proportion of Monascus yellow pigments could be obtained through the selection of the carbon source. Hydrophilic yellow pigments can be largely produced extracellularly by Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910 under conditions of high glucose fermentation with low oxidoreduction potential (ORP). However, keeping high glucose levels later in the culture causes translation or a reduction of yellow pigment. We presume that the mechanism behind this phenomenon may be attributed to the redox level of the culture broth and the high glucose stress reaction of M. ruber CGMCC 10910 during high glucose fermentation. These yellow pigments were produced via high glucose bio-fermentation without citrinin. Therefore, these pigments can act as natural pigments for applications as food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong Chen
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Dongguan Tianyi Biotech. Co. Ltd., Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Urista CM, Rodríguez JG, Corona AA, Cuenca AA, Jurado AT. Pigments from fungi, an opportunity of production for diverse applications. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Chen G, Wu Z. Production and biological activities of yellow pigments from Monascus fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:136. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Biosynthesis of Monascus pigments by resting cell submerged culture in nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7083-9. [PMID: 26971494 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing cell submerged culture is usually applied for fermentative production of intracellular orange Monascus pigments, in which accumulation of Monascus pigments is at least partially associated to cell growth. In the present work, extractive fermentation in a nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution was utilized as a strategy for releasing of intracellular Monascus pigments. Those mycelia with low content of intracellular Monascus pigments were utilized as biocatalyst in resting cell submerged culture. By this means, resting cell submerged culture for production of orange Monascus pigments was carried out successfully in the nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution, which exhibited some advantages comparing with the corresponding conventional growing cell submerged culture, such as non-sterilization operation, high cell density (24 g/l DCW) leading to high productivity (14 AU of orange Monascus pigments at 470 nm per day), and recycling of cells as biocatalyst leading to high product yield (approximately 1 AU of orange Monascus pigments at 470 nm per gram of glucose) based on energy metabolism.
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Wang B, Zhang X, Wu Z, Wang Z. Investigation of relationship between lipid and Monascus pigment accumulation by extractive fermentation. J Biotechnol 2015; 212:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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