1
|
Sang M, Feng P, Chi LP, Zhang W. The biosynthetic logic and enzymatic machinery of approved fungi-derived pharmaceuticals and agricultural biopesticides. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:565-603. [PMID: 37990930 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2023The kingdom Fungi has become a remarkably valuable source of structurally complex natural products (NPs) with diverse bioactivities. Since the revolutionary discovery and application of the antibiotic penicillin from Penicillium, a number of fungi-derived NPs have been developed and approved into pharmaceuticals and pesticide agents using traditional "activity-guided" approaches. Although emerging genome mining algorithms and surrogate expression hosts have brought revolutionary approaches to NP discovery, the time and costs involved in developing these into new drugs can still be prohibitively high. Therefore, it is essential to maximize the utility of existing drugs by rational design and systematic production of new chemical structures based on these drugs by synthetic biology. To this purpose, there have been great advances in characterizing the diversified biosynthetic gene clusters associated with the well-known drugs and in understanding the biosynthesis logic mechanisms and enzymatic transformation processes involved in their production. We describe advances made in the heterogeneous reconstruction of complex NP scaffolds using fungal polyketide synthases (PKSs), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), PKS/NRPS hybrids, terpenoids, and indole alkaloids and also discuss mechanistic insights into metabolic engineering, pathway reprogramming, and cell factory development. Moreover, we suggest pathways for expanding access to the fungal chemical repertoire by biosynthesis of representative family members via common platform intermediates and through the rational manipulation of natural biosynthetic machineries for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moli Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Peiyuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramadan AMAA, Shehata RM, El-Sheikh HH, Ameen F, Stephenson SL, Zidan SAH, Al-Bedak OAM. Exploitation of Sugarcane Bagasse and Environmentally Sustainable Production, Purification, Characterization, and Application of Lovastatin by Aspergillus terreus AUMC 15760 under Solid-State Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104048. [PMID: 37241788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for identification, three strains of Aspergillus terreus were identified and designated AUMC 15760, AUMC 15762, and AUMC 15763 for the Assiut University Mycological Centre culture collection. The ability of the three strains to manufacture lovastatin in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The most potent strain was strain AUMC 15760, which was chosen to ferment nine types of lignocellulosic waste (barley bran, bean hay, date palm leaves, flax seeds, orange peels, rice straw, soy bean, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat bran), with sugarcane bagasse turning out to be the best substrate. After 10 days at pH 6.0 at 25 °C using sodium nitrate as the nitrogen source and a moisture content of 70%, the lovastatin output reached its maximum quantity (18.2 mg/g substrate). The medication was produced in lactone form as a white powder in its purest form using column chromatography. In-depth spectroscopy examination, including 1H, 13C-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, optical density, and LC-MS/MS analysis, as well as a comparison of the physical and spectroscopic data with published data, were used to identify the medication. At an IC50 of 69.536 ± 5.73 µM, the purified lovastatin displayed DPPH activity. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis had MICs of 1.25 mg/mL, whereas Candida albicans and Candida glabrata had MICs of 2.5 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL, respectively, against pure lovastatin. As a component of sustainable development, this study offers a green (environmentally friendly) method for using sugarcane bagasse waste to produce valuable chemicals and value-added commodities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M A A Ramadan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11511, Egypt
| | - Reda M Shehata
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11511, Egypt
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al Azhar University, Cairo 11511, Egypt
| | - Hussein H El-Sheikh
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11511, Egypt
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al Azhar University, Cairo 11511, Egypt
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven L Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Sabry A H Zidan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Simpson TJ. The 'emodin family' of fungal natural products-amalgamating a century of research with recent genomics-based advances. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:174-201. [PMID: 36222427 PMCID: PMC9890505 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022A very large group of biosynthetically linked fungal secondary metabolites are formed via the key intermediate emodin and its corresponding anthrone. The group includes anthraquinones such as chrysophanol and cladofulvin, the grisandienes geodin and trypacidin, the diphenyl ether pestheic acid, benzophenones such as monodictyphenone and various xanthones including the prenylated shamixanthones, the agnestins and dimeric xanthones such as the ergochromes, cryptosporioptides and neosartorin. Such compounds exhibit a wide range of bioactivities and as such have been utilised in traditional medicine for centuries, as well as garnering more recent interest from the pharmaceutical sector. Additional interest comes from industries such as textiles and cosmetics due to their use as natural colourants. A variety of biosynthetic routes and mechanisms have been proposed for this family of compounds, being altered and updated as new biosynthetic methods develop and new results emerge. After nearly 100 years of such research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about the biosynthesis of this important family, amalgamating the early chemical and biosynthetic studies with the more recent genetics-based advances and comparative bioinformatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen B, Shi Z, Wang Y, Chen M, Yang C, Cui H, Su T, Kwan HY. Discovery of a novel anti-obesity meroterpenoid agent targeted subcutaneous adipose tissue. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154396. [PMID: 36057145 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meroterpenoid furanasperterpene A (T2-3) with a novel 6/6/6/6/5 pentacyclic skeleton was isolated from the Aspergillus terreus GZU-31-1. Previously, we showed that T2-3 possessed significant lipid-lowering effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes at 5 μM concentration. However, its therapeutic effect in metabolic disease and the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. METHODS High fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model and 3T3-L1 cell model were used to assess the anti-obesity effects of T2-3. Lipids in the adipocytes were examined by Oil Red O staining. β-catenin expression was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting, its activity was assessed by TOPflash/FOPflash assay. RESULTS T2-3 possessed potent anti-obesity effects in DIO mice, it significantly reduced body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) mass. Mechanistic studies showed that T2-3 significantly inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation as indicated by the reduced number of mature adipocytes. The treatments also reduced the expressions of critical adipogenic transcription factors CEBP-α and PPAR-γ in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and SAT in DIO mice. Interestingly, T2-3 increased the cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of β-catenin and the transcriptional activity of β-catenin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; the elevated β-catenin expression was also observed in SAT of the T2-3-treated DIO mice. Indeed, upregulation of β-catenin activity suppressed adipogenesis, while β-catenin inhibitor JW67 reversed the anti-adipogenic effect of T2-3. Taken together, our data suggest that T2-3 inhibits adipogenesis by upregulating β-catenin activity. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first report demonstrating meroterpenoid furanasperterpene A as a novel 6/6/6/6/5 pentacyclic skeleton (T2-3) that possesses potent anti-adipogenic effect by targeting β-catenin signaling pathway. Our findings drive new anti-obesity drug discovery and provide drug leads for chemists and pharmacologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baisen Chen
- Centre for Cancer & Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yechun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minting Chen
- Centre for Cancer & Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunfang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tao Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer & Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Co-cultivation of filamentous microorganisms in the presence of aluminum oxide microparticles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5459-5477. [PMID: 35906994 PMCID: PMC9418094 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In the present work, the approaches of submerged co-cultivation and microparticle-enhanced cultivation (MPEC) were combined and evaluated over the course of three case studies. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus was co-cultivated with Penicillium rubens, Streptomyces rimosus, or Cerrena unicolor in shake flasks with or without the addition of aluminum oxide microparticles. The influence of microparticles on the production of lovastatin, penicillin G, oxytetracycline, and laccase in co-cultures was compared with the effects recorded for the corresponding monocultures. In addition, the quantitative analyses of morphological parameters, sugars consumption, and by-products formation were performed. The study demonstrated that the influence of microparticles on the production of a given molecule in mono- and co-culture may differ considerably, e.g., the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline was shown to be inhibited due to the presence of aluminum oxide in “A. terreus vs. S. rimosus” co-cultivation variants but not in S. rimosus monocultures. The differences were also observed regarding the morphological characteristics, e.g., the microparticles-induced changes of projected area in the co-cultures and the corresponding monocultures were not always comparable. In addition, the study showed the importance of medium composition on the outcomes of MPEC, as exemplified by lovastatin production in A. terreus monocultures. Finally, the co-cultures of A. terreus with a white-rot fungus C. unicolor were described here for the first time. Key points • Aluminum oxide affects secondary metabolites production in submerged co-cultures. • Mono- and co-cultures are differently impacted by the addition of aluminum oxide. • Effect of aluminum oxide on metabolites production depends on medium composition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12087-7.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Y, Liu W, Wu D, He W, Zuo M, Wang D, Fu P, Wang L, Zhu W. Sulfur-Containing Phenolic Compounds from the Cave Soil-Derived Aspergillus fumigatus GZWMJZ-152. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:433-440. [PMID: 35107296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Six new sulfur-containing phenolic compounds (1-6) and their putative metabolic precursors (7-9) were isolated from the cave soil-derived fungus Aspergillus fumigatus GZWMJZ-152. Compound 1 represents an unusual benzophenone-diketopiperazine hybrid via a thioether linker, while compound 2 contains a naturally rare sulfoxide group. Both compounds 2 and 3 were initially isolated as racemic mixtures and then purified as the enantiomerically pure (+)-2, (-)-2, (+)-3, and (-)-3, respectively. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and the calculations of electronic circular dichroism. The antioxidant activity of compounds 1-9 was evaluated based on oxygen radical absorbance capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, and the protective effect on the PC12 cell line against H2O2-induced damage. Compounds 5-7 and 9 showed radical-scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals with the IC50 values of 3.45 ± 0.02, 23.73 ± 0.08, 18.90 ± 0.16, and 17.27 ± 0.15 μM, respectively. Compounds (±)-2, 4, 7, and 8 exhibited potent antioxidant capacity with oxygen radical absorbance capacity values of 1.73 ± 0.13, 1.65 ± 0.03, 6.14 ± 0.35, and 1.55 ± 0.04 μmol TE/μmol, respectively. Compounds (±)-2 and (±)-3 also exhibited protective effects on oxidative injury of PC12 cells induced by H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Wenwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Mingxing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boruta T, Ścigaczewska A, Bizukojć M. "Microbial Wars" in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor: Investigating the Co-Cultures of Streptomyces rimosus and Aspergillus terreus, Filamentous Microorganisms Equipped With a Rich Arsenal of Secondary Metabolites. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:713639. [PMID: 34660550 PMCID: PMC8511322 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.713639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial co-cultivation is an approach frequently used for the induction of secondary metabolic pathways and the discovery of novel molecules. The studies of this kind are typically focused on the chemical and ecological aspects of inter-species interactions rather than on the bioprocess characterization. In the present work, the co-cultivation of two textbook producers of secondary metabolites, namely Aspergillus terreus (a filamentous fungus used for the manufacturing of lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug) and Streptomyces rimosus (an actinobacterial producer of an antibiotic oxytetracycline) in a 5.5-L stirred tank bioreactor was investigated in the context of metabolic production, utilization of carbon substrates and dissolved oxygen levels. The cultivation runs differed in terms of the applied co-culture initiation strategy and the composition of growth medium. All the experiments were performed in three bioreactors running in parallel (corresponding to a co-culture and two respective monoculture controls). The analysis based upon mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography revealed a broad spectrum of more than 40 secondary metabolites, including the molecules identified as the oxidized derivatives of rimocidin and milbemycin that were observed solely under the conditions of co-cultivation. S. rimosus showed a tendency to dominate over A. terreus, except for the runs where S. rimosus was inoculated into the already developed bioreactor cultures of A. terreus. Despite being dominated, the less aggressive strain still had an observable influence on the production of secondary metabolites and the utilization of substrates in co-culture. The monitoring of dissolved oxygen levels was evaluated as a fast approach of identifying the dominant microorganism during the co-cultivation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Ścigaczewska
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojć
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Complete genome sequence of lovastatin producer Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 and evaluation of genomic diversity among A. terreus strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1615-1627. [PMID: 33515286 PMCID: PMC7880949 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In the present study, the complete genome of a filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. This strain is mainly recognized for being a model wild-type lovastatin producer and a parental strain of high-yielding industrial mutants. It is also a microorganism with a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites that has been a subject of numerous bioprocess-related studies. In terms of continuity, the genomic sequence provided in this work is of the highest quality among all the publicly available genomes of A. terreus strains. The comparative analysis revealed considerable diversity with regard to the catalog of biosynthetic gene clusters found in A. terreus. Even though the cluster of lovastatin biosynthesis was found to be well-conserved at the species level, several unique genes putatively associated with metabolic functions were detected in A. terreus ATCC 20542 that were not detected in other investigated genomes. The analysis was conducted also in the context of the primary metabolic pathways (sugar catabolism, biomass degradation potential, organic acid production), where the visible differences in gene copy numbers were detected. However, the species-level genomic diversity of A. terreus was more evident for secondary metabolism than for the well-conserved primary metabolic pathways. The newly sequenced genome of A. terreus ATCC 20542 was found to harbor several unique sequences, which can be regarded as interesting subjects for future experimental efforts on A. terreus metabolism and fungal biosynthetic capabilities. Key points • The high-quality genome of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 has been assembled and annotated. • Comparative analysis with other sequenced Aspergillus terreus strains has revealed considerable diversity in biosynthetic gene repertoire, especially related to secondary metabolism. • The unique genomic features of A. terreus ATCC 20542 are discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11133-0.
Collapse
|
9
|
de Amorim MR, Wijeratne EMK, Zhou S, Arnold AE, Batista ANL, Batista JM, Dos Santos LC, Gunatilaka AAL. An epigenetic modifier induces production of 3-(4-oxopyrano)-chromen-2-ones in Aspergillus sp. AST0006, an endophytic fungus of Astragalus lentiginosus. Tetrahedron 2020; 76:131525. [PMID: 33716326 PMCID: PMC7945046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of the epigenetic modifier suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) into a potato dextrose broth culture of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. AST0006 affected its polyketide biosynthetic pathway providing two new 3-(4-oxopyrano)-chromen-2-ones, aspyranochromenones A (1) and B (2), and the isocoumarin, (-)-6,7-dihydroxymellein (3). Eight additional metabolites (4-11) and two biotransformation products of SAHA (12-13) were also encountered. The planar structures and relative configurations of the new metabolites 1-2 were elucidated with the help of high-resolution mass, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and the absolute configurations of 1-3 were determined by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data. Possible biosynthetic pathways to 1 and 2 are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R de Amorim
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-900, Brazil
| | - E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Shengliang Zhou
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Rd, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Andrea N L Batista
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - João M Batista
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Lourdes C Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-900, Brazil
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boruta T, Górnicka A, Grzybowska I, Stefaniak I, Bizukojć M. Exploring the extremes: applying high concentration of yeast extract leads to drastic morphological changes and elimination of (+)-geodin and asterric acid production in Aspergillus terreus submerged cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 43:61-71. [PMID: 33026584 PMCID: PMC7796888 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Evaluation of morphology and secondary metabolites production in Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 cultures over a wide range of lactose and yeast extract concentrations from 0.2 up to an extremely high level of 200 g l−l. Results The morphological differences of mycelial objects were quantified with the use of morphological parameters calculated by applying the tools of digital image analysis. At 200 g l−l of yeast extract clumps and loose hyphae were recorded instead of pellets commonly observed in submerged cultures of A. terreus. Under these conditions the biosynthesis of (+)-geodin and asterric acid was totally blocked, lovastatin formation was found to be at a relatively low level and biomass production turned out to be greater than in the remaining variants, where the pelleted growth was observed. At 200 g l−l of lactose the production of lovastatin, (+)-geodin and asterric acid was visibly stimulated compared to the media containing 0.2, 2 and 20 g l−l of the sugar substrate, but at the same time no traces of butyrolactone I could be detected in the broth. Lactose at the extremely high concentration of 200 g l−l did not induce the drastic morphological changes observed in the case of 200 g l-1 of yeast extract. It was proved that at the C/N values as low as 4 and as high as 374 A. terreus not only continued to display growth but also exhibited the production of secondary metabolites. The use of cultivation media representing the equivalent C/N ratios led to different metabolic and morphological outcomes depending on the concentration of lactose and yeast extract that contributed to the given C/N value. Conclusion The extremely high concentration of yeast extract leads to marked morphological changes of A. terreus and the elimination of (+)-geodin and asterric production, while applying the excess of lactose is stimulatory in terms of lovastatin production. Electronic supplementry material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10529-020-03018-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Górnicka
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Grzybowska
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ida Stefaniak
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojć
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Boruta T, Marczyk A, Rychta K, Przydacz K, Bizukojc M. Confrontation between Penicillium rubens and Aspergillus terreus: Investigating the production of fungal secondary metabolites in submerged co-cultures. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:503-513. [PMID: 32758403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The production of secondary metabolites in the submerged co-cultures of Penicillium rubens Wisconsin 54-1255 and Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 was evaluated. The biosynthetic capabilities of the two strains were compared in a set of diverse liquid media that differed with respect to the initial levels of glucose, lactose and yeast extract, contained carrot juice or vegetable/turkey puree as additional nutrient sources or were supplemented with phenylacetic acid, the side-chain precursor of penicillin G. The main goal of the study was to investigate the interactions between A. terreus and P. rubens that might contribute to the changes of secondary metabolite titers. Briefly, the biosynthesis of octaketide metabolites (+)-geodin and asterric acid was visibly enhanced as a result of replacing the conventional monocultures with the co-culture systems, but solely in the media containing not more than 5 g L-1 of yeast extract. By contrast, no marked enhancement was observed with respect to the biosynthesis of penicillin G, lovastatin, chrysogine, 4a,5-dihydromevinolinic acid and 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L acid. It was shown that the relationships between medium composition and product titers were clearly different in monoculture variants than in the corresponding co-cultures. Finally, it was demonstrated that the utilization of penicillin precursors by P. rubens can be blocked under the conditions of co-cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Marczyk
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rychta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Przydacz
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sripalakit P, Saraphanchotiwitthaya A. Lovastatin Production from Aspergillus Terreus ATCC 20542 Under Various Vegetable Oils Used as Sole and Supplementary Carbon Sources. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Boruta T, Milczarek I, Bizukojc M. Evaluating the outcomes of submerged co-cultivation: production of lovastatin and other secondary metabolites by Aspergillus terreus in fungal co-cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5593-5605. [PMID: 31098686 PMCID: PMC6597594 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to compare the production of secondary metabolites by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 under the conditions of submerged mono- and co-cultivation. The suggested experimental scheme encompassed a diverse set of co-culture initiation strategies differing mostly with respect to the development stage of tested fungal strains at the moment of their confrontation. Three species of filamentous fungi exhibiting distinct patterns of morphological evolution under submerged conditions, namely Penicillium rubens, Chaetomium globosum, and Mucor racemosus, were selected as the co-cultivation partners of A. terreus. The choice of the co-cultivated species and the approach of co-culture triggering noticeably influenced the levels of lovastatin (mevinolinic acid), (+)-geodin, asterric acid, and butyrolactone I in the broth. Even though the evaluated co-cultures did not lead to the increased titers of lovastatin relative to standard monocultures, the biosynthesis of the remaining three metabolites was either enhanced or inhibited depending on the experimental variant. The production of butyrolactone I turned out to be particularly affected by the presence of C. globosum. Interestingly, in the A. terreus/C. globosum co-cultures, the decrease of lovastatin concentration was recorded. According to the most probable scenario, lovastatin was in this case converted to monacolin J acid, a polyketide molecule that may be applied as a substrate for the synthesis of statin drugs. The study revealed that the spores of two distinct fungal species, namely A. terreus and C. globosum, co-agglomerate under submerged conditions to form pellets. Finally, the biosynthetic performance of co-cultures involving four fungal species was evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Iwona Milczarek
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Application of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles in Aspergillus terreus Cultivations: Evaluating the Effects on Lovastatin Production and Fungal Morphology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5832496. [PMID: 30733961 PMCID: PMC6348806 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5832496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum oxide nanoparticles were supplemented to Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 precultures and the outcomes of the process were evaluated relative to the results of microparticle-enhanced and standard cultivations. The selected morphological parameters of fungal pellets (projected area, elongation, convexity, and shape factor) were monitored throughout the experiment, together with biomass, lactose, and lovastatin concentration. The qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis was performed with the use of liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. The results of the study indicated that the application of nanoparticles was indeed associated with morphological consequences, most notably the decreased pellet size. However, it turned out that the term “nanoparticle-enhanced cultivation” could not be used in the context of lovastatin production, as no marked increase of product titer was observed in nanoparticle-influenced variants relative to standard and microparticle-enhanced cultivation. In addition, the concentration of biomass in the nanoparticle-influenced runs was relatively low. Comparative analysis of total ion chromatograms revealed the presence of a molecule of unknown structure that could be detected solely in broths from standard and microparticle-containing cultures. This study represents the first evaluation of nanoparticles as the tools of morphological engineering aimed at enhanced lovastatin biosynthesis in A. terreus cultures.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ragavendran C, Srinivasan R, Kim M, Natarajan D. Aspergillus terreus (Trichocomaceae): A Natural, Eco-Friendly Mycoinsecticide for Control of Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue Vectors and Its Toxicity Assessment Against an Aquatic Model Organism Artemia nauplii. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1355. [PMID: 30534070 PMCID: PMC6275207 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, and dengue are transmitted by mosquitoes and they cause global mortality and morbidity due to an increased resistance against commercial insecticides. The present study was aimed to evaluate the neurobehavioral toxicity, knock-down effect, histopathology, ovicidal, adulticidal, and smoke toxicity effect of Aspergillus terreus extract against three mosquito species, namely Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). The isolated fungal strain was identified as A. terreus (GenBank accession no: KX694148.1) through morphological and molecular (phylogenetic) analysis. The morphological changes in the treated fourth instar larvae shown the demelanization of cuticle and shrinkage of the internal cuticle of anal papillae. The time duration of extract exposure against the larvae determines the level of toxicity. The extract treated larvae were displayed excitation, violent vertical and horizontal movements with aggressive anal biting behavior as the toxic effect on the neuromuscular system. The results of the biochemical analysis indicated that a decrease in the level of acetylcholinesterase, α-carboxylesterase, and β-carboxylesterase in extract treated fourth instar larvae of all tested mosquito species. The findings of histopathological investigation shown the disorganization of the abdominal region, mainly in mid, hindgut, and gastric caeca, loss of antenna, lateral hair, caudal hair, upper and lower head hairs in the mycelium extract treated An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. aegypti. The ovicidal bioassay test results showed the mosquito hatchability percentage was directly related to the concentrations of mycelium extract. Nil hatchability of mosquito eggs was noticed at 500 μg/ml concentration. The adulticidal activity of fungal mycelia ethyl acetate extract resulted in a dose-dependent activity (15 and 30 min recovery periods). The higher concentration of extract (1000 mg/L) acted as a repellent, the adult mosquitoes showed restless movement, uncontrolled/anesthetic flight at last died. The better adulticidal activity was observed in the ethyl acetate extract against An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus followed by Ae. aegypti with the best score of LD50 and LD90 values and nil mortality was found in the control. The results of smoke toxicity assay of the mycelia extract exhibited significant mortality rate against Ae. aegypti (91%), Cx. quinquefasciatus (89%), and An. stephensi (84%). In addition, the present investigation reported the stability and toxic effects of A. terreus mycelium ethyl acetate extract on Artemia nauplii. The swimming speed (0.88 mm s-1) of A. terreus was reduced with ethyl extract 24 h treatment whereas, the control A. nauplii showed the normal speed of 2.96 mm s-1. Altered behavior and swimming movement were observed in the 8 h A. terreus mycelium extract treated A. nauplii. A pale yellow color substance (metabolites) was found in the mid-gut region of the mycelial extract exposed A. nauplii. The outcome of the present study, suggest that the A. terreus metabolites might serve as an alternative, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and target specific mosquitocidal agent in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ragavendran
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - R. Srinivasan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Devarajan Natarajan
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bioprocess-related, morphological and bioinformatic perspectives on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites produced by Penicillium solitum. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Dutta D, Das MD. Optimization and partial characterization of intracellular anticandidal protein from Aspergillus giganteus MTCC 8408 using taguchi DOE. Bioengineered 2017; 8:536-548. [PMID: 28102738 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1264539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new intracellular antifungal protein (afp) production with average molecular weight 24.3 kDa and yield of 0.65 ± 0.1 mg/gram dry cell weight (gdcw) of mycelia in submerged fermentation of Aspergillus giganteus MTCC 8408 was optimized. Taguchi's DOE (design of experiment) L27 orthogonal array (OA) was constructed using Qualitek-4 software with 8 most influensive factors namely, culture pH, temperature, slant age, inoculum volume, agitation and KH2PO4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to correlate the effect of selected factors on fungal cell morphology and afp production. The crude protein purification was accomplished using pure ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) ion-exchange chromatography and sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The average molecular mass of the purified protein was figured by silver stained SDS (sodium dodecylsulphate)-PAGE (poly-acryl amide gel electrophoresis). In vitro antifungal susceptibility assay was profiled against Candida albicans NCIM 3471 and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were in the range 3 to 4 µg/ml. Characterization of protein was observed with FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis. The optimal production condition for crude afp was obtained as follows: soluble starch: 20 g/l; Corn steep liquor (CSL, 2%) + proteose peptone (PP, 1%): 30 g/l; pH: 5.8; temperature: 25°C; slant age: 3 d; inoculum size: 5% (v/v); agitation: 180 rpm; KH2PO4: 0.1 g/l. The validation experiments using optimized conditions confirmed an improvement in afp production by 59.4% against the expected enhancement of afp production by 61.22%. The present statistical optimization study revealed an opportunity to promote economical design at the industrial level for future scale up of effective antifungal agent against opportunistic oral and vaginal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dutta
- a School of Biochemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, Banaras Hindu University , India
| | - Mira Debnath Das
- a School of Biochemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, Banaras Hindu University , India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Production of lovastatin and itaconic acid by Aspergillus terreus: a comparative perspective. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:34. [PMID: 28102516 PMCID: PMC5247550 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus terreus is a textbook example of an industrially relevant filamentous fungus. It is used for the biotechnological production of two valuable metabolites, namely itaconic acid and lovastatin. Itaconic acid serves as a precursor in polymer industry, whereas lovastatin found its place in the pharmaceutical market as a cholesterol-lowering statin drug and a precursor for semisynthetic statins. Interestingly, their biosynthetic gene clusters were shown to reside in the common genetic neighborhood. Despite the genomic proximity of the underlying biosynthetic genes, the production of lovastatin and itaconic acid was shown to be favored by different factors, especially with respect to pH values of the broth. While there are several reviews on various aspects of lovastatin and itaconic acid production, the survey on growth conditions, biochemistry and morphology related to the formation of these two metabolites has never been presented in the comparative manner. The aim of the current review is to outline the correlations and contrasts with respect to process-related and biochemical discoveries regarding itaconic acid and lovastatin production by A. terreus.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mendes G, Gonçalves VN, Souza-Fagundes EM, Kohlhoff M, Rosa CA, Zani CL, Cota BB, Rosa LH, Johann S. Antifungal activity of extracts from Atacama Desert fungi against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and identification of Aspergillus felis as a promising source of natural bioactive compounds. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:209-17. [PMID: 27008375 PMCID: PMC4804504 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides are responsible for
paracoccidioidomycosis. The occurrence of drug toxicity and relapse in this disease
justify the development of new antifungal agents. Compounds extracted from fungal
extract have showing antifungal activity. Extracts of 78 fungi isolated from rocks of
the Atacama Desert were tested in a microdilution assay against
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Pb18. Approximately 18% (5) of the
extracts showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values≤ 125.0
µg/mL. Among these, extract from the fungus UFMGCB 8030 demonstrated the best
results, with an MIC of 15.6 µg/mL. This isolate was identified as
Aspergillus felis (by macro and micromorphologies, and internal
transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and ribosomal polymerase II gene analyses) and was
grown in five different culture media and extracted with various solvents to optimise
its antifungal activity. Potato dextrose agar culture and dichloromethane extraction
resulted in an MIC of 1.9 µg/mL against P. brasiliensis and did not
show cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested in normal mammalian cell (Vero). This
extract was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation using analytical
C18RP-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and an antifungal assay using
P. brasiliensis. Analysis of the active fractions by HPLC-high
resolution mass spectrometry allowed us to identify the antifungal agents present in
the A. felis extracts cytochalasins. These results reveal the
potential of A. felis as a producer of bioactive compounds with
antifungal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Mendes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Vívian N Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Elaine M Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Markus Kohlhoff
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Carlos L Zani
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Betania B Cota
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Luiz H Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Susana Johann
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yin Y, Cai M, Zhou X, Li Z, Zhang Y. Polyketides in Aspergillus terreus: biosynthesis pathway discovery and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7787-98. [PMID: 27455860 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of biosynthesis gene clusters, production improving methods, and bioactivity mechanisms is very important for the development of filamentous fungi metabolites. Metabolic engineering and heterologous expression methods can be applied to improve desired metabolite production, when their biosynthesis pathways have been revealed. And, stable supplement is a necessary basis of bioactivity mechanism discovery and following clinical trial. Aspergillus terreus is an outstanding producer of many bioactive agents, and a large part of them are polyketides. In this review, we took polyketides from A. terreus as examples, focusing on 13 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in A. terreus NIH 2624 genome. The biosynthesis pathways of nine PKS genes have been reported, and their downstream metabolites are lovastatin, terreic acid, terrein, geodin, terretonin, citreoviridin, and asperfuranone, respectively. Among them, lovastatin is a well-known hypolipidemic agent. Terreic acid, terrein, citreoviridin, and asperfuranone show good bioactivities, especially anticancer activities. On the other hand, geodin and terretonin are mycotoxins. So, biosynthesis gene cluster information is important for the production or elimination of them. We also predicted three possible gene clusters that contain four PKS genes by homologous gene alignment with other Aspergillus strains. We think that this is an effective way to mine secondary metabolic gene clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|