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Li Z, Tian SY. A new alkaline pectin lyase with novel thermal and pH stability from Bacilus velezensis. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 224:106564. [PMID: 39111349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Pectin lyases are important in various industries, including tobacco leaves processing. In this paper, a novel pectin lyase Pel04 from Bacillus velezensis was characterized. Pel04 molecular weight (Mw) and isoelectric point (pI) of the protein sequence after removing the signal peptide are 43.0 kDa. The optimal temperature and pH of Pel04 is 50 °C and 9.0, respectively. Pel04 was stable in the range of 30-50 °C, and pH 9.5-11. Ca2+ can significantly stimulate the enzyme activity, while Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+ have inhibitory effects on Pel04. By Pel04 treatment, the overall content of acids, alcohols, esters and other aromas in tobacco leaves increased, while the contents of phenolic and heterocyclic substances decreased. Pel04 has important potential for industrial application particularly in improving quality of tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- College of Ecological and Environmental Protection, Linyi Vocational University of Science and Technology, Linyi, China.
| | - Su-Yan Tian
- College of Ecological and Environmental Protection, Linyi Vocational University of Science and Technology, Linyi, China.
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2
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Pavlović M, Šokarda Slavić M, Kojić M, Margetić A, Ristović M, Drulović N, Vujčić Z. Unveiling novel insights into Bacillus velezensis 16B pectin lyase for improved fruit juice processing. Food Chem 2024; 456:140030. [PMID: 38909459 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Microbial pectinolytic enzymes are important in various industries, particularly food processing. This study focuses on uncovering insights into a novel pectin lyase, BvPelB, from Bacillus velezensis 16B, with the aim of enhancing fruit juice processing. The study examines the structural and functional characteristics of pectinolytic enzyme, underscoring the critical nature of substrate specificity and enzymatic reaction mechanisms. BvPelB was successfully expressed and purified, exhibiting robust activity under alkaline conditions and thermal stability. Structural analysis revealed similarities with other pectin lyases, despite limited sequence identity. Biochemical characterization showed BvPelB's preference for highly methylated pectins and its endo-acting mode of cleavage. Treatment with BvPelB significantly increased juice yield and clarity without generating excessive methanol, making it a promising candidate for fruit juice processing. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the enzymatic properties of BvPelB and its potential industrial applications in improving fruit juice processing efficiency and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Pavlović
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marinela Šokarda Slavić
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Kojić
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Margetić
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Ristović
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Drulović
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade -Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Vujčić
- University of Belgrade -Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Deng Q, Li N, Bai S, Cao J, Jin YL, Zhang HE, Wang JK, Wang Q. SbPL1CE8 from Segatella bryantii combines with SbGH28GH105 in a multi-enzyme cascade for pectic biomass utilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135217. [PMID: 39216572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Pectinases are useful biocatalysts for pectic biomass processing and are extensively used in the food/feed, textile and papermaking industries. Two pectinase genes, a pectate lyase (SbPL1CE8) and a polygalacturonase (SbGH28GH105) were isolated from Segatella bryantii and functionally characterized. Recombinant rSbPL1CE8 was most active against polygalacturonic acid (PGA) and pectin with a 60 % degree of esterification, with kcat/Km values of 721.18 ± 64.77 and 327.02 ± 22.44 mL/s/mg, respectively. Truncated rSbPL1 acted as a mesophilic alkaline pectate lyase, which was highly resistant to inactivation by methanol and ethanol. The rSbPL1CE8 exclusively digested PGA and pectin into unsaturated digalacturonate (uG2), which was further converted into galacturonic acid by rSbGH28GH105. The rSbPL1CE8 was highly effective for saccharification of waste materials from Zea mays, Oryza sativa and Arachis hypogaea processing, and for ramie fiber degumming. This novel pectate lyase has great potential for application in industrial pectic biomass processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Nuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuning Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaqi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu-Lan Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui-En Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jia-Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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4
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Liu S, Qin Y, Wang Q, Zhang J, Zhou J, He B, Liang X, Xian L, Wu J. A novel pectate lyase with high specific activity from Bacillus sp. B58-2: Gene cloning, heterologous expression and use in ramie degumming. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 175:110395. [PMID: 38237242 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Pectinase plays a crucial role in ramie degumming. A gene encoding a putative pectate lyase from Bacillus sp. strain B58-2 was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The amplified gene BvelPL1 encoded a mature protein of 400 amino acids. BvelPL1 shared the highest amino acid sequence identity (78.75%) with the enzymatically characterized pectate lyase Pel from Bacillus subtilis strain RCK (GenBank: AFH66771.1). The purified recombinant enzyme rBvelPL1-Ec exhibited a maximum specific activity of 2433.26 U/mg at pH 8.5 and 50 °C towards polygalacturonic acid. This specific activity was higher than that of most reported pectate lyases. Remarkably, the enzymatic activity of rBvelPL1-Ec increased by 23.28 times in the presence of 0.4 mM calcium ion. The effect of calcium ion on promoting the enzymatic activity of rBvelPL1-Ec was greater than that for all reported pectate lyases. After degumming with rBvelPL1-Ec, a weight loss of 21.27 ± 1.17% of circled ramie fibers was obtained, and the surfaces of the ramie fibers became smoother. Moreover, a weight loss of 30.47 ± 0.46% was obtained through enzymatic treated and subsequent NaOH treated circled ramie fibers. The excellent performance in degumming suggests that rBvelPL1-Ec may serve as a promising biocatalyst in the textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yan Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Baoxiang He
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xinquan Liang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Liang Xian
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China.
| | - Junhua Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China.
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Fang K, Ma J, Wang X, Xu Z, Zhang Z, Li P, Wang R, Wang J, Sun C, Dong Z. Flow-cytometric cell sorting coupled with UV mutagenesis for improving pectin lyase expression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1251342. [PMID: 37720319 PMCID: PMC10502208 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1251342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Alkaline pectin lyase is an important enzyme with a wide range of applications in industrial production, It has been widely used in many important fields such as fruit juice processing and extraction, the dyeing and processing of cotton and linen textiles, degumming plant fibers, environmental industrial wastewater treatment, and pulp and paper production. PGLA-rep4 was previously generated as a modified alkaline pectin lyase with high specific activity at pH 11.0°C and 70°C. However, the pre-constructed high-activity pectin lyase expression strains are still difficult to apply in industrial production due to their limited enzymatic activity. We hope to solve these problems by combining modern breeding techniques with high-throughput equipment to rapidly screen alkaline pectin lyase with higher enzymatic activity and lower cost. Methods: We fused the genes encoding PGLA-rep4 and fluorescent protein egfp using a flexible linker peptide and ligated them into a temperature-sensitive plasmid, pKD46. The constructed screening plasmid pKD46-PGLA-rep4-egfp was then transformed into an expression host and screened via flow-cytometric cell sorting coupled with UV mutagenesis. Results: Following mutagenesis, primary screening, and secondary screening, the high-expression strain, named Escherichia coli BL21/1G3, was obtained. The screening plasmid pKD46-PGLA-rep4-egfp was eliminated, and the original expression plasmid pET28a-PGLA-rep4 was then retransformed into the mutant strains. After induction and fermentation, pectin lyase activity in E. coli BL21/1G3 was significantly increased (1.37-fold relative to that in the parental E. coli BL21/PGLA-rep4 strain, p < 0.001), and the highest activity was 230, 240 U/mL at 144 h. Genome sequencing revealed that genes encoding ribonuclease E (RNase E) and diadenosine tetraphosphatase (ApaH) of E. coli BL21/1G3 were mutated compared to the sequence in the original E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain, which could be associated with increased enzyme expression. Discussion: Our work provides an effective method for the construction of strains expressing pectin lyase at high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Piwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
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6
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Wang J, Liu Z, Li X, Liu G, Zhao J. Elucidating structure of pectin in ramie fiber to customize enzyme cocktail for high-efficiency enzymatic degumming. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120954. [PMID: 37173048 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is one of the main components of bast fiber including ramie fiber, and must be removed before use. Enzymatic degumming is the preferred process as it is an environment-friendly, simple and controllable process for ramie degumming. However, an important problem limiting wide application of this process is the high cost due to the low efficiency of enzymatic degumming. In this study, pectin samples were extracted from raw ramie fiber and degummed ramie fiber, respectively, and their structures were characterized and compared to allow tailoring of an enzyme cocktail for degrading the pectin. It was elucidated that pectin from ramie fiber is composed of low esterified homogalacturonan (HG) and low branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), and the ratio of HG/RG-I is 1.72:1. Based on the pectin structure, potential enzymes to be used for enzymatic degumming of ramie fiber were proposed and an enzyme cocktail was customized. Degumming experiments confirmed that the customized enzyme cocktail can effectively remove pectin from ramie fiber. To our knowledge, this is the first time the structural characteristics of pectin in ramie fiber have been clarified, and it also provides an example of tailoring a specific enzyme system to achieve high-efficiency degumming for biomass containing pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China.
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7
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Li P, Wei X, Wang Y, Liu H, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang J, Guo C, Sui S, Wang J, Wang R. Improvement of optimum pH and specific activity of pectate lyase from Bacillus RN.1 using loop replacement. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1242123. [PMID: 37469444 PMCID: PMC10352616 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1242123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alkaline pectate lyase plays an important role in papermaking, biological refining and wastewater treatment, but its industrial applications are largely limited owing to its low activity and poor alkali resistance. Methods: The alkaline pectate lyase BspPel from Bacillus RN.1 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and its activity and alkali resistance were improved by loop replacement. Simultaneously, the effect of R260 on enzyme alkaline tolerance was also explored. Results: Recombinant pectate lyase (BspPel-th) showed the highest activity at 60°C and pH 11.0, and showed significant stability over a wide pH range (3.0-11.0). The specific enzyme activity after purification was 139.4 U/mg, which was 4.4 times higher than that of the wild-type enzyme. BspPel-th has good affinity for apple pectin, since the V max and K m were 29 μmol/min. mL and 0.46 mol/L, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that the flexibility of the loop region of BspPel-th was improved. Conclusion: The modified BspPel-th has considerable potential for industrial applications with high pH processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanpeng Xu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junlin Li
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhucheng, Shandong, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhucheng, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanzhuang Guo
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhucheng, Shandong, China
| | - Songsen Sui
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhucheng, Shandong, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
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8
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Safran J, Ung V, Bouckaert J, Habrylo O, Molinié R, Fontaine JX, Lemaire A, Voxeur A, Pilard S, Pau-Roblot C, Mercadante D, Pelloux J, Sénéchal F. The specificity of pectate lyase VdPelB from Verticilium dahliae is highlighted by structural, dynamical and biochemical characterizations. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123137. [PMID: 36639075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pectins, complex polysaccharides and major components of the plant primary cell wall, can be degraded by pectate lyases (PLs). PLs cleave glycosidic bonds of homogalacturonans (HG), the main pectic domain, by β-elimination, releasing unsaturated oligogalacturonides (OGs). To understand the catalytic mechanism and structure/function of these enzymes, we characterized VdPelB from Verticillium dahliae. We first solved the crystal structure of VdPelB at 1.2 Å resolution showing that it is a right-handed parallel β-helix structure. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further highlighted the dynamics of the enzyme in complex with substrates that vary in their degree of methylesterification, identifying amino acids involved in substrate binding and cleavage of non-methylesterified pectins. We then biochemically characterized wild type and mutated forms of VdPelB. Pectate lyase VdPelB was most active on non-methylesterified pectins, at pH 8.0 in presence of Ca2+ ions. The VdPelB-G125R mutant was most active at pH 9.0 and showed higher relative activity compared to native enzyme. The OGs released by VdPelB differed to that of previously characterized PLs, showing its peculiar specificity in relation to its structure. OGs released from Verticillium-partially tolerant and sensitive flax cultivars differed which could facilitate the identification VdPelB-mediated elicitors of defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Vanessa Ung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Campus CNRS Haute Borne, Avenue de Halley, 59658, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Adrien Lemaire
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Davide Mercadante
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Fabien Sénéchal
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
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9
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Deng Q, Li SQ, Sun XB, Gao DY, Li N, Zhang HE, Wang ZG, Wang JK, Wang Q. Cloning, expression, and characterization of two pectate lyases isolated from the sheep rumen microbiome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:677-689. [PMID: 36572830 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pectate lyases (Pels) have a vital function in degradation of the primary plant cell wall and the middle lamella and have been widely used in the industry. In this study, two pectate lyase genes, IDSPel16 and IDSPel17, were cloned from a sheep rumen microbiome. The recombinant enzymes were expressed in Escherichia coli and functionally characterized. Both IDSPel16 and IDSPel17 proteins had an optimal temperature of 60 ℃, and an optimal pH of 10.0. IDSPel16 was relatively stable below 60 °C, maintaining 77.51% residual activity after preincubation at 60 °C for 1 h, whereas IDSPel17 denatured rapidly at 60 °C. IDSPel16 was relatively stable between pH 6.0 and 12.0, after pretreatment for 1 h, retaining over 60% residual activity. IDSPel16 had high activity towards polygalacturonic acid, with a Vmax of 942.90 ± 68.11, whereas IDSPel17 had a Vmax of only 28.19 ± 2.23 μmol/min/mg. Reaction product analyses revealed that IDSPel17 liberated unsaturated digalacturonate (uG2) and unsaturated trigalacturonate (uG3) from the substrate, indicating a typical endo-acting pectate lyase (EC 4.2.2.2). In contrast, IDSPel16 initially generated unsaturated oligogalacturonic acids, then converted these intermediates into uG2 and unsaturated galacturonic acid (uG1) as end products, a unique depolymerization profile among Pels. To the best of our knowledge, the IDSPel16 discovered with both endo-Pel (EC 4.2.2.2) and exo-Pel (EC 4.2.2.9) activities. These two pectate lyases, particularly the relatively thermo- and pH-stable IDSPel16, will be of interest for potential application in the textile, food, and feed industries. KEY POINTS: • Two novel pectate lyase genes, IDSPel16 and IDSPel17, were isolated and characterized from the sheep rumen microbiome. • Both IDSPel16 and IDSPel17 are alkaline pectate lyases, releasing unsaturated digalacturonate and unsaturated trigalacturonate from polygalacturonic acid. • IDSPel16, a bifunctional pectate lyase with endo-Pel (EC 4.2.2.2) and exo-Pel (EC 4.2.2.9) activities, could be a potential candidate for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shi-Qi Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - De-Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui-En Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Zheng-Guang Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia-Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Structure of an Alkaline Pectate Lyase and Rational Engineering with Improved Thermo-Alkaline Stability for Efficient Ramie Degumming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010538. [PMID: 36613981 PMCID: PMC9820310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline pectate lyases have biotechnological applications in plant fiber processing, such as ramie degumming. Previously, we characterized an alkaline pectate lyase from Bacillus clausii S10, named BacPelA, which showed potential for enzymatic ramie degumming because of its high cleavage activity toward methylated pectins in alkaline conditions. However, BacPelA displayed poor thermo-alkaline stability. Here, we report the 1.78 Å resolution crystal structure of BacPelA in apo form. The enzyme has the characteristic right-handed β-helix fold of members of the polysaccharide lyase 1 family and shows overall structural similarity to them, but it displays some differences in the details of the secondary structure and Ca2+-binding site. On the basis of the structure, 10 sites located in flexible regions and showing high B-factor and positive ΔTm values were selected for mutation, aiming to improve the thermo-alkaline stability of the enzyme. Following site-directed saturation mutagenesis and screening, mutants A238C, R150G, and R216H showed an increase in the T5015 value at pH 10.0 of 3.0 °C, 6.5 °C, and 7.0 °C, respectively, compared with the wild-type enzyme, interestingly accompanied by a 24.5%, 46.6%, and 61.9% increase in activity. The combined mutant R150G/R216H/A238C showed an 8.5 °C increase in the T5015 value at pH 10.0, and an 86.1% increase in the specific activity at 60 °C, with approximately doubled catalytic efficiency, compared with the wild-type enzyme. Moreover, this mutant retained 86.2% activity after incubation in ramie degumming conditions (4 h, 60 °C, pH 10.0), compared with only 3.4% for wild-type BacPelA. The combined mutant increased the weight loss of ramie fibers in degumming by 30.2% compared with wild-type BacPelA. This work provides a thermo-alkaline stable, highly active pectate lyase with great potential for application in the textile industry, and also illustrates an effective strategy for rational design and improvement of pectate lyases.
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11
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Li PW, Ma J, Wei XF, Zhang ZY, Wang RM, Xiao J, Wang JQ. Modification and application of highly active alkaline pectin lyase. AMB Express 2022; 12:130. [PMID: 36210372 PMCID: PMC9548460 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline pectate lyase has developmental prospects in the textile, pulp, paper, and food industries. In this study, we selected BacPelA, the pectin lyase with the highest expression activity from Bacillus clausii, modified and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Through fragment replacement, the catalytic activity of the enzyme was significantly improved. The optimum pH and temperature of the modified pectin lyase (PGLA-rep4) were 11.0 and 70 °C, respectively. It also exhibited a superior ability to cleave methylated pectin. The enzyme activity of PGLA-rep4, measured at 235 nm with 0.2% apple pectin as the substrate, was 554.0 U/mL, and the specific enzyme activity after purification using a nickel column was 822.9 U/mg. After approximately 20 ns of molecular dynamics simulation, the structure of the pectin lyase PGLA-rep4 tended to be stable. The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) values at the key catalytically active site, LYS168, were higher than those of the wildtype PGLA. In addition, PGLA-rep4 was relatively stable in the presence of metal ions. PGLA-rep4 has good enzymatic properties and activities and maintains a high pH and temperature. This study provides a successful strategy for enhancing the catalytic activity of PGLA-rep4, making it the ultimate candidate for degumming and various uses in the pulp, paper, and textile industries.
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12
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Suzuki H, Morishima T, Handa A, Tsukagoshi H, Kato M, Shimizu M. Biochemical Characterization of a Pectate Lyase AnPL9 from Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5627-5643. [PMID: 35802235 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pectinolytic enzymes have diverse industrial applications. Among these, pectate lyases act on the internal α-1,4-linkage of the pectate backbone, playing a critical role in pectin degradation. While most pectate lyases characterized thus far are of bacterial origin, fungi can also be excellent sources of pectinolytic enzymes. In this study, we performed biochemical characterization of the pectate lyase AnPL9 belonging to the polysaccharide lyase family 9 (PL9) from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Recombinant AnPL9 was produced using a Pichia pastoris expression system and purified. AnPL9 exhibited high activity on homogalacturonan (HG), pectin from citrus peel, pectin from apple, and the HG region in rhamnogalacturonan-I. Although digalacturonic acid and trigalacturonic acid were not degraded by AnPL9, tetragalacturonic acid was converted to 4,5-unsaturated digalacturonic acid and digalacturonic acid. These results indicate that AnPL9 degrades HG oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization > 4. Furthermore, AnPL9 was stable within a neutral-to-alkaline pH range (pH 6.0-11.0). Our findings suggest that AnPL9 is a candidate pectate lyase for biotechnological applications in the food, paper, and textile industries. This is the first report on a fungal pectate lyase belonging to the PL9 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-0073, Japan
| | - Toshiki Morishima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-0073, Japan
| | - Atsuya Handa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-0073, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-0073, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-0073, Japan.
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13
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Sharma N, Sahoo D, Rai AK, Singh SP. A highly alkaline pectate lyase from the Himalayan hot spring metagenome and its bioscouring applications. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Wulandari AP, Purba JR, Irawan B, Masruchin N, Ismayanti M, Gustiani RS. Effect of harvesting age of plant and pectinolytic selected-fungi in biodegumming ramie performance. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08392. [PMID: 34825095 PMCID: PMC8605090 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramie is one of the long natural fiber has strong mechanical properties. To improve the quality of ramie fiber, this study developed a bio degumming method from superior isolates of pectinolytic fungi Rhizopus sp. and optimization of raw fiber based on harvesting time. The results of the pectinolytic fungi selection were used as a bio degumming bio starter under optimum conditions of pH and temperature. Also, fiber material harvested at 50-day and 60- day to obtain an increase in the physical quality. The bio degummed fiber was analysed to determine the tenacity and fineness, the functional groups contained, thermal analysis, moisture regain and content, material polymers, and degree of crystallinity. Based on the results, the finest ramie properties with 50-day harvested fiber are as follows: strength 24.54 ± 0, 02 g/tex, elongation 12.04 ± 2,90%, fineness 1.33 ± 0,17 tex, moisture regain 8.23 ± 0,18 %, and moisture content 8.96 ± 0,21 %. Ramie fibers at initial conditions and after bio degumming at 50 and 60-day harvested had the same pattern of thermal stability. The dyeability test showed that the degummed 60-day harvested fibers has the greatest dye fixing ability. The bio degumming process with this method can improve the quality and dyeability of the rami fiber which can be used for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asri Peni Wulandari
- Department of Biology - Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Junaedy Raganzan Purba
- Department of Biology - Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Budi Irawan
- Department of Biology - Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Biomaterials Research Center - LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Maya Ismayanti
- Biomaterials Research Center - LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rr Srie Gustiani
- Centre for Textile Bandung, Balai Besar Tekstil, Jl. Jenderal Achmad Yani No. 390, Bandung, 40272, Indonesia
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15
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Improving the Thermo-Activity and -Stability of Pectate Lyase from Dickeya dadantii DCE-01 for Ramie Degumming. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the thermal stability of pectate lyase for ramie degumming, we modified the novel pectate lyase gene (pelG403) derived from the Dickeya dadantii DCE-01 high-efficiency ramie degumming strain by site-directed mutagenesis. Twelve mutants were acquired, wherein a prospective mutant (A129V) showed better enzyme activity and thermal stability. Compared with the wild type (PelG403), the specific enzyme activity and the optimal reaction temperature of A129V in the fermentation broth increased by 20.1%, and 5 °C, respectively. Under the conditions of 55 °C and pH 9.0, the weightlessness rate of ramie raw materials of A129V increased by 6.26%. Therefore, this study successfully improved the enzyme activity and heat resistance of PelG403 in an alkaline environment, which may contribute to the development of enzyme preparations and the elucidation of the mechanism for ramie bio-degumming.
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16
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Ahmed J, Thakur A, Goyal A. Emerging trends on the role of recombinant pectinolytic enzymes in industries- an overview. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Ishihara M, Kikkawa M, Shimizu K, Suzuki H, Honda H. Simple stain-free screening method for pectinolytic microorganisms under alkalophilic conditions. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1905-1911. [PMID: 34228234 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a simple pectin-degrading microorganism screening method. RESULTS We developed a method utilizing the phenomenon whereby cooling an alkaline agar medium containing pectin causes the agar to become cloudy. This highly simplified method involves culturing the microorganisms on pectin-containing agar medium until colony formation is observed, and subsequent overnight cooling of the agar medium to 4 °C. Using this simple procedure, we successfully identified pectin-degrading microorganisms by observing colonies with halos on the clouded agar medium. We used alkaline pectinase and Bacillus halodurans, which is known to secrete alkaline pectinase, to establish the screening method. We demonstrated the screening of pectin-degrading microorganisms using the developed method and successfully isolated pectin-degrading microorganisms (Paenibacillus sp., Bacillus clausii, and Bacillus halodurans) from a soil sample. CONCLUSIONS The developed method is useful for identifying pectin-degrading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ishihara
- New Field Pioneering Division, Toyota Boshoku Corporation, Kariya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kikkawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- New Field Pioneering Division, Toyota Boshoku Corporation, Kariya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
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18
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Zhou Z, Wang X. Rational design and structure-based engineering of alkaline pectate lyase from Paenibacillus sp. 0602 to improve thermostability. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:32. [PMID: 33941157 PMCID: PMC8091735 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ramie degumming is often carried out at high temperatures; therefore, thermostable alkaline pectate lyase (PL) is beneficial for ramie degumming for industrial applications. Thermostable PLs are usually obtained by exploring new enzymes or reconstructing existing enzyme by rational design. Here, we improved the thermostability of an alkaline pectate lyase (PelN) from Paenibacillus sp. 0602 with rational design and structure-based engineering. RESULTS From 26 mutants, two mutants of G241A and G241V showed a higher thermostability compared with the wild-type PL. The mutant K93I showed increasing specific activity at 45 °C. Subsequently, we obtained combinational mutations (K93I/G241A) and found that their thermostability and specific activity improved simultaneously. The K93I/G241A mutant showed a half-life time of 15.9 min longer at 60 °C and a melting temperature of 1.6 °C higher than those of the wild PL. The optimum temperature decreased remarkably from 67.5 °C to 60 °C, accompanied by a 57% decrease in Km compared with the Km value of the wild-type strain. Finally, we found that the intramolecular interaction in PelN was the source in the improvements of molecular properties by comparing the model structures. Rational design of PelN was performed by stabilizing the α-helices with high conservation and increasing the stability of the overall structure of the protein. Two engineering strategies were applied by decreasing the mutation energy calculated by Discovery Studio and predicting the free energy in the process of protein folding by the PoPMuSiC algorithm. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the K93I/G241A mutant was more suitable for industrial production than the wild-type enzyme. Furthermore, the two forementioned strategies could be extended to reveal engineering of other kinds of industrial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanping Zhou
- Tianjin Sinonocy Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Nanfang College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510970, China.
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19
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John J, Kaimal KS, Smith ML, Rahman PK, Chellam PV. Advances in upstream and downstream strategies of pectinase bioprocessing: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1086-1099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Exploration of Two Pectate Lyases from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii Reveals that the CBM66 Module Has a Crucial Role in Pectic Biomass Degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00787-20. [PMID: 32532871 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00787-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin deconstruction is the initial step in breaking the recalcitrance of plant biomass by using selected microorganisms that encode pectinolytic enzymes. Pectate lyases that cleave the α-1,4-galacturonosidic linkage of pectin are widely used in industries such as papermaking and fruit softening. However, there are few reports on pectate lyases with good thermostability. Here, two pectate lyases (CbPL3 and CbPL9) from a hyperthermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, belonging to family 3 and family 9 polysaccharide lyases, respectively, were investigated. The biochemical properties of the two CbPLs were shown to be similar under optimized conditions of 80°C to 85°C and pH 8 to 9. However, the degradation products from pectin and polygalacturonic acids (pGAs) were different. A family 66 carbohydrate-binding module (CbCBM66) located in the N terminus of the two CbPLs shares 100% amino acid identity. A CbCBM66-truncated mutant of CbPL9 showed lower activities than the wild type, whereas CbPL3 with a CbCBM66 knockout portion was reported to have enhanced activities, thereby revealing the different effect of CbCBM66. Prediction by the I-TASSER server revealed that CbCBM66 is structurally close to BsCBM66 from Bacillus subtilis; however, the COFACTOR and COACH programs indicated that the substrate-binding sites between CbCBM66 and BsCBM66 are different. Furthermore, a substrate-binding assay indicated that the catalytic domains in the two CbPLs had strong affinities for pectate-related substrates, but CbCBM66 showed a weak interaction with a number of lignocellulosic carbohydrates. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and a total reducing sugar assay showed that the two enzymes could improve the saccharification of switchgrass. The two CbPLs are impressive sources for the degradation of plant biomass.IMPORTANCE Thermophilic proteins could be implemented in diverse industrial applications. We sought to characterize two pectate lyases, CbPL3 and CbPL9, from a thermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii The two enzymes share a high optimum temperature, a low optimum pH, and good thermostability at the evaluated temperature. A family 66 carbohydrate-binding module (CbCBM66) was identified in the two CbPLs, sharing 100% amino acid identity. The deletion of CbCBM66 dramatically decreased the activity of CbPL9 but increased the activity and thermostability of CbPL3, suggesting different roles of CbCBM66 in the two enzymes. Moreover, the degradation products of the two CbPLs were different. These results revealed that these enzymes could represent potential pectate lyases for applications in the paper and textile industries.
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21
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Zheng X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li C, Lin Y, Liang S. High-Level Expression and Biochemical Properties of A Thermo-Alkaline Pectate Lyase From Bacillus sp. RN1 in Pichia pastoris With Potential in Ramie Degumming. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:850. [PMID: 32850721 PMCID: PMC7396651 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectate lyases play an essential role in textiles, animal feed, and oil extraction industries. Pichia pastoris can be an ideal platform for pectate lyases production, and BspPel (a thermo-alkaline pectate lyase from Bacillus sp. RN1) was overexpressed by combined strategies, reaching 1859 U/mL in a 50 L fermentator. It displayed the highest activity at 80°C, and maintained more than 60% of the activity between 30 and 70°C for 1 h. It showed an optimal pH of 10.0, and exhibited remarkable stability over a wider pH range (3.0-11.0), retaining more than 80.0% of enzyme activity for 4 h. The Km and kcat of BspPel on PGA (polygalacturonic acid) was 2.19 g L–1 and 116.1 s–1, respectively. The activity was significantly enhanced by Ca2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+, and a slight increase was observed with the addition of Ba2+ and Mg2+. Scanning electron microscope was used to show the degumming efficiency of BspPel on ramie fibers. The loss weight was 9.2% when treated with crude enzyme supernatant and 20.8% when treated with the enzyme-chemical method, which was higher than the 14.2% weight loss in the positive control treated with 0.5% (w/v) NaOH alone. In conclusion, BspPel could be a good candidate for the ramie degumming industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Wu P, Yang S, Zhan Z, Zhang G. Origins and features of pectate lyases and their applications in industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7247-7260. [PMID: 32666183 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pectate lyase treatment can be an alternative strategy of the chemical processing, which causes severe environmental pollution, and has been broadly studied and applied for diverse industrial applications including textile industry, beverage industry, pulp processing, pectic wastewater pretreatment, and oil extraction. This review gave a brief description of the origins, enzymatic characterizations, structure, and applications of pectate lyases (Pels). Most of the reported pectate lyases are originated from microorganisms with a small number of them from plants and animals. Due to the diverse environments that these microorganisms exist, Pels present diversified features, especially for the range of optimal pH and temperature. The diversified biochemical properties of Pels define their applications in different industries, and the applications of alkaline Pels on cotton bioscouring and ramie degumming in textile industry were focused in this review. This review also discussed the perspectives of the development and applications of Pels. KEY POINTS: • The first review on pectate lyase focusing on biotechnological applications. • Origins, features, structures, applications of pectate lyases reviewed. • Applications of alkaline Pels in textile industry demonstrated. • Perspectives on future development and applications of Pels discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhichun Zhan
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Yang G, Chen W, Tan H, Li K, Li J, Yin H. Biochemical characterization and evolutionary analysis of a novel pectate lyase from Aspergillus parasiticus. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:180-188. [PMID: 32109469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel pectate lyase (ApPel1) was identified and characterized from Aspergillus parasiticus. The ApPel1 hydrolysed oligogalacturonides (OGs) effectively and produced 4,5-unsaturated OGs from low-methoxyl (LM) pectin, with DP 2 to DP 5 as the major products. Furthermore, the multiple sequence alignments, structure model and phylogenetic analyses of the ApPel1 indicated that its catalytic active sites were highly conserved with other pectin lyases (PLs) and the Ca2+ binding amino acid residues are different compared with pectate lyases (Pels). N187D, N191D and N187D/N191D mutants were constructed to test for both Ca2+ binding properties and the effects on catalytic ability. The three mutations sharply decreased the activity of ApPel1 and Ca2+ tolerance, indicating that the Ca2+ binding amino acid residues are different from the other Pels. Based on the sequence and structure comparison between PLs and Pels, and mutation analysis, the ApPel1 may be direct evolution from PLs. Thus, this enzyme has potential for use in producing unsaturated OGs for biological activity study, and contributes to an improved understanding of the evolutionary relationships between PLs and Pels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Yang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haidong Tan
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kuikui Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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24
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Green bioprocess of degumming of jute fibers and bioscouring of cotton fabric by recombinant pectin methylesterase and pectate lyases from Clostridium thermocellum. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Zhen J, Tan M, Fu X, Shu W, Zhao X, Yang S, Xu J, Ma Y, Zheng H, Song H. High-level extracellular production of an alkaline pectate lyase in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and its application in bioscouring of cotton fabric. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:49. [PMID: 32002340 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-2022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A high heterologous expression of an alkaline pectate lyase (APL) pelNK93I in E. coli was obtained through optimizing the lactose feeding and fed-batch fermentation. The highest soluble APL activity produced by E. coli BL21 (pET22b-pelNK93I) was 10,181 U/mL which is the highest level so far. On this basis, to improve the extracellular yield of APL, optimized glycine feeding was used to achieve elevated extracellular production of pelNK93I. The highest extracellular APL activity produced by E. coli BL21 (pET22b-pelNK93I) was 6357 U/mL which was also relatively higher than that in previous reports. The final productivity of APL was 282.8 U/mL/h in the fermentation of E. coli BL21 (pET22b-pelNK93I) in a 10 L fermenter. Thus the current study has provided a cost-effective method for the over-expression and preparation of alkaline pectate lyase pelNK93I for its industrial applications. Moreover, pelNK93I (4 U/mL) used for bioscouring increased cottonseed husk removal and radial capillary effect of cotton fabric by 37.63% and 47.06%, respectively, making it a promising enzyme in green textile technology.
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26
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Guan Y, Wang D, Lv C, Zhang Y, Gelbic I, Ye X. Archives of microbiology: screening of pectinase-producing bacteria from citrus peel and characterization of a recombinant pectate lyase with applied potential. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1005-1013. [PMID: 31932863 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pectinase is widely used in numerous industrial fields, including the food, wine, and paper industries. In this work, seven bacteria were isolated from orange peel and their pectinase production activity was assayed. One bacterium (OR-B2) identified as a Bacillus sp. showed the highest enzyme activity towards others. A gene encoding a pectate lyase designed as PelB-B2 in this work was amplified and heterogeneous expressed in E.coli. PelB-B2 was defined as a member of the PelB pectate lyase family after phylogenic tree analysis. 3D model of PelB-B2 was constructed by SWISS-MODEL and PelB-B2 showed conserved para-β structure. After inducing culture and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography, the properties of the purified PelB-B2 were assayed. Optimal pH and temperature for PelB-B2 was pH 8.0 and 50 °C, respectively. PelB-B2 showed excellent pH stability and thermostability. It was stable within pH range 3.0-11.0 and retained more than 51% activity after incubation at 40 °C, 50 °C, or 60 °C for 1 h. Furthermore, we determined that PelB-B2 was a Ca2+-dependent pectinase and the pectin extracted from citrus was the benefit substrate for PelB-B2. The Km and Vmax of PelB-B2 were 1.64 g/L and 232.56 mol/(L min), respectively. The OR-B2 can be a new resource for pectinase production and the PelB-B2 has potential for industrial application. 7 bacteria were isolated from orange peel, namely OR-B1 to OR-B7 and their pectinase activities were assayed. One pectate lyase belongs to PelB family was cloned from OR-B2 and heterogeneous expressed in E. coli. Purified PelB-B2 was further studied with its properties. Effects of pH, temperature, chemicals, substrate on the enzyme activity were assayed and the enzyme kinetic was also measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghuang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lv
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuewen Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Gelbic
- Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Biochemical and Molecular Characterizations of a Novel pH- and Temperature-Stable Pectate Lyase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S6 for Industrial Application. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 61:681-693. [PMID: 31218650 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report cloning of a pectate lyase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S6 (pelS6), and biochemical characterization of the recombinant pectate lyase. PelS6 was found to be identical with B. subtilis 168 pel enzyme with 100% amino acid sequence homology. Although these two are genetically very close, they are distinctly different in physiology. pelS6 gene encodes a 421-aa protein with a molecular mass of 65,75 kDa. Enzyme activity increased from 12.8 ± 0.3 to 49.6 ± 0.4 units/mg after cloning. The relative enzyme activity of the recPel S6 ranged from 80% to 100% at pH between 4 and 14. It was quite stable at different temperature values ranging from 15 to 90 °C. The recPEL S6 showed a maximal activity at pH 10 and at 60 °C. 0.5 mM of CaCl2 is the most effective metal ion on the recPEL S6 as demonstrated by its increased relative activity with 473%. recPEL S6 remained stable at - 20 °C for 18 months. In addition recPEL S6 increased juice clarity. This study introduces a novel bacterial pectate lyase enzyme with its characteristic capability of being highly thermostable, thermotolerant, and active over a wide range of pH, meaning that it can work at both acidic and alkaline environments, which are the most preferred properties in the industry.
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28
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Yuan Y, Zhang XY, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Zhou YF, Gao J. A Novel PL9 Pectate Lyase from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1: Cloning, Expression, and Its Application in Pectin Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3060. [PMID: 31234557 PMCID: PMC6627557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectate lyases play an important role in pectin degradation, and therefore are highly useful in the food and textile industries. Here, we report on the cloning of an alkaline pectate lyase gene (pppel9a) from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1. The full-length gene (1350 bp) encodes for a 449-residue protein that belongs to the polysaccharide lyase family 9 (PL9). Recombinant PpPel9a produced in Escherichia coli was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity in a single step using Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography. The enzyme activity of PpPel9a (apparent molecular weight of 45.3 kDa) was found to be optimal at pH 10.0 and 40 °C, with substrate preference for homogalacturonan type (HG) pectins vis-à-vis rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) type pectins. Using HG-type pectins as substrate, PpPel9a showed greater activity with de-esterified HGs. In addition, PpPel9a was active against water-soluble pectins isolated from different plants. Using this lyase, we degraded citrus pectin, purified fractions using Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-sepharose column chromatography, and characterized the main fraction MCP-0.3. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) analysis showed that the molecular mass of citrus pectin (~230.2 kDa) was reduced to ~24 kDa upon degradation. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS) and monosaccharide composition analyses demonstrated that PpPel9a worked as an endo-pectate lyase, which acted primarily on the HG domain of citrus pectin. In vitro testing showed that the degradation product MCP-0.3 significantly promotes the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. rhamnosus. In this regard, the enzyme has potential in the preparation of pharmacologically active pectin products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yi-Fa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Juan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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Kamijo J, Sakai K, Suzuki H, Suzuki K, Kunitake E, Shimizu M, Kato M. Identification and characterization of a thermostable pectate lyase from Aspergillus luchuensis var. saitoi. Food Chem 2019; 276:503-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Efficient Over-expression and Application of High-performance Pectin Lyase by Screening Aspergillus niger Pectin Lyase Gene Family. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Dhillon A, Rajulapati V, Goyal A. Bio‐scouring of cotton fabric and enzymatic degumming of jute fibres by a thermo‐alkaline recombinant rhamnogalacturonan lyase, ctrglf fromClostridium thermocellum. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Dhillon
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology LaboratoryDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia
| | - Vikky Rajulapati
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology LaboratoryDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia
| | - Arun Goyal
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology LaboratoryDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia
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A novel alkaline protease from alkaliphilic Idiomarina sp. C9-1 with potential application for eco-friendly enzymatic dehairing in the leather industry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16467. [PMID: 30405184 PMCID: PMC6220337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline proteases have a myriad of potential applications in many industrial processes such as detergent, food and feed production, waste management and the leather industry. In this study, we isolated several alkaline protease producing bacteria from soda lake soil samples. A novel serine alkaline protease (AprA) gene from alkaliphilic Idiomarina sp. C9-1 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified AprA and its pre-peptidase C-terminal (PPC) domain-truncated enzyme (AprA-PPC) showed maximum activity at pH 10.5 and 60 °C, and were active and stable in a wide range of pH and temperature. Ca2+ significantly improved the thermostability and increased the optimal temperature to 70 °C. Furthermore, both AprA and AprA-PPC showed good tolerance to surfactants and oxidizing and reducing agents. We found that the PPC domain contributed to AprA activity, thermostability and surfactant tolerance. With casein as substrate, AprA and AprA-PPC showed the highest specific activity of 42567.1 U mg−1 and 99511.9 U mg−1, the Km values of 3.76 mg ml−1 and 3.98 mg ml−1, and the Vmax values of 57538.5 U mg−1 and 108722.1 U mg−1, respectively. Secreted expression of AprA-PPC in Bacillus subtilis after 48 h cultivation resulted in yield of 4935.5 U ml−1 with productivity of 102.8 U ml−1 h−1, which is the highest reported in literature to date. Without adding any lime or sodium sulfide, both of which are harmful pollutants, AprA-PPC was effective in dehairing cattle hide and skins of goat, pig and rabbit in 8–12 h without causing significant damage to hairs and grain surface. Our results suggest that AprA-PPC may have great potentials for ecofriendly dehairing of animal skins in the leather industry.
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