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Sahu S, Ghosh S, Sinha SK, Datta S, Sengupta N. Thermal Sensitivity of the Enzymatic Activity of β-Glucosidase: Simulations Lend Mechanistic Insights into Experimental Observations. Biochemistry 2023; 62:3440-3452. [PMID: 37997958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
A crucial prerequisite for industrial applications of enzymes is the maintenance of specific activity across wide thermal ranges. β-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is an essential enzyme for converting cellulose in biomass to glucose. While the reaction mechanisms of β-glucosidases from various thermal ranges (hyperthermophilic, thermophilic, and mesophilic) are similar, the factors underlying their thermal sensitivity remain obscure. The work presented here aims to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the thermal sensitivity of the enzymatic activity of the β-glucosidase BglB from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa. Experiments reveal a maximum enzymatic activity at 315 K, with a marked decrease in the activity below and above this temperature. Employing in silico simulations, we identified the crucial role of the active site tunnel residues in the thermal sensitivity. Specific tunnel residues were identified via energetic decomposition and protein-substrate hydrogen bond analyses. The experimentally observed trends in specific activity with temperature coincide with variations in overall binding free energy changes, showcasing a predominantly electrostatic effect that is consistent with enhanced catalytic pocket-substrate hydrogen bonding (HB) at Topt. The entropic advantage owing to the HB substate reorganization was found to facilitate better substrate binding at 315 K. This study elicits molecular-level insights into the associative mechanisms between thermally enabled fluctuations and enzymatic activity. Crucial differences emerge between molecular mechanisms involving the actual substrate (cellobiose) and a commonly employed chemical analogue. We posit that leveraging the role of fluctuations may reveal unexpected insights into enzyme behavior and offer novel paradigms for enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sahu
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayani Ghosh
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sushant K Sinha
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Supratim Datta
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
- Center for the Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
- Center for the Climate and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Neelanjana Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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2
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Chandra Kaladhar V, Singh Y, Mohandas Nair A, Kumar K, Kumar Singh A, Kumar Verma P. A small cysteine-rich fungal effector, BsCE66 is essential for the virulence of Bipolaris sorokiniana on wheat plants. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 166:103798. [PMID: 37059379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The Spot Blotch (SB) caused by hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana is one of the most devastating wheat diseases leading to 15-100% crop loss. However, the biology of Triticum-Bipolaris interactions and host immunity modulation by secreted effector proteins remain underexplored. Here, we identified a total of 692 secretory proteins including 186 predicted effectors encoded by B. sorokiniana genome. Gene Ontology categorization showed that these proteins belong to cellular, metabolic and signaling processes, and exhibit catalytic and binding activities. Further, we functionally characterized a cysteine-rich, B. sorokiniana Candidate Effector 66 (BsCE66) that was induced at 24-96 hpi during host colonization. The Δbsce66 mutant did not show vegetative growth defects or stress sensitivity compared to wild-type, but developed drastically reduced necrotic lesions upon infection in wheat plants. The loss-of-virulence phenotype was rescued upon complementing the Δbsce66 mutant with BsCE66 gene. Moreover, BsCE66 does not form homodimer and conserved cysteine residues form intra-molecular disulphide bonds. BsCE66 localizes to the host nucleus and cytosol, and triggers a strong oxidative burst and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Overall, our findings demonstrate that BsCE66 is a key virulence factor that is necessary for host immunity modulation and SB disease progression. These findings would significantly improve our understanding of Triticum-Bipolaris interactions and assist in the development of SB resistant wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemula Chandra Kaladhar
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India - 382030
| | - Yeshveer Singh
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India - 110067
| | - Athira Mohandas Nair
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India - 110067
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, India - 110021
| | - Achuit Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India - 221305
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India - 110067.
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3
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Wang X, Xu K, Tan Y, Liu S, Zhou J. Possibilities of Using De Novo Design for Generating Diverse Functional Food Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3827. [PMID: 36835238 PMCID: PMC9964944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Food enzymes have an important role in the improvement of certain food characteristics, such as texture improvement, elimination of toxins and allergens, production of carbohydrates, enhancing flavor/appearance characteristics. Recently, along with the development of artificial meats, food enzymes have been employed to achieve more diverse functions, especially in converting non-edible biomass to delicious foods. Reported food enzyme modifications for specific applications have highlighted the significance of enzyme engineering. However, using direct evolution or rational design showed inherent limitations due to the mutation rates, which made it difficult to satisfy the stability or specific activity needs for certain applications. Generating functional enzymes using de novo design, which highly assembles naturally existing enzymes, provides potential solutions for screening desired enzymes. Here, we describe the functions and applications of food enzymes to introduce the need for food enzymes engineering. To illustrate the possibilities of using de novo design for generating diverse functional proteins, we reviewed protein modelling and de novo design methods and their implementations. The future directions for adding structural data for de novo design model training, acquiring diversified training data, and investigating the relationship between enzyme-substrate binding and activity were highlighted as challenges to overcome for the de novo design of food enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kangjie Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yameng Tan
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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4
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Qin Y, Qin B, Zhang J, Fu Y, Li Q, Luo F, Luo Y, He H. Purification and enzymatic properties of a new thermostable endoglucanase from Aspergillus oryzae HML366. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00322-8. [PMID: 36705789 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae HML366 is a newly screened cellulase-producing strain. The endoglucanase HML ED1 from A. oryzae HML366 was quickly purified by a two-step method that combines ammonium sulfate precipitation and strong anion exchange column. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis indicated that the molecular weight of the enzyme was 68 kDa. The optimum temperature of the purified endoglucanase was 60 ℃ and the enzyme activity was stable below 70 ℃. The optimum pH was 6.5, and the enzyme activity was stable at pH between 4.5 and 9.0. The analysis indicated that additional Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ reduced the catalytic ability of enzyme to the substrate, but Mn2+ enhanced its catalytic ability to the substrate.The Km and Vmax of the purified endoglucanase were 8.75 mg/mL and 60.24 μmol/min·mg, respectively. In this study, we report for the first time that A. oryzae HML366 can produce a heat-resistant and wide pH tolerant endoglucanase HML ED1, which has potential industrial application value in bioethanol, paper, food, textile, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Qin
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.
| | - Baoshan Qin
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Yue Fu
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Qiqian Li
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Fengfeng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Yanmei Luo
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Haiyan He
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.
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5
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Chaudhari YB, Várnai A, Sørlie M, Horn SJ, Eijsink VGH. Engineering cellulases for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzad002. [PMID: 36892404 PMCID: PMC10394125 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable source of energy, chemicals and materials. Many applications of this resource require the depolymerization of one or more of its polymeric constituents. Efficient enzymatic depolymerization of cellulose to glucose by cellulases and accessory enzymes such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases is a prerequisite for economically viable exploitation of this biomass. Microbes produce a remarkably diverse range of cellulases, which consist of glycoside hydrolase (GH) catalytic domains and, although not in all cases, substrate-binding carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). As enzymes are a considerable cost factor, there is great interest in finding or engineering improved and robust cellulases, with higher activity and stability, easy expression, and minimal product inhibition. This review addresses relevant engineering targets for cellulases, discusses a few notable cellulase engineering studies of the past decades and provides an overview of recent work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh B Chaudhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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6
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Grewal J, Khare SK, Drewniak L, Pranaw K. Recent perspectives on microbial and ionic liquid interactions with implications for biorefineries. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Pang AP, Luo Y, Hu X, Zhang F, Wang H, Gao Y, Durrani S, Li C, Shi X, Wu FG, Li BZ, Lu Z, Lin F. Transmembrane transport process and endoplasmic reticulum function facilitate the role of gene cel1b in cellulase production of Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:90. [PMID: 35590356 PMCID: PMC9118834 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A total of 11 β-glucosidases are predicted in the genome of Trichoderma reesei, which are of great importance for regulating cellulase biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the relevant function and regulation mechanism of each β-glucosidase remained unknown. Results We evidenced that overexpression of cel1b dramatically decreased cellulase synthesis in T. reesei RUT-C30 both at the protein level and the mRNA level. In contrast, the deletion of cel1b did not noticeably affect cellulase production. Protein CEL1B was identified to be intracellular, being located in vacuole and cell membrane. The overexpression of cel1b reduced the intracellular pNPGase activity and intracellular/extracellular glucose concentration without inducing carbon catabolite repression. On the other hand, RNA-sequencing analysis showed the transmembrane transport process and endoplasmic reticulum function were affected noticeably by overexpressing cel1b. In particular, some important sugar transporters were notably downregulated, leading to a compromised cellular uptake of sugars including glucose and cellobiose. Conclusions Our data suggests that the cellulase inhibition by cel1b overexpression was not due to the β-glucosidase activity, but probably the dysfunction of the cellular transport process (particularly sugar transport) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These findings advance the knowledge of regulation mechanism of cellulase synthesis in filamentous fungi, which is the basis for rationally engineering T. reesei strains to improve cellulase production in industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01809-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ping Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Funing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Samran Durrani
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaotong Shi
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fengming Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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8
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An X, Zong Z, Zhang Q, Li Z, Zhong M, Long H, Cai C, Tan X. Novel thermo-alkali-stable cellulase-producing Serratia sp. AXJ-M cooperates with Arthrobacter sp. AXJ-M1 to improve degradation of cellulose in papermaking black liquor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126811. [PMID: 34388933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement to treat cellulose present in papermaking black liquor since it induces severe economic wastes and causes environmental pollution. We characterized cellulase activity at different temperatures and pH to seek thermo-alkali-stable cellulase-producing bacteria, a natural consortium of Serratia sp. AXJ-M and Arthrobacter sp. AXJ-M1 was used to improve the degradation of cellulose. Notably, the enzyme activities and the degradation rate of cellulose were increased by 30%-70% and 30% after co-culture, respectively. In addition, the addition of cosubstrates increased the degradation rate of cellulose beyond 30%. The thermo-alkali-stable endoglucanase (bcsZ) gene was derived from the strain AXJ-M and was cloned and expressed. The purified bcsZ displayed the maximum activity at 70 °C and pH 9. Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Tween-20 had beneficial effects on the enzyme activity. Structurally, bcsZ potentially catalyzed the degradation of cellulose. The co-culture with ligninolytic activities significantly decreased target the parameters (cellulose 45% and COD 95%) while using the immobilized fluidized bed reactors (FBRs). Finally, toxicological tests and antioxidant enzyme activities indicated that the co-culture had a detoxifying effect on black liquor. Our study showed that Serratia sp. AXJ-M acts synergistically with Arthrobacter sp. AXJ-M1 may be potentially useful for bioremediation for black liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao An
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Zhengbin Zong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
| | - Zhimin Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Min Zhong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Haozhi Long
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Changzhi Cai
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Wuhan 430062, PR China
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9
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Zhou HY, Yi XN, Chen Q, Zhou JB, Li SF, Cai X, Chen DS, Cheng XP, Li M, Wang HY, Chen KQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Improvement of catalytic performance of endoglucanase CgEndo from Colletotrichum graminicola by site-directed mutagenesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 154:109963. [PMID: 34971884 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the catalytic efficiency of cellulase for more effective utilization of lignocellulose, a novel endoglucanase (CgEndo) from Colletotrichum graminicola was expressed by Pichia pastoris X33 and modified by site-directed mutagenesis. Two mutants, Y63S and N20D/S113T, with 62.31% and 57.14% increased enzyme activities were obtained, respectively. On this basis, their biochemical properties, kinetic parameters, structural information as well as the application in biomass degradation were investigated and compared with the wild-type CgEngo. The results indicated that the mutation Y63S and N20D/S113T resulted in an improvement of proximity between enzyme and substrate through conformational changes of the catalytic region, which might contribute to the higher enzyme activities and catalysis efficiency (Kcat/Km) of Y63S and N20D/S113T. These findings laid important foundation for the further engineering of this endoglucanase and practical application in efficient degradation of cellulosic biomass in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Shui Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ping Cheng
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Li
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Qian Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., 18 Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua 324302, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
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10
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Fungal cellulases: protein engineering and post-translational modifications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:1-24. [PMID: 34889986 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of lignocelluloses into fermentable sugars to produce biofuels and other biomaterials is critical for environmentally sustainable development and energy resource supply. However, there are problems in enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis, such as the complex cellulase composition, low degradation efficiency, high production cost, and post-translational modifications (PTMs), all of which are closely related to specific characteristics of cellulases that remain unclear. These problems hinder the practical application of cellulases. Due to the rapid development of computer technology in recent years, computer-aided protein engineering is being widely used, which also brings new opportunities for the development of cellulases. Especially in recent years, a large number of studies have reported on the application of computer-aided protein engineering in the development of cellulases; however, these articles have not been systematically reviewed. This article focused on the aspect of protein engineering and PTMs of fungal cellulases. In this manuscript, the latest literatures and the distribution of potential sites of cellulases for engineering have been systematically summarized, which provide reference for further improvement of cellulase properties. KEY POINTS: •Rational design based on virtual mutagenesis can improve cellulase properties. •Modifying protein side chains and glycans helps obtain superior cellulases. •N-terminal glutamine-pyroglutamate conversion stabilizes fungal cellulases.
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Association Mapping of Verticillium Wilt Disease in a Worldwide Collection of Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020306. [PMID: 33562629 PMCID: PMC7916069 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the best plant fiber source in the world and provides the raw material for industry. Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is accepted as a major disease of cotton production. The most practical way to deal with verticillium wilt is to develop resistant/tolerant varieties after cultural practices. One of the effective selections in plant breeding is the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) via quantitative trait loci (QTL). Therefore, in this study, we aimed to discover the genetic markers associated with the disease. Through the association mapping analysis, common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were obtained using 4730 SNP alleles. As a result, twenty-three markers were associated with defoliating (PYDV6 isolate) pathotype, twenty-one markers with non-defoliating (Vd11 isolate) pathotype, ten QTL with Disease Severity Index (DSI) of the leaves at the 50–60% boll opening period and eight markers were associated with DSI in the stem section. Some of the markers that show significant associations are located on protein coding genes such as protein Mpv17-like, 21 kDa protein-like, transcription factor MYB113-like, protein dehydration-induced 19 homolog 3-like, F-box protein CPR30-like, extracellular ribonuclease LE-like, putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LIN, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein At3g62890-like, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, tubby-like F-box protein 8, endoglucanase 16-like, glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 2, metal tolerance protein 11-like, VAN3-binding protein-like, transformation/transcription domain-associated protein-like, pyruvate kinase isozyme A, ethylene-responsive transcription factor CRF2-like, molybdate transporter 2-like, IRK-interacting protein-like, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1 protein, U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 4-like, microtubule-associated protein futsch-like, transport and Golgi organization 2 homolog, splicing factor 3B subunit 3-like, mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 15a-like, putative ankyrin repeat protein, and protein networked 1D-like. It has been reported in previous studies that most of these genes are associated with biotic and abiotic stress factors. As a result, once validated, it would be possible to use the markers obtained in the study in Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) breeding.
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Joshi N, Kaushal G, Singh SP. Biochemical characterization of a novel thermo-halo-tolerant GH5 endoglucanase from a thermal spring metagenome. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1531-1544. [PMID: 33410140 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel endoglucanase gene, celM , was cloned from a thermal spring metagenome. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein was extracted and purified. The protein catalyzed the hydrolysis of amorphous cellulose in a wide range of temperatures, 30-95°C, with optimal activity at 80°C. It was able to tolerate high temperature (80°C) with a half-life of 8 h. Its activity was eminent in a wide pH range of 3.0-11.0, with the highest activity at pH 6.0. The enzyme was tested for halostability. Any significant loss was not recorded in the activity of CelM after the exposure to salinity (3 M NaCl) for 30 days. Furthermore, CelM displayed a substantial resistance toward metal ions, denaturant, reducing agent, organic solvent, and non-ionic surfactants. The amorphous cellulose, treated with CelM , was randomly cleaved, generating cello-oligosaccharides of 2-5 degree of polymerization. Furthermore, CelM was demonstrated to catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose fraction in the delignified biomass samples, for example, sweet sorghum bagasse, rice straw, and corncob, into cello-oligosaccharides. Given that CelM is a thermo-halo-tolerant GH5 endoglucanase, with resistance to detergents and organic solvent, the biocatalyst could be of potential usefulness for a variety of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Joshi
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Girija Kaushal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
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