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Khan S, McWhorter AR, Andrews DM, Underwood GJ, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Gast RK, Chousalkar KK. Dust sprinkling as an effective method for infecting layer chickens with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and changes in host gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13265. [PMID: 38747207 PMCID: PMC11094578 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Role of dust in Salmonella transmission on chicken farms is not well characterised. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) infection of commercial layer chickens was investigated using a novel sprinkling method of chicken dust spiked with ST and the uptake compared to a conventional oral infection. While both inoculation methods resulted in colonisation of the intestines, the Salmonella load in liver samples was significantly higher at 7 dpi after exposing chicks to sprinkled dust compared to the oral infection group. Infection of chickens using the sprinkling method at a range of doses showed a threshold for colonisation of the gut and organs as low as 1000 CFU/g of dust. Caecal content microbiota analysis post-challenge showed that the profiles of chickens infected by the sprinkling and oral routes were not significantly different; however, both challenges induced differences when compared to the uninfected negative controls. Overall, the study showed that dust sprinkling was an effective way to experimentally colonise chickens with Salmonella and alter the gut microbiota than oral gavage at levels as low as 1000 CFU/g dust. This infection model mimics the field scenario of Salmonella infection in poultry sheds. The model can be used for future challenge studies for effective Salmonella control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrea R. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard K. Gast
- U.S. National Poultry Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
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Zhang S, Wang Q, Ye J, Fan Q, Lin X, Gou Z, Azzam MM, Wang Y, Jiang S. Transcriptome and proteome profile of jejunum in chickens challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium revealed the effects of dietary bilberry anthocyanin on immune function. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266977. [PMID: 38053560 PMCID: PMC10694457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study investigated the effects of bilberry anthocyanin (BA) on immune function when alleviating Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection in chickens. Methods A total of 180 newly hatched yellow-feathered male chicks were assigned to three groups (CON, SI, and SI + BA). Birds in CON and SI were fed a basal diet, and those in SI + BA were supplemented with 100 mg/kg BA for 18 days. Birds in SI and SI + BA received 0.5 ml suspension of S. Typhimurium (2 × 109 CFU/ml) by oral gavage at 14 and 16 days of age, and those in CON received equal volumes of sterile PBS. Results At day 18, (1) dietary BA alleviated weight loss of chickens caused by S. Typhimurium infection (P < 0.01). (2) Supplementation with BA reduced the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius (P < 0.01) and jejunal villus height (P < 0.05) and increased the number of goblet cells (P < 0.01) and the expression of MUC2 (P < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa, compared with birds in SI. (3) Supplementation with BA decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of immunoglobulins and cytokines in plasma (IgA, IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-β) and jejunal mucosa (IgG, IgM, sIgA, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ) of S. Typhimurium-infected chickens. (4) BA regulated a variety of biological processes, especially the defense response to bacteria and humoral immune response, and suppressed cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and intestinal immune network for IgA production pathways by downregulating 6 immune-related proteins. Conclusion In summary, the impaired growth performance and disruption of jejunal morphology caused by S. Typhimurium were alleviated by dietary BA by affecting the expression of immune-related genes and proteins, and signaling pathways are related to immune response associated with immune cytokine receptors and production in jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiajing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongyong Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mahmoud M. Azzam
- Department of Animal Production College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouqun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Shaji S, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. Salmonella Infection in Poultry: A Review on the Pathogen and Control Strategies. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2814. [PMID: 38004824 PMCID: PMC10672927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the leading cause of food-borne zoonotic disease worldwide. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes are the primary etiological agents associated with salmonellosis in poultry. Contaminated poultry eggs and meat products are the major sources of human Salmonella infection. Horizontal and vertical transmission are the primary routes of infection in chickens. The principal virulence genes linked to Salmonella pathogenesis in poultry are located in Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are involved in the defense against Salmonella invasion in poultry. Vaccination of chickens and supplementation of feed additives like prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and bacteriophages are currently being used to mitigate the Salmonella load in poultry. Despite the existence of various control measures, there is still a need for a broad, safe, and well-defined strategy that can confer long-term protection from Salmonella in poultry flocks. This review examines the current knowledge on the etiology, transmission, cell wall structure, nomenclature, pathogenesis, immune response, and efficacy of preventative approaches to Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamily Shaji
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.S.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.S.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Sutton K, Nash T, Sives S, Borowska D, Mitchell J, Vohra P, Stevens MP, Vervelde L. Disentangling the innate immune responses of intestinal epithelial cells and lamina propria cells to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in chickens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258796. [PMID: 37854334 PMCID: PMC10579587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) is a major foodborne pathogen and poultry are a key reservoir of human infections. To understand the host responses to early stages of Salmonella infection in poultry, we infected 2D and 3D enteroids, the latter of which contains leukocytes, neurons, and mesenchymal cells that are characteristic of the lamina propria. We infected these enteroids with wild-type (WT STm), a non-invasive mutant lacking the prgH gene (ΔprgH STm), or treated them with STm lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and analyzed the expression of innate immune related genes by qPCR at 4 and 8 h. The localization of the tight junction protein, ZO-1, expression was disrupted in WT STm infected enteroids but not ΔprgH STm or LPS treated enteroids, suggesting a loss of epithelial barrier integrity. The innate immune response to LPS was more pronounced in 2D enteroids compared to 3D enteroids and by 8 hpi, the response in 3D enteroids was almost negligible. However, when STm adhered to or invaded the enteroids, both 2D and 3D enteroids exhibited an upregulation of inflammatory responses. The presence of lamina propria cells in 3D enteroids resulted in the unique expression of genes associated with immune functions involved in regulating inflammation. Moreover, 2D and 3D enteroids showed temporal differences in response to bacterial invasion or adherence. At 8 hpi, innate responses in 3D but not 2D enteroids continued to increase after infection with WT STm, whereas the responses to the non-invasive strain decreased at 8 hpi in both 2D and 3D enteroids. In conclusion, STm infection of chicken enteroids recapitulated several observations from in vivo studies of Salmonella-infected chickens, including altered epithelial barrier integrity based on ZO-1 expression and inflammatory responses. Our findings provide evidence that Salmonella-infected enteroids serve as effective models for investigating host-pathogen interactions and exploring the molecular mechanisms of microbial virulence although the 3D model mimics the host more accurately due to the presence of a lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Sutton
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Nash
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Sives
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Borowska
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Mitchell
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prerna Vohra
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Stevens
- Division of Bacteriology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Liu X, Ma Z, Wang Y, Jia H, Wang Z, Zhang L. Heat stress exposure cause alterations in intestinal microbiota, transcriptome, and metabolome of broilers. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1244004. [PMID: 37795292 PMCID: PMC10547010 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1244004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heat stress can affect the production of poultry through complex interactions between genes, metabolites and microorganisms. At present, it is unclear how heat stress affects genetic, metabolic and microbial changes in poultry, as well as the complex interactions between them. Methods Thus, at 28 days of age a total of 200 Arbor Acres broilers with similar body weights were randomly divided into the control (CON) and heat stress treatment (HS). There were 5 replicates in CON and HS, respectively, 20 per replication. From the 28-42 days, the HS was kept at 31 ± 1°C (9:00-17:00, 8 h) and other time was maintained at 21 ± 1°C as in the CON. At the 42nd day experiment, we calculated the growth performance (n = 8) of broilers and collected 3 and 6 cecal tissues for transcriptomic and metabolomic investigation and 4 cecal contents for metagenomic investigation of each treatment. Results and discussion The results indicate that heat stress significantly reduced the average daily gain and body weight of broilers (value of p < 0.05). Transcriptome KEGG enrichment showed that the differential genes were mainly enriched in the NF-kB signaling pathway. Metabolomics results showed that KEGG enrichment showed that the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in the mTOR signaling pathway. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing results indicated that heat stress increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes. Multi-omics analysis showed that the co-participating pathway of differential genes, metabolites and microorganisms KEGG enrichment was purine metabolism. Pearson correlation analysis found that ornithine was positively correlated with SULT1C3, GSTT1L and g_Lactobacillus, and negatively correlated with CALB1. PE was negatively correlated with CALB1 and CHAC1, and positively with g_Alistipes. In conclusion, heat stress can generate large amounts of reactive oxygen and increase the types of harmful bacteria, reduce intestinal nutrient absorption and antioxidant capacity, and thereby damage intestinal health and immune function, and reduce growth performance indicators. This biological process is manifested in the complex regulation, providing a foundational theoretical basis for solving the problem of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zheng Wang
- Shanxi Key Lab. for the Modernization of TCVM, College of Life and Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lihuan Zhang
- Shanxi Key Lab. for the Modernization of TCVM, College of Life and Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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Wang D, Ma B, Liao Z, Li W, Zhang T, Lei C, Wang H. Flaxseed Supplementation in Chicken Feed Accelerates Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis Clearance, Modulates Cecum Microbiota, and Influences Ovarian Gene Expression in Laying Hens. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1353. [PMID: 37759753 PMCID: PMC10526464 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen that poses a serious threat to both human and animal health and food safety. Flaxseed is rich in unsaturated fatty acids; has anti-metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties; and may be a potential source of feed additives. To investigate the impact of flaxseed on Salmonella-infected laying hens, we administered Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) after adding flaxseed to the feed of laying hens (15% [750 mg/kg]). S. Enteritidis colonization was reduced and its clearance was accelerated from the laying hens. Furthermore, flaxseed supplementation mitigated the damage to the ileum caused by S. Enteritidis. We analyzed alterations in intestinal flora through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. S. Enteritidis infection increased the abundance of Akkermansia and triggered the host inflammatory response. Conversely, the addition of flaxseed to the feed increased the abundance of beneficial intestinal bacteria, such as Lactobacilli and Bacteroides. Ovarian health is important for egg production performance in laying hens and our findings indicate that S. Enteritidis can persist in the ovaries for an extended period. Therefore, we further performed transcriptome sequencing analysis of ovarian tissues on day seven after S. Enteritidis infection. S. Enteritidis infection leads to altered ovarian gene expression, including the downregulation of lipid metabolism and growth and development genes and the upregulation of host immune response genes in laying hens. The upregulation of genes associated with growth and development may have stimulated ovarian growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Boheng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ziwei Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
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Kim HJ, Kim HS, Yun YS, Kang HK. Effect of Bacillus subtilis and Oregano Oil on Performance, Gut Microbiome, and Intestinal Morphology in Pullets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2550. [PMID: 37627340 PMCID: PMC10451296 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of probiotics containing Bacillus subtilis and oregano essential oil on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbial composition in pullets aged 0-18 weeks. A total of 324 day-old Hy-Line Brown chicks were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with six replicates per group and 18 birds per pen. The experimental treatments consisted of the following: a control group receiving a basal diet (Con), a group receiving a basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg (3 × 108 cfu/kg) of Bacillus subtilis (BS), and a group receiving a basal diet supplemented with 0.3 g/kg of oregano essential oil (ORO). The groups supplemented with BS and ORO demonstrated significantly higher villus height/crypt depth ratios than the Con group. Microbial richness was significantly higher in groups supplemented with BS (p = 0.0317) and ORO (p = 0.00794) than in the Con group. These findings revealed a distinct separation between gut microbial communities of the Con group and those supplemented with ORO, based on unweighted and weighted UniFrac indices. Therefore, supplementation with Bacillus subtilis and oregano oil improved the composition of the microbiota, suggesting their positive effects on the gut health of pullets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hwan-Ku Kang
- Poultry Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25342, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.); (H.-S.K.); (Y.-S.Y.)
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Shao Y, Zhen W, Guo F, Hu Z, Zhang K, Kong L, Guo Y, Wang Z. Pretreatment with probiotics Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium-induced gut injury through modulating intestinal microbiome and immune responses with barrier function in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:130. [PMID: 36221113 PMCID: PMC9555120 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preventing Salmonella infection and colonization in young birds is key to improving poultry gut health and reducing Salmonella contamination of poultry products and decreasing salmonellosis for human consumption (poultry meat and eggs). Probiotics can improve poultry health. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of a probiotics, Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 (E. faecium NCIMB 11181) on the intestinal mucosal immune responses, microbiome and barrier function in the presence or absence of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium, ST) infection. Methods Two hundred and forty 1-day-old Salmonella-free male broiler chickens (Arbor Acres AA+) were randomly allocated to four groups with 6 replicate cages of 10 birds each. The four experimental groups were follows: (1) negative control (NC), (2) S. Typhimurium, challenged positive control (PC), (3) the E. faecium NCIMB 11181-treated group (EF), (4) the E. faecium NCIMB 11181-treated and S. Typhimurium-challenged group (PEF). Results Results indicated that, although continuous feeding E. faecium NCIMB 11181 did not obviously alleviate growth depression caused by S. Typhimurium challenge (P > 0.05), E. faecium NCIMB 11181 addition significantly blocked Salmonella intestinal colonization and translocation (P < 0.05). Moreover, supplemental E. faecium NCIMB 11181 to the infected chickens remarkably attenuated gut morphological structure damage and intestinal cell apoptosis induced by S. Typhimurium infection, as evidenced by increasing gut villous height and reducing intestinal TUNEL-positive cell numbers (P < 0.05). Also, E. faecium NCIMB 11181 administration notably promoting the production of anti-Salmonella antibodies in intestinal mucosa and serum of the infected birds (P < 0.05). Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that E. faecium NCIMB 11181 supplementation ameliorated S. Typhimurium infection-induced gut microbial dysbiosis by enriching Lachnospiracease and Alistipes levels, and suppressing Barnesiella abundance. Predicted function analysis indicated that the functional genes of cecal microbiome involved in C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; glycerolipid metabolism and lysine biosynthesis were enriched in the infected chickens given E. faecium NCIMB 11181. While alanine, asparate and glutamate metabolism; MAPK signal pathway-yeast; ubiquine and other terpenoid-quinore biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum; as well as glutathione metabolism were suppressed by E. faecium NCIMB 11181 addition. Conclusion Collectively, our data suggested that dietary E. faecium NCIBM 11181 supplementation could ameliorate S. Typhimurium infection-induced gut injury in broiler chickens. Our findings also suggest that E. faecium NCIMB 11181 may serve as an effective non-antibiotic feed additive for improving gut health and controlling Salmonella infection in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Shao
- College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenrui Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Province of Henan, Luoyang, China
| | - Fangshen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeqiong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaichen Zhang
- Tengzhou Heyi Food Co. Ltd, Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Linhua Kong
- Tengzhou Heyi Food Co. Ltd, Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Cazals A, Rau A, Estellé J, Bruneau N, Coville JL, Menanteau P, Rossignol MN, Jardet D, Bevilacqua C, Bed’Hom B, Velge P, Calenge F. Comparative analysis of the caecal tonsil transcriptome in two chicken lines experimentally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270012. [PMID: 35976909 PMCID: PMC9384989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing Salmonella enterica Enteritidis (SE) carriage in chicken is necessary to ensure human food safety and enhance the economic, social and environmental sustainability of chicken breeding. Salmonella can contaminate poultry products, causing human foodborne disease and economic losses for farmers. Both genetic selection for a decreased carriage and gut microbiota modulation strategies could reduce Salmonella propagation in farms. Two-hundred and twenty animals from the White Leghorn inbred lines N and 61 were raised together on floor, infected by SE at 7 days of age, transferred into isolators to prevent oro-fecal recontamination and euthanized at 12 days post-infection. Caecal content DNA was used to measure individual Salmonella counts (ISC) by droplet digital PCR. A RNA sequencing approach was used to measure gene expression levels in caecal tonsils after infection of 48 chicks with low or high ISC. The analysis between lines identified 7516 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) corresponding to 62 enriched Gene Ontology (GO) Biological Processes (BP) terms. A comparison between low and high carriers allowed us to identify 97 DEGs and 23 enriched GO BP terms within line 61, and 1034 DEGs and 288 enriched GO BP terms within line N. Among these genes, we identified several candidate genes based on their putative functions, including FUT2 or MUC4, which could be involved in the control of SE infection, maybe through interactions with commensal bacteria. Altogether, we were able to identify several genes and pathways associated with differences in SE carriage level. These results are discussed in relation to individual caecal microbiota compositions, obtained for the same animals in a previous study, which may interact with host gene expression levels for the control of the caecal SE load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Cazals
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Rau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Peronne, France
| | - Jordi Estellé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Bruneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coville
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Deborah Jardet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claudia Bevilacqua
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Bed’Hom
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- UMR ISP, INRAE, Université F. Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Fanny Calenge
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Ruvalcaba-Gómez JM, Villagrán Z, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Martínez-Núñez M, Gomez-Godínez LJ, Ruesga-Gutiérrez E, Anaya-Esparza LM, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Villarruel-López A. Non-Antibiotics Strategies to Control Salmonella Infection in Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:102. [PMID: 35011208 PMCID: PMC8749512 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a facultative intracellular pathogen causing localized or systemic infections, involving economic and public health significance, and remains the leading pathogen of food safety concern worldwide, with poultry being the primary transmission vector. Antibiotics have been the main strategy for Salmonella control for many years, which has allowed producers to improve the growth and health of food-producing animals. However, the utilization of antibiotics has been reconsidered since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can quickly increase within microbial communities. The use of alternatives to antibiotics has been recommended and successfully applied in many countries, leading to the core aim of this review, focused on (1) describing the importance of Salmonella infection in poultry and the effects associated with the use of antibiotics for disease control; (2) discussing the use of feeding-based (prebiotics, probiotics, bacterial subproducts, phytobiotics) and non-feeding-based (bacteriophages, in ovo injection, vaccines) strategies in poultry production for Salmonella control; and (3) exploring the use of complementary strategies, highlighting those based on -omics tools, to assess the effects of using the available antibiotic-free alternatives and their role in lowering dependency on the existing antimicrobial substances to manage bacterial infections in poultry effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Juan José Valdez-Alarcón
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Studies, Centenary and Meritorious University of Michoacán of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán 58893, Mexico;
| | | | - Lorena Jacqueline Gomez-Godínez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Edmundo Ruesga-Gutiérrez
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Jalisco 44430, Mexico
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11
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Indicators of the molecular pathogenesis of virulent Newcastle disease virus in chickens revealed by transcriptomic profiling of spleen. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17570. [PMID: 34475461 PMCID: PMC8413450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has caused significant outbreaks in South-East Asia, particularly in Indonesia in recent years. Recently emerged genotype VII NDVs (NDV-GVII) have shifted their tropism from gastrointestinal/respiratory tropism to a lymphotropic virus, invading lymphoid organs including spleen and bursa of Fabricius to cause profound lymphoid depletion. In this study, we aimed to identify candidate genes and biological pathways that contribute to the disease caused by this velogenic NDV-GVII. A transcriptomic analysis based on RNA-Seq of spleen was performed in chickens challenged with NDV-GVII and a control group. In total, 6361 genes were differentially expressed that included 3506 up-regulated genes and 2855 down-regulated genes. Real-Time PCR of ten selected genes validated the RNA-Seq results as the correlation between them is 0.98. Functional and network analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) showed altered regulation of ElF2 signalling, mTOR signalling, proliferation of cells of the lymphoid system, signalling by Rho family GTPases and synaptogenesis signalling in spleen. We have also identified modified expression of IFIT5, PI3K, AGT and PLP1 genes in NDV-GVII infected chickens. Our findings in activation of autophagy-mediated cell death, lymphotropic and synaptogenesis signalling pathways provide new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this newly emerged NDV-GVII.
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12
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Weerasooriya G, McWhorter AR, Khan S, Chousalkar KK. Transcriptomic response of Campylobacter jejuni following exposure to acidified sodium chlorite. NPJ Sci Food 2021; 5:23. [PMID: 34341355 PMCID: PMC8329286 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-021-00103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical decontamination during processing is used in many countries to mitigate the Campylobacter load on chicken meat. Chlorine is a commonly used sanitizer in poultry processing to limit foodborne bacterial pathogens but its efficacy is limited by high bacterial loads and organic material. Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) is a potential alternative for poultry meat sanitization but little is known about its effects on the cellular response of Campylobacter. In this study, the sensitivity of C. jejuni isolates to ASC was established. RNAseq was performed to characterize the transcriptomic response of C. jejuni following exposure to either chlorine or ASC. Following chlorine exposure, C. jejuni induced an adaptive stress response mechanism. In contrast, exposure to ASC induced higher oxidative damage and cellular death by inhibiting all vital metabolic pathways and upregulating the genes involved in DNA damage and repair. The transcriptional changes in C. jejuni in response to ASC exposure suggest its potential as an effective sanitizer for use in the chicken meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Weerasooriya
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.
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13
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Joat NN, Khan S, Chousalkar K. Understanding the effects of intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal on Salmonella Typhimurium shedding and gut microbiota in pullets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:78. [PMID: 34090517 PMCID: PMC8178826 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota plays a key role in health, immunity, digestion, and production in layers. Factors such as environment, diet, diseases, stress, and flock management significantly affect gut microbiota; however, it is not known how potential stressors such as intramuscular injections or feed withdrawal alter the composition of gut microbiota that result in increased the shedding level of foodborne pathogens. In the current study, the effects of intramuscular corticosterone injection and feed withdrawal were evaluated to understand their role in Salmonella Typhimurium shedding and changes in the composition of gut microbiota in layers. Results Salmonella shedding was observed for 8 weeks post-infection. There was a significant increase in Salmonella Typhimurium count after intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal. The Salmonella infected and the negative control groups showed significant differences in the abundance of different genera in gut microbiota at week 1 and up to week 7 post infection. The infected group showed a significant reduction in alpha diversity of gut microbiota. Firmicutes reduced significantly (P < 0.05) after intramuscular injection, while the feed withdrawal groups did not cause any significant changes in Proteobacteria-Firmicutes ratio. Furthermore, intramuscular injection resulted in a significant change in alpha diversity of gut microbiota. Conclusions Exposure of chicks to relatively low dose of Salmonella Typhimurium can lead to persistent shedding in pullets. The Salmonella Typhimurium infection disrupted the gut microbiota composition immediately after infection. The potential stress of intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal significantly increased the Salmonella Typhimurium count in faeces. The intramuscular injection also resulted in a significant alteration of the Proteobacteria-Firmicutes ratio, which could increase the risk of dysbiosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00597-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Narendra Joat
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
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14
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Challenges in Vaccinating Layer Hens against Salmonella Typhimurium. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040696. [PMID: 33228065 PMCID: PMC7712944 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is among the most common causes of bacterial foodborne gastrointestinal disease in humans. Food items containing raw or undercooked eggs are frequently identified during traceback investigation as the source of the bacteria. Layer hens can become persistently infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and intermittently shed the bacteria over the course of their productive lifetime. Eggs laid in a contaminated environment are at risk of potential exposure to bacteria. Thus, mitigating the bacterial load on farms aids in the protection of the food supply chain. Layer hen producers use a multifaceted approach for reducing Salmonella on farms, including the all-in-all-out management strategy, strict biosecurity, sanitization, and vaccination. The use of live attenuated Salmonella vaccines is favored because they elicit a broader host immune response than killed or inactivated vaccines that have been demonstrated to provide cross-protection against multiple serovars. Depending on the vaccine, two to three doses of Salmonella Typhimurium vaccines are generally administered to layer hens within the first few weeks. The productive life of a layer hen, however, can exceed 70 weeks and it is unclear whether current vaccination regimens are effective for that extended period. The objective of this review is to highlight layer hen specific challenges that may affect vaccine efficacy.
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