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Zhang L, Xu Z, Li Y, Wu KJ, Yu C, Zhu W, Sun DL, Zhu L, Zhou J. Glutamine supplementation improves the activity and immunosuppressive action of induced regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo. Transpl Immunol 2024; 84:102044. [PMID: 38663757 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine is crucial for the activation and efficacy of T cells, and may play a role in regulating the immune environment. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of glutamine in the activation and proliferation of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs). METHODS CD4+CD45RA+T cells were sorted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cultured to analyze iTreg differentiation. Glutamine was then added to the culture system to evaluate the effects of glutamine on iTregs by determining oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), apoptosis, and cytokine secretion. Additionally, a humanized murine graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) model was constructed to confirm the efficacy of glutamine-treated iTregs in vivo. RESULTS After being cultured in vitro, glutamine significantly enhanced the levels of Foxp3, CTLA-4, CD39, CD69, IL-10, TGF-β, and Ki67 (CTLA-4, IL-10, TGF-β are immunosuppressive markers of iTregs) compared with that of the control iTregs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the growth curve showed that the proliferative ability of glutamine-treated iTregs was better than that of the control iTregs (P < 0.01). Compared with the control iTregs, glutamine supplementation significantly increased oxygen consumption rates and ATP production (P < 0.05), significantly downregulated Annexin V and Caspase 3, and upregulated BCL2 (P < 0.05). However, GPNA significantly reversed the effects of glutamine (P < 0.05). Finally, a xeno-GVHD mouse model was successfully established to confirm that glutamine-treated iTregs increased the mice survival rate, delayed weight loss, and alleviated colon injury. CONCLUSION Glutamine supplementation can improve the activity and immunosuppressive action of iTregs, and the possible mechanisms by which this occurs are related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China; Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang 213300, China
| | - Zhongya Xu
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanjiu Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Ke-Jia Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Chongyuan Yu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Lin Sun
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Wang X, An J, Cao T, Guo M, Han F. Application of Biosurfactants in Medical Sciences. Molecules 2024; 29:2606. [PMID: 38893481 PMCID: PMC11173561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants derived from microorganisms have attracted widespread attention in scientific research due to their unique surface activity, low toxicity, biodegradability, antibacterial properties, and stability under extreme conditions. Biosurfactants are widely used in many fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental protection. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively review and analyze the various applications of biosurfactants in the medical field. The central roles of biosurfactants in crucial medical areas are explored, like drug delivery, induction of tumor cell differentiation or death, treating bacterial and viral effects, healing wounds, and immune regulation. Moreover, a new outlook is introduced on optimizing the capabilities of biosurfactants through modification and gene recombination for better use in medicine. The current research challenges and future research directions are described, aiming to provide valuable insights for continuous study of biosurfactants in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fu Han
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (J.A.); (T.C.); (M.G.)
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Li YF, Chen T, Chen LH, Zhao RN, Wang XC, Wu D, Hu JN. Construction of diallyltrisulfide nanoparticles for alleviation of ethanol-induced acute gastric injury. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124143. [PMID: 38663641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Gastric ulcer, a significant health issue characterized by the degradation of the gastric mucosa, often arises from excessive gastric acid secretion and poses a challenge in current medical treatments due to the limited efficacy and side effects of first-line drugs. Addressing this, our study develops a novel therapeutic strategy leveraging gas therapy, specifically targeting the release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the treatment of gastric ulcers. We successfully developed a composite nanoparticle, named BSA·SH-DATS, through a two-step process. Initially, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was sulfhydrated to generate BSA·SH nanoparticles via a mercaptosylation method. Subsequently, these nanoparticles were further functionalized by incorporating diallyltrisulfide (DATS) through a precise Michael addition reaction. This sequential modification resulted in the creation of BSA·SH-DATS nanoparticles. Our comprehensive in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrate that these nanoparticles possess an exceptional ability for site-specific action on gastric mucosal cells under the controlled release of H2S in response to endogenous glutathione (GSH), markedly diminishing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby alleviating inflammation and apoptosis. Moreover, the BSA·SH-DATS nanoparticles effectively regulate critical inflammatory proteins, including NF-κB and Caspase-3. Our study underscores their potential as a transformative approach for gastric ulcer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Li
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Tao Chen
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Li-Hang Chen
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ru-Nan Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Chuang Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Di Wu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Hu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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Puyol McKenna P, Naughton PJ, Dooley JSG, Ternan NG, Lemoine P, Banat IM. Microbial Biosurfactants: Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Biomedical and Therapeutic Exploits. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:138. [PMID: 38276011 PMCID: PMC10818721 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens worldwide has raised concerns regarding the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. This can be observed in ESKAPE pathogens, among others, whose multiple resistance mechanisms have led to a reduction in effective treatment options. Innovative strategies aimed at mitigating the incidence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens encompass the potential use of biosurfactants. These surface-active agents comprise a group of unique amphiphilic molecules of microbial origin that are capable of interacting with the lipidic components of microorganisms. Biosurfactant interactions with different surfaces can affect their hydrophobic properties and as a result, their ability to alter microorganisms' adhesion abilities and consequent biofilm formation. Unlike synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants present low toxicity and high biodegradability and remain stable under temperature and pH extremes, making them potentially suitable for targeted use in medical and pharmaceutical applications. This review discusses the development of biosurfactants in biomedical and therapeutic uses as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents, in addition to considering the potential synergistic effect of biosurfactants in combination with antibiotics. Furthermore, the anti-cancer and anti-viral potential of biosurfactants in relation to COVID-19 is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Puyol McKenna
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1 SA, UK; (P.P.M.); (P.J.N.); (J.S.G.D.); (N.G.T.)
| | - Patrick J. Naughton
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1 SA, UK; (P.P.M.); (P.J.N.); (J.S.G.D.); (N.G.T.)
| | - James S. G. Dooley
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1 SA, UK; (P.P.M.); (P.J.N.); (J.S.G.D.); (N.G.T.)
| | - Nigel G. Ternan
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1 SA, UK; (P.P.M.); (P.J.N.); (J.S.G.D.); (N.G.T.)
| | - Patrick Lemoine
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK;
| | - Ibrahim M. Banat
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
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Roberge CL, Miceli RT, Murphy LR, Kingsley DM, Gross RA, Corr DT. Sophorolipid Candidates Demonstrate Cytotoxic Efficacy against 2D and 3D Breast Cancer Models. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1159-1170. [PMID: 37104545 PMCID: PMC10760934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are biosurfactants derived from the nonpathogenic yeasts such as Starmerella bombicola with potential efficacy in anticancer applications. Simple and cost-effective synthesis of these drugs makes them a promising alternative to traditional chemotherapeutics, pending their success in preliminary drug-screening. Drug-screening typically utilizes 2D cell monolayers due to their simplicity and ease of high-throughput assessment. However, 2D assays fail to capture the complexity and 3D context of the tumor microenvironment and have consequently been implicated in the high percentage of drugs investigated in vitro that later fail in clinical trials. Herein, we screened two sophorolipid candidates and a clinically-used chemotherapeutic, doxorubicin, on in vitro breast cancer models ranging from 2D monolayers to 3D spheroids, employing optical coherence tomography to confirm these morphologies. We calculated corresponding IC50 values for these drugs and found one of the sophorolipids to have comparable toxicities to the chemotherapeutic control. Our findings show increased drug resistance associated with model dimensionality, such that all drugs tested showed that 3D spheroids exhibited higher IC50 values than their 2D counterparts. These findings demonstrate promising preliminary data to support the use of sophorolipids as a more affordable alternative to traditional clinical interventions and demonstrate the importance of 3D tumor models in assessing drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Roberge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Rebecca T Miceli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Lillian R Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - David M Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Richard A Gross
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Yan Z, Cao X, Sun S, Sun B, Gao J. Inhibition of GSK3B phosphorylation improves glucose and lipid metabolism disorder. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166726. [PMID: 37146915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic glycolipid metabolism disorder is considered as one of the key pathogenic factors for many chronic diseases. Revealing the molecular mechanism of metabolic disorder and exploring drug targets are crucial for the treatment of glucose and lipid metabolic diseases. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of various metabolic diseases. Herein, GAPDH-knockdown ZFL cells and GAPDH-downregulation zebrafish exhibited significant lipid deposition increase and glycogen reduction, thus inducing glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. Using high-sensitivity mass spectrometry-based proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis, we identified 6838 proteins and 3738 phosphorylated proteins in GAPDH-knockdown ZFL cells. The protein-protein interaction network and DEPPs analyses showed that gsk3baY216 were involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, which was verified by In vitro study. The enzyme activity analysis and cell staining results showed that HepG2 and NCTC-1469 cells transfected with GSK3BY216F plasmid had significantly lower glucose and insulin levels, the decreased lipid deposition, and the increased glycogen synthesis than those transfected with GSK3BY216E plasmid, suggesting that inhibition of GSK3B phosphorylation could significantly improve GSK3B hyperphosphorylation-induced glucose tolerance impairment and insulin sensitivity reduction. To our knowledge, this is the first multi-omic study of GAPDH-knockdown ZFL cells. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanism of glucose and lipid metabolic disorder, and provides potential targets (kinases) for the treatments of human glucose and lipid metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yan
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cao
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shouxiang Sun
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bing Sun
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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7
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Sophorolipids—Bio-Based Antimicrobial Formulating Agents for Applications in Food and Health. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175556. [PMID: 36080322 PMCID: PMC9457973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophorolipids are well-known glycolipid biosurfactants, produced mainly by non-pathogenic yeast species such as Candida bombicola with high yield. Its unique environmental compatibility and high biodegradable properties have made them a focus in the present review for their promising applications in diverse areas. This study aims to examine current research trends of sophorolipids and evaluate their applications in food and health. A literature search was conducted using different research databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, and Wiley Online Library to identify studies on the fundamental mechanisms of sophorolipids and their applications in food and health. Studies have shown that various structural forms of sophorolipids exhibit different biological and physicochemical properties. Sophorolipids represent one of the most attractive biosurfactants in the industry due to their antimicrobial action against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms for applications in food and health sectors. In this review, we have provided an overview on the fundamental properties of sophorolipids and detailed analysis of their applications in diverse areas such as food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities.
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8
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Callaghan B, Twigg MS, Baccile N, Van Bogaert INA, Marchant R, Mitchell CA, Banat IM. Microbial sophorolipids inhibit colorectal tumour cell growth in vitro and restore haematocrit in Apc min+/- mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6003-6016. [PMID: 35965289 PMCID: PMC9467956 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sophorolipids are glycolipid biosurfactants consisting of a carbohydrate sophorose head with a fatty acid tail and exist in either an acidic or lactonic form. Sophorolipids are gaining interest as potential cancer chemotherapeutics due to their inhibitory effects on a range of tumour cell lines. Currently, most anti-cancer studies reporting the effects of sophorolipids have focused on lactonic preparations with the effects of acidic sophorolipids yet to be elucidated. We produced a 94% pure acidic sophorolipid preparation which proved to be non-toxic to normal human colonic and lung cells. In contrast, we observed a dose-dependent reduction in viability of colorectal cancer lines treated with the same preparation. Acidic sophorolipids induced apoptosis and necrosis, reduced migration, and inhibited colony formation in all cancer cell lines tested. Furthermore, oral administration of 50 mg kg−1 acidic sophorolipids over 70 days to Apcmin+/− mice was well tolerated and resulted in an increased haematocrit, as well as reducing splenic size and red pulp area. Oral feeding did not affect tumour numbers or sizes in this model. This is the first study to show that acidic sophorolipids dose-dependently and specifically reduces colon cancer cell viability in addition to reducing tumour-associated bleeding in the Apcmin+/− mouse model. Key points • Acidic sophorolipids are produced by yeast species such as Starmerella bombicola. • Acidic sophorolipids selectively killed colorectal cells with no effect on healthy gut epithelia. • Acidic sophorolipids reduced tumour-associated gut bleed in a colorectal mouse model. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12115-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breedge Callaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew S Twigg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Niki Baccile
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France UMR 7574, Chimie de La Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR 7574, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Inge N A Van Bogaert
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roger Marchant
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | | | - Ibrahim M Banat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
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Miceli RT, Corr DT, Barroso M, Dogra N, Gross RA. Sophorolipids: Anti-cancer activities and mechanisms. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 65:116787. [PMID: 35526504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sophorolipids (SLs) are biosurfactants synthesized as secondary metabolites by non-pathogenic yeasts and other microorganisms. They are members of glycolipid microbial surfactant family that consists of a sophorose polar head group and, most often, an ω-1 hydroxylated fatty acid glycosidically linked to the sophorose moiety. Since the fermentative production of SLs is high (>200 g/L), SLs have the potential to provide low-cost therapeutics. Natural and modified SLs possess anti-cancer activity against a wide range of cancer cell lines such as those derived from breast, cervical, colon, liver, brain, and the pancreas. Corresponding data on their cytotoxicity against noncancerous cell lines including human embryo kidney, umbilical vein, and mouse fibroblasts is also discussed. These results are compiled to elucidate trends in SL-structures that lead to higher efficacy against cancer cell lines and lower cytotoxicity for normal cell lines. While extrapolation of these results provides some insights into the design of SLs with optimal therapeutic indices, we also provide a critical assessment of gaps and inconsistencies in the literature as well as the lack of data connecting structure-to-anticancer and cytotoxicity on normal cells. Furthermore, SL-mechanism of action against cancer cell lines, that includes proliferation inhibition, induction of apoptosis, membrane disruption and mitochondria mediated pathways are discussed. Perspectives on future research to develop SL anticancer therapeutics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Miceli
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Margardia Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Navneet Dogra
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Richard A Gross
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
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