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Xu G, Li X, Hu J, Dong Z, Jia Y, Shao T. An evaluation of the effectiveness of four chemical additives on the fermentation characteristics, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage based on soy sauce residue. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39215791 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to compare the impact of four chemical additives on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage based on soy sauce residue. The TMR (35% soy sauce residue + 45% Napier grass + 20% concentrate) was placed into silos (10 L). The experiment followed the completely random design, treated with different chemical additives: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 0.1% potassium sorbate (SP); (3) 0.1% sodium benzoate (SS); (4) 0.5% calcium propionate (SC); (5) 0.5% sodium diacetate (SD). Total of 100 silos (5 treatments × 4 aerobic exposure days × 5 replicates) were ensiled for 60 days. After exposure to the air, the samples were analyzed for the dynamic change of fermentation parameters at 4, 9 and 15 days, and the data was analyzed as repeated measures. The content of butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen was maintained at a low level. The highest (p < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) content and the lowest (p < 0.05) pH value were measured in SP. At the first 4 days of aerobic exposure, TMR silages treated with four chemical additives were more stable relative to the control, as indicated by the low pH value and yeast counts. Furthermore, the highest (p < 0.05) LA content and the lowest (p < 0.05) pH value indicated that SP performed superior aerobic stability compared with other chemical additives. The SP shows higher (p < 0.05) 72 h cumulative gas production (GP72) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) relative to the control. In conclusion, the SP performed superior in improving fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of TMR silages based on soy sauce residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinbao Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Hu
- Agricultural and Rural Office of Hemudu Town, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Dietz BR, Olszewski NE, Barney BM. Enhanced extracellular ammonium release in the plant endophyte Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus through genome editing. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0247823. [PMID: 38038458 PMCID: PMC10783055 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02478-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Our results demonstrate increased extracellular ammonium release in the endophyte plant growth-promoting bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Strains were constructed in a manner that leaves no antibiotic markers behind, such that these strains contain no transgenes. Levels of ammonium achieved by cultures of modified G. diazotrophicus strains reached concentrations of approximately 18 mM ammonium, while wild-type G. diazotrophicus remained much lower (below 50 µM). These findings demonstrate a strong potential for further improving the biofertilizer potential of this important microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Dietz
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Neil E. Olszewski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brett M. Barney
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Wen X, Yang H, Li Z, Chu W. Alcohol degradation, learning, and memory-enhancing effect of Acetobacter pasteurianus BP2201 in Caenorhabditis elegans model. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad253. [PMID: 37934610 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the probiotic effects of Acetobacter pasteurianus BP2201, isolated from brewing mass, for the treatment of alcohol-induced learning and memory ability impairments in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. METHODS AND RESULTS Acetobacter pasteurianus BP2201 was examined for probiotic properties, including acid and bile salt resistance, ethanol degradation, antioxidant efficacy, hemolytic activity, and susceptibility to antibiotics. The strain displayed robust acid and bile salt tolerance, efficient ethanol degradation, potent antioxidant activity, and susceptibility to specific antibiotics. Additionally, in the C. elegans model, administering A. pasteurianus BP2201 significantly improved alcohol-induced learning and memory impairments. CONCLUSIONS Acetobacter pasteurianus BP2201 proves to be a promising candidate strain for the treatment of learning and memory impairments induced by alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huazhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhongqi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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4
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Wen X, Wang Z, Liu Q, Lessing DJ, Chu W. Acetobacter pasteurianus BP2201 alleviates alcohol-induced hepatic and neuro-toxicity and modulate gut microbiota in mice. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1834-1857. [PMID: 37354051 PMCID: PMC10443346 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive consumption of alcohol results in a dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, which subsequently impairs the gut microbiota-brain/liver axes and induces cognitive dysfunction and hepatic injury. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of Acetobacter pasteurianus BP2201 in reducing the negative effects of alcohol consumption on cognitive function and liver health by modulating the gut microbiota-brain/liver axes. Treatment with A. pasteurianus BP2201 improved alcohol-induced hippocampal damage, suppressed neuroinflammation, promoted neuroprotein expression in the hippocampus and enhanced cognitive function. At the same time, A. pasteurianus BP2201 can also reduce serum lipid levels, relieve oxidative stress, inhibit TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, reduce the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β, so as to improve alcoholic liver injury. Concomitantly, the treatment with A. pasteurianus BP2201 leads to a shift in the intestinal microbiota structure towards that of healthy individuals, inhibiting the proliferation of harmful bacteria and promoting the recovery of beneficial bacteria. In addition, it also improves brain cognitive dysfunction and liver health by affecting the gut microbiota-brain/liver axes by promoting the synthesis of relevant amino acids and the metabolism of nucleotide base components. These findings demonstrate the potential of regulating the gut microbiome and gut microbiota-brain/liver axes to mitigate alcohol-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Duncan James Lessing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
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Dissection and reconstitution provide insights into electron transport in the membrane-bound aldehyde dehydrogenase complex of
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0055821. [DOI: 10.1128/jb.00558-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria catalyze the two-step oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid using the membrane-bound enzymes pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and molybdopterin-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Although the reducing equivalents from the substrate are transferred to ubiquinone in the membrane, intramolecular electron transport in ALDH is not understood. Here, we purified the AldFGH complex, the membrane-bound ALDH that is physiologically relevant to acetic acid fermentation in
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus
strain PAL5. The purified AldFGH complex showed acetaldehyde:ubiquinone (Q
2
) oxidoreductase activity.
C
-type cytochromes of the AldFGH complex (in the AldF subunit) were reduced by acetaldehyde. Then, we genetically dissected the AldFGH complex into AldGH and AldF units and reconstituted them. The AldGH subcomplex showed acetaldehyde:ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity, but not Q
2
reductase activity. The ALDH activity of AldGH was not found in membranes but in the soluble fraction of the recombinant strain, suggesting that the AldF subunit is responsible for membrane binding of the AldFGH complex. AldFGH complex reconstituted from the AldGH subcomplex and AldF showed Q
2
reductase activity. Absorption spectra of the purified AldGH subcomplex suggested the presence of an [Fe–S] cluster, which can be reduced by acetaldehyde. We propose a model in which electrons from the substrate are abstracted by a molybdopterin in the AldH subunit and transferred to [Fe–S] cluster(s) in the AldG subunit, followed by electron transport to
c
-type cytochrome centers in the AldF subunit, which is the site of ubiquinone reduction in the membrane.
Importance
Two membrane-bound enzymes of acetic acid bacteria—pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and molybdopterin-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)—are responsible for vinegar production. Upon oxidation of acetaldehyde, ALDH reduces ubiquinone in the cytoplasmic membrane. ALDH is an enzyme complex of three subunits. Here, we tried to understand how ALDH works by using a classical biochemical approach and genetic engineering to dissect the enzyme complex into soluble and membrane-bound parts. The soluble part had limited activity
in vitro
, and did not reduce ubiquinone. However, enzyme complex reconstituted from the soluble and membrane-bound parts showed ubiquinone reduction activity. The proposed working model of ALDH provides a better understanding of how the enzyme works in the vinegar fermentation process.
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Study of ALDH from Thermus thermophilus-Expression, Purification and Characterisation of the Non-Substrate Specific, Thermophilic Enzyme Displaying Both Dehydrogenase and Esterase Activity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123535. [PMID: 34944041 PMCID: PMC8699947 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), found in all kingdoms of life, form a superfamily of enzymes that primarily catalyse the oxidation of aldehydes to form carboxylic acid products, while utilising the cofactor NAD(P)+. Some superfamily members can also act as esterases using p-nitrophenyl esters as substrates. The ALDHTt from Thermus thermophilus was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and purified to obtain high yields (approximately 15–20 mg/L) and purity utilising an efficient heat treatment step coupled with IMAC and gel filtration chromatography. The use of the heat treatment step proved critical, in its absence decreased yield of 40% was observed. Characterisation of the thermophilic ALDHTt led to optimum enzymatic working conditions of 50 °C, and a pH of 8. ALDHTt possesses dual enzymatic activity, with the ability to act as a dehydrogenase and an esterase. ALDHTt possesses broad substrate specificity, displaying activity for a range of aldehydes, most notably hexanal and the synthetic dialdehyde, terephthalaldehyde. Interestingly, para-substituted benzaldehydes could be processed efficiently, but ortho-substitution resulted in no catalytic activity. Similarly, ALDHTt displayed activity for two different esterase substrates, p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl butyrate, but with activities of 22.9% and 8.9%, respectively, compared to the activity towards hexanal.
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Qin Z, Yu S, Chen J, Zhou J. Dehydrogenases of acetic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107863. [PMID: 34793881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of bacteria that can oxidize many substrates such as alcohols and sugar alcohols and play important roles in industrial biotechnology. A majority of industrial processes that involve AAB are related to their dehydrogenases, including PQQ/FAD-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenases and NAD(P)+-dependent cytoplasmic dehydrogenases. These cofactor-dependent dehydrogenases must effectively regenerate their cofactors in order to function continuously. For PQQ, FAD and NAD(P)+ alike, regeneration is directly or indirectly related to the electron transport chain (ETC) of AAB, which plays an important role in energy generation for aerobic cell growth. Furthermore, in changeable natural habitats, ETC components of AAB can be regulated so that the bacteria survive in different environments. Herein, the progressive cascade in an application of AAB, including key dehydrogenases involved in the application, regeneration of dehydrogenase cofactors, ETC coupling with cofactor regeneration and ETC regulation, is systematically reviewed and discussed. As they have great application value, a deep understanding of the mechanisms through which AAB function will not only promote their utilization and development but also provide a reference for engineering of other industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Qin
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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