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Zhi Y, Li X, Wang X, Jia M, Wang Z. Photosynthesis promotion mechanisms of artificial humic acid depend on plant types: A hydroponic study on C3 and C4 plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170404. [PMID: 38281646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
It is feasible to improve plant photosynthesis to address the global climate goals of carbon neutrality. The application of artificial humic acid (AHA) is a promising approach to promote plant photosynthesis, however, the associated mechanisms for C3 and C4 plants are still unclear. In this study, the real-time chlorophyll synthesis and microscopic physiological changes in plant leave cells with the application of AHA were first revealed using the real-time chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Non-invasive Micro-test Technique. The transcriptomics suggested that the AHA application up-regulated the genes in photosynthesis, especially related to chlorophyll synthesis and light energy capture, in maize and the genes in photosynthetic vitality and carbohydrate metabolic process in lettuce. Structural equation model suggested that the photodegradable substances and growth hormones in AHA directly contributes to photosynthesis of C4 plants (0.37). AHA indirectly promotes the photosynthesis in the C4 plants by upregulating functional genes (e.g., Mg-CHLI and Chlorophyllase) involved in light capture and transformation (0.96). In contrast, AHA mainly indirectly promotes C3 plants photosynthesis by increasing chlorophyll synthesis, and the Rubisco activity and the ZmRbcS expression in the dark reaction of lettuce (0.55). In addition, Mg2+ transfer and flux in C3 plant leaves was significantly improved by AHA, indirectly contributes to plant photosynthesis (0.24). Finally, the AHA increased the net photosynthetic rate of maize by 46.50 % and that of lettuce by 88.00 %. Application of the nutrients- and hormone-rich AHA improves plant growth and photosynthesis even better than traditional Hoagland solution. The revelation of the different photosynthetic promotion mechanisms on C3 and C4 plant in this work guides the synthesis and efficient application of AHA in green agriculture and will propose the development of AHA technology to against climate change resulting from CO2 emissions in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancai Zhi
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Minghao Jia
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
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Grubišić M, Šantek B, Kuzmić M, Čož-Rakovac R, Ivančić Šantek M. Enhancement of Biomass Production of Diatom Nitzschia sp. S5 through Optimisation of Growth Medium Composition and Fed-Batch Cultivation. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:46. [PMID: 38248671 PMCID: PMC11154399 DOI: 10.3390/md22010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing commercial application of microalgae in different industry sectors, including the production of bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, feed, and food, demands large quantities of microalgal biomass with specific compositions produced at reasonable prices. Extensive studies have been carried out on the design of new and improvement of current cultivation systems and the optimisation of growth medium composition for high productivity of microalgal biomass. In this study, the concentrations of the main macronutrients, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus, essential for the growth of diatom Nitzschia sp. S5 were optimised to obtain a high biomass concentration. The effect of main macronutrients on growth kinetics and cell composition was also studied. Silicon had the most significant effect on diatom growth during batch cultivation. The concentration of biomass increased 5.45-fold (0.49 g L-1) at 1 mM silicon concentration in modified growth medium compared to the original Guillard f/2 medium. Optimisation of silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus quantities and ratios further increased biomass concentration. The molar ratio of Si:N:P = 7:23:1 mol:mol:mol yielded the highest biomass concentration of 0.73 g L-1. Finally, the fed-batch diatom cultivation of diatom using an optimised Guillard f/2 growth medium with four additions of concentrated macronutrient solution resulted in 1.63 g L-1 of microalgal biomass. The proteins were the most abundant macromolecules in microalgal biomass, with a lower content of carbohydrates and lipids under all studied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Grubišić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (M.K.)
| | - Božidar Šantek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (M.K.)
| | - Marija Kuzmić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (M.K.)
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirela Ivančić Šantek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (M.K.)
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Nordio R, Rodríguez-Miranda E, Casagli F, Sánchez-Zurano A, Guzmán JL, Acién G. ABACO-2: a comprehensive model for microalgae-bacteria consortia validated outdoor at pilot-scale. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120837. [PMID: 37984038 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Modelling microalgae-bacteria in wastewater treatment systems has gained significant attention in the last few years. In this study, we present an enhanced version of the ABACO model, named ABACO-2, which demonstrates improved accuracy through validation in outdoor pilot-scale systems. ABACO-2 enables the comprehensive characterization of microalgae-bacteria consortia dynamics, allowing to predict the biomass concentration (microalgae, heterotrophic bacteria, and nitrifying bacteria) and nutrient evolution. The updated version of the model incorporates new equations for nutrient coefficient yields, oxygen mass balance, and microorganism cellular decay, while significantly reducing the number of calibrated parameters, simplifying the parameter identification. Calibration and validation were performed using data from a 80 m2 raceway reactor operated in a semicontinuous mode over an extensive period (May to November, total of 206 days) at a fixed dilution rate of 0.2 day-1 (corresponding to 5 days of hydraulic retention time), where untreated urban wastewater was used as culture medium. ABACO-2 exhibited robustness, accurately forecasting biomass production, population dynamics, nutrient recovery, and prevailing culture conditions across a wide range of environmental and water composition conditions. Mathematical models are essential instruments for the industrial development and optimization of microalgae-related wastewater treatment processes, thereby contributing to the sustainability of the wastewater treatment industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nordio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Almería, E04120 Almería, Spain; CIESOL Solar Energy Research Centre, Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-Miranda
- CIESOL Solar Energy Research Centre, Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain; Department of Informatics, Universidad de Almería, E04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francesca Casagli
- Biocore, INRIA centre d'Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia-Antipolis F-06902, France
| | - Ana Sánchez-Zurano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Almería, E04120 Almería, Spain; CIESOL Solar Energy Research Centre, Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José Luis Guzmán
- CIESOL Solar Energy Research Centre, Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain; Department of Informatics, Universidad de Almería, E04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Gabriel Acién
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Almería, E04120 Almería, Spain; CIESOL Solar Energy Research Centre, Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Nordio R, Viviano E, Sánchez-Zurano A, Hernández JG, Rodríguez-Miranda E, Guzmán JL, Acién G. Influence of pH and dissolved oxygen control strategies on the performance of pilot-scale microalgae raceways using fertilizer or wastewater as the nutrient source. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118899. [PMID: 37673007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen concentration and pH are controllable and cost-effective variables that determine the success of microalgae-related processes. The present study compares different control strategies for pH and dissolved oxygen in pilot-scale microalgae production systems. Two 80 m2 raceway reactors were used, one operated with freshwater plus fertilizer and the other with wastewater as the nutrient source. Both were in semi-continuous mode at a fixed dilution rate of 0.2 day-1. A comparison between the classical On-Off and more advanced pH control strategies, such as PI and Event-based control, was performed, focusing on biomass productivity and the influence of all the process parameters on microalgae growth; "No control" of pH was also assayed. The results show that Event-based control was the best algorithm when using freshwater plus fertilizer. In contrast, no significant differences were observed using the different control strategies when wastewater was the nutrient source. These experiments were performed through selective control strategy, prioritizing pH over dissolved oxygen; however, it was demonstrated that they did not allow to achieve satisfactory dissolved oxygen removal results, especially for the fertilizer system. After modifying the gas diffuser configuration and improving the mass transfer, independent on-off strategies have been developed, permitting effective control of both variables and increasing productivity by up to 20% in both systems. Concluding, a detailed analysis of the energy demand for each strategy implemented in terms of gas consumption and gas flow to biomass ratio is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nordio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Almería, E04120, Almería, Spain; CIESOL Solar Energy Research Centre, Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | | | - Ana Sánchez-Zurano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Almería, E04120, Almería, Spain; CIESOL Solar Energy Research Centre, Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | - José Luis Guzmán
- Department of Informatics, Universidad de Almería, E04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Gabriel Acién
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Almería, E04120, Almería, Spain; CIESOL Solar Energy Research Centre, Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Bulynina SS, Ziganshina EE, Ziganshin AM. Growth Efficiency of Chlorella sorokiniana in Synthetic Media and Unsterilized Domestic Wastewater. BIOTECH 2023; 12:53. [PMID: 37606440 PMCID: PMC10443301 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporating a variety of microalgae into wastewater treatment is considered an economically viable and environmentally sound strategy. The present work assessed the growth characteristics of Chlorella sorokiniana during cultivation in balanced synthetic media and domestic wastewater. Increasing the NH4+-N concentration to 360 mg L-1 and adding extra PO43--P and SO42--S (up to 80 and 36 mg L-1, respectively) contributed to an increase in the total biomass levels (5.7-5.9 g L-1) during the cultivation of C. sorokiniana in synthetic media. Under these conditions, the maximum concentrations of chlorophylls and carotenoids were 180 ± 7.5 and 26 ± 1.4 mg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, when studying three types of domestic wastewaters, it was noted that only one wastewater contributed to the productive growth of C. sorokiniana, but all wastewaters stimulated an increased accumulation of protein. Finally, the alga, when growing in optimal unsterilized wastewater, showed a maximum specific growth rate of 0.73 day-1, a biomass productivity of 0.21 g L-1 day-1, and 100% NH4+-N removal. These results demonstrate that the tested alga actively adapts to changes in the composition of the growth medium and accumulates high levels of protein in systems with poor-quality water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ayrat M. Ziganshin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; (S.S.B.); (E.E.Z.)
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Rossi S, Carecci D, Ficara E. Thermal response analysis and compilation of cardinal temperatures for 424 strains of microalgae, cyanobacteria, diatoms and other species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162275. [PMID: 36801411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae and other phototrophic microorganisms can be cultivated to produce food and valuable bioproducts, also allowing to remove nutrients from wastewater and CO2 from biogas or polluted gas streams. Among other environmental and physico-chemical parameters, microalgal productivity is strongly influenced by the cultivation temperature. In this review, cardinal temperatures identifying the thermal response, i.e., the optimal growth condition (TOPT), and the lower and upper limits for microalgae cultivation (TMIN and TMAX), have been included in a structured and harmonized database. Literature data for 424 strains belonging to 148 genera of green algae, cyanobacteria, diatoms, and other phototrophs were tabulated and analysed, with a focus on the most relevant genera that are currently cultivated at the industrial scale in Europe. The dataset creation aimed at facilitating the comparison of different strain performances for different operational temperatures and assisting in the process of thermal and biological modelling, to reduce energy consumption and biomass production costs. A case study was presented, to illustrate the effect of temperature control on the energetic expenditure for cultivating different Chorella sp. strains under a greenhouse located in different European sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rossi
- Politecnico di Milano, DICA - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Section, P.zza L. da Vinci, 3, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - D Carecci
- Politecnico di Milano, DEIB - Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, P.zza L. da Vinci, 3, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - E Ficara
- Politecnico di Milano, DICA - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Section, P.zza L. da Vinci, 3, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Mass transfer characteristics and effect of flue gas used in microalgae culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7013-7025. [PMID: 36173453 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Flue gas not only contains carbon dioxide (CO2) but also air pollutants (sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)). The effective utilization of flue gas could help us to reduce the cost of microalgal biomass production. This study assessed and explored the utilization of flue gas for the absorption characteristics of different components and their biological effect in microalgal culture systems. In abiotic absorption experiments, the absorptivity of CO2 was reduced by a maximum of 3.1%, and the concentration of the available carbon source in the culture medium was decreased by 6.7% when sulfur dioxide (SO2, at 100 mg/m3) was presented in the flue gas. Meanwhile, the presence of oxygen (O2, at 4%) in the flue gas improved the absorptivity of nitric oxide (NO). When Scenedesmus dimorphus was cultured using bisulfites and nitrites (at 10 mmol/L and 8 mmol/L, respectively) as the sulfur and nitrogen sources, SOx and NOx in the flue gas did not significantly affect growth of microalgal cells and the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein content. The consumption rates of nutrient elements were calculated, which could provide an adjustment strategy for the initial gas source when culturing microalgae with the flue gas. This study indicates that the flue gas used for microalgal culture should be partially desulfurized, so that the SOx and CO2 concentrations can optimize growth of microalgal cells, while the denitrification might not be needed since the flue gas can be oxidized to utilize the NO. KEY POINTS: • The concentration of the available carbon source in the culture medium was decreased when SO2 was presented in the flue gas, and the presence of O2 in the flue gas improved the absorptivity of NO. • An adjustment strategy for the initial gas source when culturing microalgae with the flue gas was firstly proposed. • For flue gas containing 10% CO2 and 60 mg/m3 of SO2, growth of Scenedesmus dimorphus showed no difference in cell growth in normal culture conditions.
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Li X, He D, Chen G, Yang J, Yang Z, Guo XJ, Wang C, Zhu S, Huang Y, Chen H, Huang G, Zhang D, Ye C. Responses of leaf functional traits to different hydrological regimes and leaf economics spectrum in the water level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:939452. [PMID: 36119629 PMCID: PMC9478546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.939452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A unique riparian ecosystem has been created as a result of anti-seasonal flooding after reservoir operations, which notably influences the distribution patterns of plant communities and their functional characteristics in the riparian zone. Plant functional traits which reflect the physiological and ecological processes of plants in particular ecosystems are crucial for indicating the variations in the ecosystem structure and function. To better understand the adaptation strategies of plants to hydrological changes and provide a scientific basis for the selection of species in the re-vegetation of the newly formed ecosystems, 14 leaf functional traits and leaf economics spectrum (LES) of 19 dominant plants under different hydrological conditions were investigated in the water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). The results showed that anti-seasonal flooding has significant effects on the leaf functional traits of plants (P < 0.05). The net photosynthetic rate of annual plants was significantly higher than that of perennial plants (P < 0.05), and there was a significant correlation between leaf phenotypic and photosynthetic traits (P < 0.05). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil water content and available phosphorus were the main factors affecting the leaf function of dominant species, indicating that hydrologic factors were still important environmental factors affecting leaf functional traits of dominant species in the WLFZ. And annuals from the WLFZ have characteristics of thick leaves, high photosynthetic rate, short lifespan, and high nutrient concentrations, which make them close to the fast investment-return end of LES. On the contrary, perennials are close to the slow investment-return end of LES. The high productivity investment of annuals is better than the high defense investment of perennials for adapting to the special habitats in the WLFZ. These results indicated that different functional plants in the WLFZ of the TGR under different hydrological regimes can adopt different strategies by weighing the associations and trade-offs between their economic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Di He
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhengjian Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xiao juan Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Congfeng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shijiang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yingping Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Guiyun Huang
- Rare Plants Research Institute of Yangtze River, Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, China
| | - Dingjun Zhang
- Rare Plants Research Institute of Yangtze River, Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Wang YN, Zhang JT, Wang JH, Chi ZY, Zhang Q. High robustness of attached Chlorella sp. on semi-continuous low strength effluent polishing under axenic and xenic conditions. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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