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Cardoza RE, McCormick SP, Martínez-Reyes N, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Busman M, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Analysis of substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:1-21. [PMID: 38183477 PMCID: PMC10771604 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a structurally diverse family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of multiple fungal genera. All trichothecene analogs share a core 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) structure but differ in presence, absence and types of substituents attached to various positions of EPT. Formation of some of the structural diversity begins early in the biosynthetic pathway such that some producing species have few trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates in common. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play critical roles in formation of trichothecene structural diversity. Within some species, relaxed substrate specificities of P450s allow individual orthologs of the enzymes to modify multiple trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates. It is not clear, however, whether the relaxed specificity extends to biosynthetic intermediates that are not produced by the species in which the orthologs originate. To address this knowledge gap, we used a mutant complementation-heterologous expression analysis to assess whether orthologs of three trichothecene biosynthetic P450s (TRI11, TRI13 and TRI22) from Fusarium sporotrichioides, Trichoderma arundinaceum, and Paramyrothecium roridum can modify trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates that they do not encounter in the organism in which they originated. The results indicate that TRI13 and TRI22 could not modify the intermediates that they do not normally encounter, whereas TRI11 could modify an intermediate that it does not normally encounter. These findings indicate that substrate promiscuity varies among trichothecene biosynthetic P450s. One structural feature that likely impacts the ability of the P450s to use biosynthetic intermediates as substrates is the presence and absence of an oxygen atom attached to carbon atom 3 of EPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | | | - Mark Busman
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain.
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2
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Marcial-Quino J, Fierro F, Fernández FJ, Montiel-Gonzalez AM, Sierra-Palacios E, Tomasini A. Silencing of Amylomyces rouxii aspartic II protease by siRNA to increase tyrosinase activity. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1415-1425. [PMID: 37993253 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Amylomyces rouxii is a zygomycete that produces extracellular protease and tyrosinase. The tyrosinase activity is negatively regulated by the proteases and, which attempts to purify the tyrosinase (tyr) enzyme that has been hampered by the presence of a protease that co-purified with it. In this work we identified genes encoding aspartic protease II (aspII) and VI of A. rouxii. Using an RNAi strategy based on the generation of a siRNA by transcription from two opposite-orientated promoters, the expression of these two proteases was silenced, showing that this molecular tool is suitable for gene silencing in Amylomyces. The transformant strains showed a significant attenuation of the transcripts (determined by RT-qPCR), with respective inhibition of the protease activity. In the case of aspII, inhibition was in the range of 43-90 % in different transformants, which correlated well with up to a five-fold increase in tyr activity with respect to the wild type and control strains. In contrast, silencing of aspVI caused a 43-65 % decrease in protease activity but had no significant effect on the tyr activity. The results show that aspII has a negative effect on tyr activity, and that the silencing of this protease is important to obtain strains with high levels of tyr activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 90120, Mexico
| | - Francisco Fierro
- Depto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo, Postal 55-535, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco José Fernández
- Depto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo, Postal 55-535, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alba Mónica Montiel-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 90120, Mexico
| | - Edgar Sierra-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de Mexico, 09620, Mexico
| | - Araceli Tomasini
- Depto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo, Postal 55-535, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Spermidine and 1,3-Diaminopropane Have Opposite Effects on the Final Stage of Cephalosporin C Biosynthesis in High-Yielding Acremonium chrysogenum Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314625. [PMID: 36498951 PMCID: PMC9738377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of exogenous polyamines increases the production of antibiotic cephalosporin C (CPC) in Acremonium chrysogenum high-yielding (HY) strain during fermentation on a complex medium. However, the molecular basis of this phenomenon is still unknown. In the current study, we developed a special synthetic medium on which we revealed the opposite effect of polyamines. The addition of 1,3-diaminopropane resulted in an increase in the yield of CPC by 12-15%. However, the addition of spermidine resulted in a decrease in the yield of CPC by 14-15% and accumulation of its metabolic pathway precursor, deacetylcephalosporin C (DAC); the total amount of cephems (DAC and CPC) was the same as after the addition of DAP. This indicates that spermidine, but not 1,3-diaminopropane, affects the final stage of CPC biosynthesis, associated with the acetylation of its precursor. In both cases, upregulation of biosynthetic genes from beta-lactam BGCs occurred at the same level as compared to the control; expression of transport genes was at the control level. The opposite effect may be due to the fact that N1-acetylation is much more efficient during spermidine catabolism than for 1,3-diaminopropane. The addition of spermidine, but not 1,3-diaminopropane, depleted the pool of acetyl coenzyme A by more than two-fold compared to control, which could lead to the accumulation of DAC.
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Cephalosporin C biosynthesis and fermentation in Acremonium chrysogenum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6413-6426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gutiérrez S, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Kim HS, Yugueros LL, Vaughan MM, Carro-Huerga G, Busman M, Sáenz de Miera LE, Jaklitsch WM, Zhuang WY, Wang C, Casquero PA, Proctor RH. Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:791641. [PMID: 34925301 PMCID: PMC8675399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are terpenoid toxins produced by species in 10 fungal genera, including species of Trichoderma. The trichothecene biosynthetic gene (tri) cluster typically includes the tri5 gene, which encodes a terpene synthase that catalyzes formation of trichodiene, the parent compound of all trichothecenes. The two Trichoderma species, Trichoderma arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum, that have been examined are unique in that tri5 is located outside the tri cluster in a genomic region that does not include other known tri genes. In the current study, analysis of 35 species representing a wide range of the phylogenetic diversity of Trichoderma revealed that 22 species had tri5, but only 13 species had both tri5 and the tri cluster. tri5 was not located in the cluster in any species. Using complementation analysis of a T. arundinaceum tri5 deletion mutant, we demonstrated that some tri5 homologs from species that lack a tri cluster are functional, but others are not. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Trichoderma tri5 was under positive selection following its divergence from homologs in other fungi but before Trichoderma species began diverging from one another. We propose two models to explain these diverse observations. One model proposes that the location of tri5 outside the tri cluster resulted from loss of tri5 from the cluster in an ancestral species followed by reacquisition via horizontal transfer. The other model proposes that in species that have a functional tri5 but lack the tri cluster, trichodiene production provides a competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Laura Lindo Yugueros
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Martha Marie Vaughan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Plant Production, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Mark Busman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | | | - Walter M Jaklitsch
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro A Casquero
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Plant Production, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Robert Henry Proctor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
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Zhgun AA, Eldarov MA. Polyamines Upregulate Cephalosporin C Production and Expression of β-Lactam Biosynthetic Genes in High-Yielding Acremonium chrysogenum Strain. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216636. [PMID: 34771045 PMCID: PMC8588317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-yielding production of pharmaceutically significant secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi is obtained by random mutagenesis; such changes may be associated with shifts in the metabolism of polyamines. We have previously shown that, in the Acremonium chrysogenum cephalosporin C high-yielding strain (HY), the content of endogenous polyamines increased by four- to five-fold. Other studies have shown that the addition of exogenous polyamines can increase the production of target secondary metabolites in highly active fungal producers, in particular, increase the biosynthesis of β-lactams in the Penicillium chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 strain, an improved producer of penicillin G. In the current study, we demonstrate that the introduction of exogenous polyamines, such as spermidine or 1,3-diaminopropane, to A. chrysogenum wild-type (WT) and HY strains, leads to an increase in colony germination and morphological changes in a complete agar medium. The addition of 5 mM polyamines during fermentation increases the production of cephalosporin C in the A. chrysogenum HY strain by 15-20% and upregulates genes belonging to the beta-lactam biosynthetic cluster. The data obtained indicate the intersection of the metabolisms of polyamines and beta-lactams in A. chrysogenum and are important for the construction of improved producers of secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi.
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Zhgun A, Dumina M, Valiakhmetov A, Eldarov M. The critical role of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in cephalosporin C biosynthesis of Acremonium chrysogenum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238452. [PMID: 32866191 PMCID: PMC7458343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Acremonium chrysogenum is the main industrial producer of cephalosporin C (CPC), one of the major precursors for manufacturing of cephalosporin antibiotics. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMA) plays a key role in numerous fungal physiological processes. Previously we observed a decrease of PMA activity in A. chrysogenum overproducing strain RNCM 408D (HY) as compared to the level the wild-type strain A. chrysogenum ATCC 11550. Here we report the relationship between PMA activity and CPC biosynthesis in A. chrysogenum strains. The elevation of PMA activity in HY strain through overexpression of PMA1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, under the control of the constitutive gpdA promoter from Aspergillus nidulans, results in a 1.2 to 10-fold decrease in CPC production, shift in beta-lactam intermediates content, and is accompanied by the decrease in cef genes expression in the fermentation process; the characteristic colony morphology on agar media is also changed. The level of PMA activity in A. chrysogenum HY OE::PMA1 strains has been increased by 50–100%, up to the level observed in WT strain, and was interrelated with ATP consumption; the more PMA activity is elevated, the more ATP level is depleted. The reduced PMA activity in A. chrysogenum HY strain may be one of the selected events during classical strain improvement, aimed at elevating the ATP content available for CPC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zhgun
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariya Dumina
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ayrat Valiakhmetov
- Skryabin Institute of Biophysics and Physiology of Microorganisms, RAS, Pushchino, Russia
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8
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Rubio MB, Pardal AJ, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Monte E, Hermosa R. Involvement of the Transcriptional Coactivator ThMBF1 in the Biocontrol Activity of Trichoderma harzianum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2273. [PMID: 29201024 PMCID: PMC5696597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a filamentous fungus well adapted to different ecological niches. Owing to its ability to antagonize a wide range of plant pathogens, it is used as a biological control agent in agriculture. Selected strains of T. harzianum are also able to increase the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the regulatory elements of the T. harzianum transcriptional machinery and their role in the biocontrol by this species. We had previously reported the involvement of the transcription factor THCTF1 in the T. harzianum production of the secondary metabolite 6-pentyl-pyrone, an important volatile compound related to interspecies cross-talk. Here, we performed a subtractive hybridization to explore the genes regulated by THCTF1, allowing us to identify a multiprotein bridging factor 1 (mbf1) homolog. The gene from T. harzianum T34 was isolated and characterized, and the generated Thmbf1 overexpressing transformants were used to investigate the role of this gene in the biocontrol abilities of the fungus against two plant pathogens. The transformants showed a reduced antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2 (FO) and Botrytis cinerea (BC) in confrontation assays on discontinuous medium, indicating that the Thmbf1 gene could affect T. harzianum production of volatile organic compounds (VOC) with antifungal activity. Moreover, cellophane and dialysis membrane assays indicated that Thmbf1 overexpression affected the production of low molecular weight secreted compounds with antifungal activity against FO. Intriguingly, no correlation in the expression profiles, either in rich or minimal medium, was observed between Thmbf1 and the master regulator gene cross-pathway control (cpc1). Greenhouse assays allowed us to evaluate the biocontrol potential of T. harzianum strains against BC and FO on susceptible tomato plants. The wild type strain T34 significantly reduced the necrotic leaf lesions caused by BC while plants treated with the Thmbf1-overexpressing transformants exhibited an increased susceptibility to this pathogen. The percentages of Fusarium wilt disease incidence and values of aboveground dry weight showed that T34 did not have biocontrol activity against FO, at least in the ‘Moneymaker’ tomato variety, and that Thmbf1 overexpression increased the incidence of this disease. Our results show that the Thmbf1 overexpression in T34 negatively affects its biocontrol mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belén Rubio
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alonso J Pardal
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Matsui M, Yokoyama T, Nemoto K, Kumagai T, Tamano K, Machida M, Shibata T. Further enhancement of FR901469 productivity by co-overexpression of cpcA, a cross-pathway control gene, and frbF in fungal sp. No. 11243. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:8-14. [PMID: 28341398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
FR901469 is a secondary metabolite with antifungal activity, produced by fungal sp. No. 11243. In our previous study, we constructed the frbF overexpression mutant (TFH2-2) from the wild-type strain. FR901469 productivity of TFH2-2 was 3.4 times higher than that of the wild-type strain. To further enhance FR901469 productivity in TFH2-2, we attempted to find genes from the genome that limited the productivity as bottlenecks in this study. Based on both correlation analysis of gene expression level against FR901469 productivity and genome annotation information, the cross-pathway control gene A (cpcA) was most predicted as the bottleneck. The cpcA and frbF co-overexpression mutant named TFCH3 was then constructed from TFH2-2. As a result, FR901469 productivity of TFCH3 was enhanced at 1.8 times higher than that of TFH2-2. Transcriptome analysis revealed that many genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and encoding tRNA ligases were significantly upregulated in TFCH3, which implied increase of amino acids as the substrates of FR901469 would be a reason of further productivity enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsui
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan; Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Yokoyama
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan; Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nemoto
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Tamano
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan; Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Masayuki Machida
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan; Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan; Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
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10
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Hu Y, Zhu B. Study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum, the cephalosporin C producer. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2016; 1:143-149. [PMID: 29062938 PMCID: PMC5640796 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acremonium chrysogenum is an important filamentous fungus which produces cephalosporin C in industry. This review summarized the study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum, including biosynthesis and regulation for fermentation of cephalosporin C, molecular techniques, molecular breeding and transcriptomics of Acremonium chrysogenum. We believe with all the techniques available and full genomic sequence, the industrial strain of Acremonium chrysogenum can be genetically modified to better serve the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baoquan Zhu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Matsui M, Yokoyama T, Nemoto K, Kumagai T, Terai G, Tamano K, Machida M, Shibata T. Identification of a putative FR901469 biosynthesis gene cluster in fungal sp. No. 11243 and enhancement of the productivity by overexpressing the transcription factor gene frbF. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 123:147-153. [PMID: 27660098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
FR901469 is an antifungal antibiotic produced by fungal sp. No. 11243. Here, we searched for FR901469 biosynthesis genes in the genome of No. 11243. Based on the molecular structure of FR901469 and endogenous functional motifs predicted in each genomic NRPS gene, a putative FR901469 biosynthesis gene cluster harboring the most plausible NRPS gene was identified. A transcription factor gene, designated frbF, was found in the cluster. To improve FR901469 productivity, we constructed a strain in which frbF was overexpressed and named it TFH2-2. FR901469 productivity of TFH2-2 was 3.4 times higher than that of the wild-type strain. Transcriptome analysis revealed that most of the genes in the putative FR901469 biosynthesis gene cluster were upregulated in TFH2-2. It also showed that the expression of genes related to ergosterol biosynthesis, β-1,3-glucan catabolism, and chitin synthesis was inclined to exhibit significant differences in TFH2-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsui
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan; Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Yokoyama
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan; Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nemoto
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kumagai
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan; Fermlab, Inc., 4-3-1-913 Shirakawa, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0021, Japan
| | - Goro Terai
- INTEC Inc, 1-3-3 Shinsuna Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-8637, Japan; Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-41-6 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Koichi Tamano
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan; Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Masayuki Machida
- Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan; Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan; Technology Research Association of Highly Efficient Gene Design (TRAHED), 17-2-1 Higashi-Nijo, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
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Pérez E, Rubio MB, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Bettiol W, Monte E, Hermosa R. The importance of chorismate mutase in the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma parareesei. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1181. [PMID: 26579090 PMCID: PMC4621298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Trichoderma exert direct biocontrol activity against soil-borne plant pathogens due to their ability to compete for nutrients and to inhibit or kill their targets through the production of antibiotics and/or hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to these abilities, Trichoderma spp. have beneficial effects for plants, including the stimulation of defenses and the promotion of growth. Here we study the role in biocontrol of the T. parareesei Tparo7 gene, encoding a chorismate mutase (CM), a shikimate pathway branch point leading to the production of aromatic amino acids, which are not only essential components of protein synthesis but also the precursors of a wide range of secondary metabolites. We isolated T. parareesei transformants with the Tparo7 gene silenced. Compared with the wild-type, decreased levels of Tparo7 expression in the silenced transformants were accompanied by reduced CM activity, lower growth rates on different culture media, and reduced mycoparasitic behavior against the phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea in dual cultures. By contrast, higher amounts of the aromatic metabolites tyrosol, 2-phenylethanol and salicylic acid were detected in supernatants from the silenced transformants, which were able to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum and B. cinerea. In in vitro plant assays, Tparo7-silenced transformants also showed a reduced capacity to colonize tomato roots. The effect of Tparo7-silencing on tomato plant responses was examined in greenhouse assays. The growth of plants colonized by the silenced transformants was reduced and the plants exhibited an increased susceptibility to B. cinerea in comparison with the responses observed for control plants. In addition, the plants turned yellowish and were defective in jasmonic acid- and ethylene-regulated signaling pathways which was seen by expression analysis of lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1), ethylene-insensitive protein 2 (EIN2) and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esclaudys Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Centre for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - M. Belén Rubio
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Centre for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa E. Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de PonferradaPonferrada, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de PonferradaPonferrada, Spain
| | - Wagner Bettiol
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Centre for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Embrapa EnvironmentJaguariúna, Brazil
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Centre for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Centre for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
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Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6355-66. [PMID: 26150463 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01626-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are fungal sesquiterpenoid compounds, the majority of which have phytotoxic activity. They contaminate food and feed stocks, resulting in potential harm to animals and human beings. Trichoderma brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum produce trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), respectively, two trichothecenes that show different bioactive properties. Both compounds have remarkable antibiotic and cytotoxic activities, but in addition, trichodermin is highly phytotoxic, while HA lacks this activity when analyzed in vivo. Analysis of Fusarium trichothecene intermediates led to the conclusion that most of them, with the exception of the hydrocarbon precursor trichodiene (TD), have a detectable phytotoxic activity which is not directly related to the structural complexity of the intermediate. In the present work, the HA intermediate 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) was produced by expression of the T. arundinaceum tri4 gene in a transgenic T. harzianum strain that already produces TD after transformation with the T. arundinaceum tri5 gene. Purified EPT did not show antifungal or phytotoxic activity, while purified HA showed both antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, the use of the transgenic T. harzianum tri4 strain induced a downregulation of defense-related genes in tomato plants and also downregulated plant genes involved in fungal root colonization. The production of EPT by the transgenic tri4 strain raised levels of erg1 expression and reduced squalene accumulation while not affecting levels of ergosterol. Together, these results indicate the complex interactions among trichothecene intermediates, fungal antagonists, and host plants.
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Comparative gene expression profiling reveals key changes in expression levels of cephalosporin C biosynthesis and transport genes between low and high-producing strains of Acremonium chrysogenum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2933-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu Y, Xie L, Gong G, Zhang W, Zhu B, Hu Y. De novo comparative transcriptome analysis of Acremonium chrysogenum: high-yield and wild-type strains of cephalosporin C producer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104542. [PMID: 25118715 PMCID: PMC4131913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-lactam antibiotics are widely used in clinic. Filamentous fungus Acremonium chrysogenum is an important industrial fungus for the production of CPC, one of the major precursors of β-lactam antibiotics. Although its fermentation yield has been bred significantly over the past decades, little is known regarding molecular changes between the industrial strain and the wild type strain. This limits the possibility to improve CPC production further by molecular breeding. Comparative transcriptome is a powerful tool to understand the molecular mechanisms of CPC industrial high yield producer compared to wild type. A total of 57 million clean sequencing reads with an average length of 100 bp were generated from Illumina sequencing platform. 22,878 sequences were assembled. Among the assembled unigenes, 9502 were annotated and 1989 annotated sequences were assigned to 121 pathways by searching against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) database. Furthermore, we compared the transcriptome differences between a high-yield and a wild-type strain during fermentation. A total of 4329 unigenes with significantly different transcription level were identified, among which 1737 were up-regulated and 2592 were down-regulated. 24 pathways were subsequently determined which involve glycerolipid metabolism, galactose metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. We also examined the transcription levels of 18 identified genes, including 11 up-regulated genes and 7 down-regulated genes using reverse transcription quantitative -PCR (RT-qPCR). The results of RT-qPCR were consistent with the Illumina sequencing. In this study, the Illumina sequencing provides the most comprehensive sequences for gene expression profile of Acremonium chrysogenum and allows de novo transcriptome assembly while lacking genome information. Comparative analysis of RNA-seq data reveals the complexity of the transcriptome in the fermentation of different yield strains. This is an important public information platform which could be used to accelerate the research to improve CPC production in Acremonium chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Xie
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Guihua Gong
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoquan Zhu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (BZ)
| | - Youjia Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (BZ)
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New insights into the isopenicillin N transport in Penicillium chrysogenum. Metab Eng 2014; 22:89-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hamed RB, Gomez-Castellanos JR, Henry L, Ducho C, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. The enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:21-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Fernández-Aguado M, Ullán RV, Teijeira F, Rodríguez-Castro R, Martín JF. The transport of phenylacetic acid across the peroxisomal membrane is mediated by the PaaT protein in Penicillium chrysogenum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:3073-84. [PMID: 23053082 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum, an industrial microorganism used worldwide for penicillin production, is an excellent model to study the biochemistry and the cell biology of enzymes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The well-known peroxisomal location of the last two steps of penicillin biosynthesis (phenylacetyl-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase) requires the import into the peroxisomes of the intermediate isopenicillin N and the precursors phenylacetic acid and coenzyme A. The mechanisms for the molecular transport of these precursors are still poorly understood. In this work, a search was made, in the genome of P. chrysogenum, in order to find a Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) membrane protein homologous to CefT of Acremonium chrysogenum, which is known to confer resistance to phenylacetic acid. The paaT gene was found to encode a MFS membrane protein containing 12 transmembrane spanners and one Pex19p-binding domain for Pex19-mediated targeting to peroxisomal membranes. RNA interference-mediated silencing of the paaT gene caused a clear reduction of benzylpenicillin secretion and increased the sensitivity of P. chrysogenum to the penicillin precursor phenylacetic acid. The opposite behavior was found when paaT was overexpressed from the glutamate dehydrogenase promoter that increases phenylacetic acid resistance and penicillin production. Localization studies by fluorescent laser scanning microscopy using PaaT-DsRed and EGFP-SKL fluorescent fusion proteins clearly showed that the protein was located in the peroxisomal membrane. The results suggested that PaaT is involved in penicillin production, most likely through the translocation of side-chain precursors (phenylacetic acid and phenoxyacetic acid) from the cytosol to the peroxisomal lumen across the peroxisomal membrane of P. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-Aguado
- Area of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
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A vacuolar membrane protein affects drastically the biosynthesis of the ACV tripeptide and the beta-lactam pathway of Penicillium chrysogenum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:795-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Expression of cefF significantly decreased deacetoxycephalosporin C formation during cephalosporin C production in Acremonium chrysogenum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:269-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Deacetoxycephalosporin C (DAOC) is not only the precursor but also one of the by-products during cephalosporin C (CPC) biosynthesis. One enzyme (DAOC/DAC synthase) is responsible for the two-step conversion of penicillin N into deacetylcephalosporin C (DAC) in Acremonium chrysogenum, while two enzymes (DAOC synthase and DAOC hydroxylase) were involved in this reaction in Streptomyces clavuligerus and Amycolatopsis lactamdurans (Nocardia lactamdurans). In this study, the DAOC hydroxylase gene cefF was cloned from Streptomyces clavuligerus and introduced into Acremonium chrysogenum through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. When cefF was expressed under the promoter of pcbC, the ratio of DAOC/CPC in the fermentation broth significantly decreased. These results suggested that introduction of cefF could function quite well in Acremonium chrysogenum and successfully reduce the content of DAOC in the CPC fermentation broth. This work offered a practical way to improve the CPC purification and reduce its production cost.
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Kosalková K, García-Estrada C, Barreiro C, Flórez MG, Jami MS, Paniagua MA, Martín JF. Casein phosphopeptides drastically increase the secretion of extracellular proteins in Aspergillus awamori. Proteomics studies reveal changes in the secretory pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:5. [PMID: 22234238 PMCID: PMC3283509 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The secretion of heterologous animal proteins in filamentous fungi is usually limited by bottlenecks in the vesicle-mediated secretory pathway. Results Using the secretion of bovine chymosin in Aspergillus awamori as a model, we found a drastic increase (40 to 80-fold) in cells grown with casein or casein phosphopeptides (CPPs). CPPs are rich in phosphoserine, but phosphoserine itself did not increase the secretion of chymosin. The stimulatory effect is reduced about 50% using partially dephosphorylated casein and is not exerted by casamino acids. The phosphopeptides effect was not exerted at transcriptional level, but instead, it was clearly observed on the secretion of chymosin by immunodetection analysis. Proteomics studies revealed very interesting metabolic changes in response to phosphopeptides supplementation. The oxidative metabolism was reduced, since enzymes involved in fermentative processes were overrepresented. An oxygen-binding hemoglobin-like protein was overrepresented in the proteome following phosphopeptides addition. Most interestingly, the intracellular pre-protein enzymes, including pre-prochymosin, were depleted (most of them are underrepresented in the intracellular proteome after the addition of CPPs), whereas the extracellular mature form of several of these secretable proteins and cell-wall biosynthetic enzymes was greatly overrepresented in the secretome of phosphopeptides-supplemented cells. Another important 'moonlighting' protein (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), which has been described to have vesicle fusogenic and cytoskeleton formation modulating activities, was clearly overrepresented in phosphopeptides-supplemented cells. Conclusions In summary, CPPs cause the reprogramming of cellular metabolism, which leads to massive secretion of extracellular proteins.
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Hu YJ, Zhu BQ. [Research progress on strain improvement of Acremonium chrysogenum by genetic engineering]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:1079-1086. [PMID: 21993282 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Acremonium chrysogenum, cephalosporin C (CPC) producing strain, is an important industrial microorganism. CPC is used to produce 7-ACA, a major intermediate for manufacturing of many first-line anti-infectious cephalosporin-antibiotics. The fermentation level of CPC determines the production, quality and cost of its downstream products. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the strains of A. chrysogenum. Along with the development of molecular biology, genetic manipulation technique is becoming more and more important in the field of molecular breeding. This paper reviews the latest research progresses on CPC biosynthesis and its regulation. Genetic manipulations of A. chrysogenum were summarized and concluded. We suggested that strain improvement of A. chrysogenum by means of induction and expression of biosynthetic and regulatory genes, as well as exogenous genes, and further optimization could be applied to different aspects including CPC production enhancement and metabolic pathway elongation, etc. Future direction of this field is also proposed. We believed that incorporation of comparative proteomics and genomic shuffling with molecular breeding could lead the achievements close to industry promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jia Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China.
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Teijeira F, Ullán R, Fernández-Aguado M, Martín J. CefR modulates transporters of beta-lactam intermediates preventing the loss of penicillins to the broth and increases cephalosporin production in Acremonium chrysogenum. Metab Eng 2011; 13:532-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Characterization of a novel peroxisome membrane protein essential for conversion of isopenicillin N into cephalosporin C. Biochem J 2010; 432:227-36. [PMID: 20819073 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of compartmentalization of intermediates and secretion of penicillins and cephalosporins in β-lactam antibiotic-producing fungi are of great interest. In Acremonium chrysogenum, there is a compartmentalization of the central steps of the CPC (cephalosporin C) biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, we found in the 'early' CPC cluster a new gene named cefP encoding a putative transmembrane protein containing 11 transmembrane spanner. Targeted inactivation of cefP by gene replacement showed that it is essential for CPC biosynthesis. The disrupted mutant is unable to synthesize cephalosporins and secretes a significant amount of IPN (isopenicillin N), indicating that the mutant is blocked in the conversion of IPN into PenN (penicillin N). The production of cephalosporin in the disrupted mutant was restored by transformation with both cefP and cefR (a regulatory gene located upstream of cefP), but not with cefP alone. Fluorescence microscopy studies with an EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-SKL (Ser-Lys-Leu) protein (a peroxisomal-targeted marker) as a control showed that the red-fluorescence-labelled CefP protein co-localized in the peroxisomes with the control peroxisomal protein. In summary, CefP is a peroxisomal membrane protein probably involved in the import of IPN into the peroxisomes where it is converted into PenN by the two-component CefD1/CefD2 protein system.
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Morán-Diez ME, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Monte E, Hermosa R. TvDim1 of Trichoderma virens is involved in redox-processes and confers resistance to oxidative stresses. Curr Genet 2009; 56:63-73. [PMID: 19998038 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Dim1 proteins belong to the TRX fold superfamily. An EST showing high identity values with genes coding for Dim1 proteins was selected from an EST library collection of Trichoderma virens T59. Here, we report the cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of a T. virens T59 TvDim1 gene. The TvDim1 gene, with a sequence size of 614 bp, was PCR-amplified and found to contain three introns. The TvDim1 gene was present as a single copy in the T. virens genome and was also present in another five Trichoderma strains investigated. Increased levels of expression and redox-activity were detected when the fungus was grown in the presence of H(2)O(2). The overexpression and silencing of TvDim1 in T. harzianum T34 gave rise to transformants, with higher and lower growth, redox-activity, and quantities of biomass, respectively, than the wild-type strain after culture under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Morán-Diez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero s/n, Campus de Villamayor, 37185, Salamanca, Spain
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Improvement of Cephalosporin C Production by Recombinant DNA Integration in Acremonium chrysogenum. Mol Biotechnol 2009; 44:101-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Baba S, Abe Y, Suzuki T, Ono C, Iwamoto K, Nihira T, Hosobuchi M. Improvement of compactin (ML-236B) production by genetic engineering in compactin high-producing Penicillium citrinum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:697-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Ullán RV, Godio RP, Teijeira F, Vaca I, García-Estrada C, Feltrer R, Kosalkova K, Martín JF. RNA-silencing in Penicillium chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum: validation studies using beta-lactam genes expression. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:209-18. [PMID: 18590779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report the development and validation of a new RNA interference vector (pJL43-RNAi) containing a double-stranded RNA expression cassette for gene silencing in the filamentous fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum. Classical targeted gene disruption in these fungi is very laborious and inefficient due to the low frequency of homologous recombination. The RNAi vector has been validated by testing the attenuation of two different genes of the beta-lactam pathway; pcbC in P. chrysogenum and cefEF in A. chrysogenum. Quantification of mRNA transcript levels and antibiotic production showed knockdown of pcbC and cefEF genes in randomly isolated transformants of P. chrysogenum and A. chrysogenum, respectively. The process is efficient; 15 to 20% of the selected transformants were found to be knockdown mutants showing reduced penicillin or cephalosporin production. This new RNAi vector opens the way for exploring gene function in the genomes of P. chrysogenum and A. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Ullán
- Institute of Biotechnology (INBIOTEC), Avda. Real no. 1, 24006 León, Spain
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Thykaer J, Rueksomtawin K, Noorman H, Nielsen J. NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase in Penicillium chrysogenum is involved in regulation of beta-lactam production. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:1242-1250. [PMID: 18375816 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/010017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between the ammonium assimilatory pathways and beta-lactam production were investigated by disruption of the NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdhA) in two industrial beta-lactam-producing strains of Penicillium chrysogenum. The strains used were an adipoyl-7-ADCA- and a penicillin-producing strain. The gdhA gene disruption caused a decrease in maximum specific growth rate of 26 % and 35 % for the adipoyl-7-ADCA-producing strain and the penicillin-producing strain, respectively, compared to the corresponding reference strains. Interestingly, no beta-lactam production was detected in either of the DeltagdhA strains. Supplementation with glutamate restored growth but no beta-lactam production was detected for the constructed strains. Cultures with high ammonium concentrations (repressing conditions) and with proline as nitrogen source (de-repressed conditions) showed continued beta-lactam production for the reference strains whereas the DeltagdhA strains remained non-productive under all conditions. By overexpressing the NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, the specific growth rate could be restored, but still no beta-lactam production was detected. The results indicate that the NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase may be directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of beta-lactam production in industrial strains of P. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Thykaer
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kanchana Rueksomtawin
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henk Noorman
- DSM-Anti-Infectives, Industrial Pharmaceutical Products Division, Wateringsweg 1, PO Box 1, NL-2600 MA Delft, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Lejon S, Ellis J, Valegård K. The Last Step in Cephalosporin C Formation Revealed: Crystal Structures of Deacetylcephalosporin C Acetyltransferase from Acremonium chrysogenum in Complexes with Reaction Intermediates. J Mol Biol 2008; 377:935-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Demain AL, Adrio JL. Strain improvement for production of pharmaceuticals and other microbial metabolites by fermentation. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2008; 65:251-289. [PMID: 18084918 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8117-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have been good to us. They have given us thousands of valuable products with novel structures and activities. In nature, they only produce tiny amounts of these secondary metabolic products as a matter of survival. Thus, these metabolites are not overproduced in nature, but they must be overproduced in the pharmaceutical industry. Genetic manipulations are used in industry to obtain strains that produce hundreds or thousands of times more than that produced by the originally isolated strain. These strain improvement programs traditionally employ mutagenesis followed by screening or selection; this is known as 'brute-force' technology. Today, they are supplemented by modern strategic technologies developed via advances in molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, and genetics. The progress in strain improvement has increased fermentation productivity and decreased costs tremendously. These genetic programs also serve other goals such as the elimination of undesirable products or analogs, discovery of new antibiotics, and deciphering of biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L Demain
- Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (RISE), HS-330, Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940 USA.
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Cuadra T, Fernández FJ, Tomasini A, Barrios-González J. Influence of pH regulation and nutrient content on cephalosporin C production in solid-state fermentation by Acremonium chrysogenum C10. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:216-20. [PMID: 18028327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of pH regulation and nutrient concentration on cephalosporin C (CPC) production in solid-state fermentation (SSF), using sugarcane bagasse as inert support, impregnated with liquid medium. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid-state fermentation using different initial pH values, buffer and nutrient concentrations were performed. Results revealed pH as a key parameter in CPC SSF, as it hampered the antibiotic production not only above 7.8, but also under 6.4. Using initial pH lower than 6.8 and PB in the solid medium, it was possible to keep pH within the production range, increase the production period (from 1 to 3 days) and hence the CPC yield from 468 to 3200 microg gdm(-1) (g(-1) of dry matter). CONCLUSION Parameters that help to keep pH in adequate values for CPC production in SSF, such as initial pH, buffering system and nutrient concentration, can greatly increase the production time and CPC yields in this fermentation technique. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first work on CPC production on impregnated support, and the only one revealing pH as a key parameter; it is also shown that high nutrient concentration can improve CPC yields in SSF as long as pH is kept under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cuadra
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolismo Secundario, Depto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México
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Ullán RV, Campoy S, Casqueiro J, Fernández FJ, Martín JF. Deacetylcephalosporin C production in Penicillium chrysogenum by expression of the isopenicillin N epimerization, ring expansion, and acetylation genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:329-39. [PMID: 17379148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum npe6 lacking isopenicillin N acyltransferase activity is an excellent host for production of different beta-lactam antibiotics. We have constructed P. chrysogenum strains expressing cefD1, cefD2, cefEF, and cefG genes cloned from Acremonium chrysogenum. Northern analysis revealed that the four genes were expressed in P. chrysogenum. The recombinant strains TA64, TA71, and TA98 secreted significant amounts of deacetylcephalosporin C, but cephalosporin C was not detected in the culture broths. DAC-acetyltransferase activity was found in all transformants containing the cefG gene. HPLC analysis of cell extracts showed that transformant TA64, TA71, and TA98 accumulate intracellularly deacetylcephalosporin C and, in the last strain (TA98), also cephalosporin C. Mass spectra analysis confirmed that transformant TA98 synthesize true deacetylcephalosporin C and cephalosporin C. Even when accumulated intracellularly, cephalosporin C was not found in the culture broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Ullán
- Instituto de Biotecnología (INBIOTEC) de León, Avda. Real No 1, 24006 León, Spain
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34
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Dreyer J, Eichhorn H, Friedlin E, Kürnsteiner H, Kück U. A homologue of the Aspergillus velvet gene regulates both cephalosporin C biosynthesis and hyphal fragmentation in Acremonium chrysogenum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3412-22. [PMID: 17400783 PMCID: PMC1907097 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00129-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans velvet (veA) gene encodes a global regulator of gene expression controlling sexual development as well as secondary metabolism. We have identified the veA homologue AcveA from Acremonium chrysogenum, the major producer of the beta-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C. Two different disruption strains as well as the corresponding complements were generated as a prelude to detailed functional analysis. Northern hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR clearly indicate that the nucleus-localized AcVEA polypeptide controls the transcriptional expression of six cephalosporin C biosynthesis genes. The most drastic reduction in expression is seen for cefEF, encoding the deacetoxycephalosporine/deacetylcephalosporine synthetase. After 120 h of growth, the cefEF transcript level is below 15% in both disruption strains compared to the wild type. These transcriptional expression data are consistent with results from a comparative and time-dependent high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cephalosporin C production. Compared to the recipient, both disruption strains have a cephalosporin C titer that is reduced by 80%. In addition to its role in cephalosporin C biosynthesis, AcveA is involved in the developmentally dependent hyphal fragmentation. In both disruption strains, hyphal fragmentation is already observed after 48 h of growth, whereas in the recipient strain, arthrospores are not even detected before 96 h of growth. Finally, the two mutant strains show hyperbranching of hyphal tips on osmotically nonstabilized media. Our findings will be significant for biotechnical processes that require a defined stage of cellular differentiation for optimal production of secondary metabolites.
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MESH Headings
- Acremonium/cytology
- Acremonium/genetics
- Acremonium/physiology
- Aspergillus nidulans/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- Cephalosporins/biosynthesis
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Regulator
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Hyphae/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphogenesis
- Oxygenases/biosynthesis
- RNA, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spores, Fungal
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dreyer
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Although microorganisms are extremely good in presenting us with an amazing array of valuable products, they usually produce them only in amounts that they need for their own benefit; thus, they tend not to overproduce their metabolites. In strain improvement programs, a strain producing a high titer is usually the desired goal. Genetics has had a long history of contributing to the production of microbial products. The tremendous increases in fermentation productivity and the resulting decreases in costs have come about mainly by mutagenesis and screening/selection for higher producing microbial strains and the application of recombinant DNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Adrio
- Department of Biotechnology, Puleva Biotech, S.A., Granada, Spain.
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36
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Naranjo L, Lamas-Maceiras M, Ullán RV, Campoy S, Teijeira F, Casqueiro J, Martín JF. Characterization of the oat1 gene of Penicillium chrysogenum encoding an omega-aminotransferase: induction by L-lysine, L-ornithine and L-arginine and repression by ammonium. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 274:283-94. [PMID: 16163487 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Penicillium chrysogenum oat1 gene, which encodes a class III omega-aminotransferase, was cloned and characterized. This enzyme converts lysine into 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde, and plays an important role in the biosynthesis of 2-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. The enzyme is related to ornithine-5-aminotransferases and to the lysine-6-aminotransferases encoded by the lat genes found in bacterial cephamycin gene clusters. Expression of oat1 is induced by lysine, ornithine and arginine, and repressed by ammonium ions. AreA-binding GATA and GATT sequences involved in regulation by ammonium, and an 8-bp direct repeat associated with arginine induction in Emericella (Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were found in the oat1 promoter region. Deletion of the oat1 gene resulted in the loss of omega-aminotransferase activity. The null mutants were unable to grow on ornithine or arginine as sole nitrogen sources and showed reduced growth on lysine. Complementation of the null mutant with the oat1 gene restored normal levels of omega-aminotransferase activity and the ability to grow on ornithine, arginine and lysine. The role of the oat1 gene in the biosynthesis of 2-aminoadipic acid is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Naranjo
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Spain
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37
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Martín JF, Casqueiro J, Liras P. Secretion systems for secondary metabolites: how producer cells send out messages of intercellular communication. Curr Opin Microbiol 2005; 8:282-93. [PMID: 15939351 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many secondary metabolites (e.g. antibiotics and mycotoxins) are toxic to the microorganisms that produce them. The clusters of genes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites frequently contain genes for resistance to these toxic metabolites, such as different types of multiple drug resistance systems, to avoid suicide of the producer strains. Recently there has been research into the efflux systems of secondary metabolites in bacteria and in filamentous fungi, such as the large number of ATP-binding cassette transporters found in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces species and that are involved in penicillin secretion in Penicillium chrysogenum. A different group of efflux systems, the major facilitator superfamily exporters, occur very frequently in a variety of bacteria that produce pigments or antibiotics (e.g. the cephamycin and thienamycin producers) and in filamentous fungi that produce mycotoxins. Such efflux systems include the CefT exporters that mediate cephalosporin secretion in Acremonium chrysogenum. The evolutionary origin of these efflux systems and their relationship with current resistance determinants in pathogenic bacteria has been analyzed. Genetic improvement of the secretion systems of secondary metabolites in the producer strain has important industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain.
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38
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Godio RP, Fouces R, Gudiña EJ, Martín JF. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the antitumor clavaric acid-producing basidiomycete Hypholoma sublateritium. Curr Genet 2005; 46:287-94. [PMID: 15480676 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Hypholoma sublateritium produces clavaric acid, an antitumor isoprenoid compound. Arthrospores of this fungus were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated conjugation. Five plasmids carrying different regulatory sequences to drive expression of the hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase) gene were tested. The promoter used was critically important in order to express heterologous genes in H. sublateritium. Constructions carrying the Agaricus bisporus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (P gpd) showed a good transformation efficiency, whereas constructions with the gpd promoter from ascomycetes were ineffective. Transformant clones showed a random integration pattern of plasmid DNA. Most transformants showed a single integrated copy of the transforming plasmid, but about 1.5% showed double or multiple integrations. All the analyzed transformants were mitotically stable and maintained the integrated exogenous DNA in the absence of antibiotic. The green fluorescent protein gene was expressed from the A. bisporus gpd promoter, as shown by RT-PCR studies, but no significant fluorescence was observed. Transformation of H. sublateritium opens the way for the genetic manipulation of clavaric acid biosynthesis in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Godio
- Institute of Biotechnology of León, INBIOTEC, Science Park, Av. Real 1, 24006 Leon, Spain
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39
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Ullán RV, Casqueiro J, Naranjo L, Vaca I, Martín JF. Expression of cefD2 and the conversion of isopenicillin N into penicillin N by the two-component epimerase system are rate-limiting steps in cephalosporin biosynthesis. Mol Genet Genomics 2004; 272:562-70. [PMID: 15668772 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-004-1087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of isopenicillin N into penicillin N in Acremonium chrysogenum is catalyzed by an epimerization system that involves an isopenicillin N-CoA synthethase and isopenicillin N-CoA epimerase, encoded by the genes cefD1 and cefD2. Several transformants containing two to seven additional copies of both genes were obtained. Four of these transformants (TMCD26, TMCD53, TMCD242 and TMCD474) showed two-fold higher IPN epimerase activity than the untransformed A. chrysogenum C10, and produced 80 to 100% more cephalosporin C and deacetylcephalosporin C than the parental strain. A second class of transformants, including TMCD2, TMCD32 and TMCD39, in contrast, showed a drastic reduction in cephalosporin biosynthesis relative to the untransformed control. These transformants had no detectable IPN epimerase activity and did not produce cephalosporin C or deacetylcephalosporin C. They also expressed both endogenous and exogenous cefD2 genes only after long periods (72-96 h) of incubation, as shown by Northern analysis, and were impaired in mycelial branching in liquid cultures. The negative effect of amplification of the cefD1 - cefD2 gene cluster in this second class of transformants is not correlated with high gene dosage, but appears to be due to exogenous DNA integration into a specific locus, which results in a pleiotropic effect on growth and cefD2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Ullán
- Institute of Biotechnology (INBIOTEC), Avda del Real N(o)1, 24006 León, Spain
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40
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RodrÃguez-Sáiz M, Lembo M, Bertetti L, Muraca R, Velasco J, Malcangi A, Fuente JL, Barredo JL. Strain improvement for cephalosporin production byAcremonium chrysogenumusing geneticin as a suitable transformation marker. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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41
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Schmitt EK, Bunse A, Janus D, Hoff B, Friedlin E, Kürnsteiner H, Kück U. Winged helix transcription factor CPCR1 is involved in regulation of beta-lactam biosynthesis in the fungus Acremonium chrysogenum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2004; 3:121-34. [PMID: 14871943 PMCID: PMC329499 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.1.121-134.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2003] [Accepted: 10/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Winged helix transcription factors, including members of the forkhead and the RFX subclasses, are characteristic for the eukaryotic domains in animals and fungi but seem to be missing in plants. In this study, in vitro and in vivo approaches were used to determine the functional role of the RFX transcription factor CPCR1 from the filamentous fungus Acremonium chrysogenum in cephalosporin C biosynthesis. Gel retardation analyses were applied to identify new binding sites of the transcription factor in an intergenic promoter region of cephalosporin C biosynthesis genes. Here, we illustrate that CPCR1 recognizes and binds at least two sequences in the intergenic region between the pcbAB and pcbC genes. The in vivo relevance of the two sequences for gene activation was demonstrated by using pcbC promoter-lacZ fusions in A. chrysogenum. The deletion of both CPCR1 binding sites resulted in an extensive reduction of reporter gene activity in transgenic strains (to 12% of the activity level of the control). Furthermore, Acremonium transformants with multiple copies of the cpcR1 gene and knockout strains support the idea of CPCR1 being a regulator of cephalosporin C biosynthesis gene expression. Significant differences in pcbC gene transcript levels were obtained with the knockout transformants. More-than-twofold increases in the pcbC transcript level at 24 and 36 h of cultivation were followed by a reduction to approximately 80% from 48 to 96 h in the knockout strain. The overall levels of the production of cephalosporin C were identical in transformed and nontransformed strains; however, the knockout strains showed a striking reduction in the level of the biosynthesis of intermediate penicillin N to less than 20% of that of the recipient strain. We were able to show that the complementation of the cpcR1 gene in the knockout strains reverses pcbC transcript and penicillin N amounts to levels comparable to those in the control. These results clearly indicate the involvement of CPCR1 in the regulation of cephalosporin C biosynthesis. However, the complexity of the data points to a well-controlled or even functional redundant network of transcription factors, with CPCR1 being only one player within this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther K Schmitt
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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42
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Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Ortega N, Colina A, Casqueiro J, Martín JF. Expression of a synthetic copy of the bovine chymosin gene in Aspergillus awamori from constitutive and pH-regulated promoters and secretion using two different pre-pro sequences. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 83:249-59. [PMID: 12783481 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A copy of the bovine chymosin gene (chy) with a codon usage optimized for its expression in Aspergillus awamori was constructed starting from synthetic oligonucleotides. To study the ability of this filamentous fungus to secrete bovine prochymosin, two plasmids were constructed in which the transcriptional, translational, and secretory control regions of the A. nidulans gpdA gene and pepB genes were coupled to either preprochymosin or prochymosin genes. Secretion of a protein enzymatically and immunologically indistinguishable from bovine chymosin was achieved in A. awamori transformants with each of these constructions. In all cases, the primary translation product (40.5 kDa) was self-processed to a mature chymosin polypeptide having a molecular weight of 35.6 kDa. Immunological assays indicated that most of the chymosin was secreted to the extracellular medium. Hybridization analysis of genomic DNA from chymosin transformants showed chromosomal integration of prochymosin sequences and, in some transformants, multiple copies of the expression cassettes were observed. Expression from the gpdA promoter was constitutive, whereas expression from the pepB promoter was strongly influenced by pH. A very high expression from the pepB promoter was observed during the growth phase. The A. awamori pepB gene terminator was more favorable for chymosin production than the S. cerevisiae CYC1 terminator.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Cardoza
- Institute of Biotechnology of León (INBIOTEC), Science Park of León, León, Spain
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43
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Abstract
Metabolic engineering has become a rational alternative to classical strain improvement in optimisation of beta-lactam production. In metabolic engineering directed genetic modification are introduced to improve the cellular properties of the production strains. This has resulted in substantial increases in the existing beta-lactam production processes. Furthermore, pathway extension, by heterologous expression of novel genes in well-characterised strains, has led to introduction of new fermentation processes that replace environmentally damaging chemical methods. This minireview discusses the recent developments in metabolic engineering and the applications of this approach for improving beta-lactam production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Thykaer
- Center for Process Biotechnology, BioCentrum, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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44
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Abstract
Methionine has long been known as the major stimulant of the formation of cephalosporin C in Acremonium chrysogenum. Enzymatic and genetic studies of methionine have revealed that it induces four of the enzymes of cephalosporin-C biosynthesis at the level of transcription. It is also converted to cysteine, one of three precursors of cephalosporin C, by cystathionine-gamma-lyase. The main effect of methionine on cephalosporin production results from its regulatory role, which can be duplicated by the non-sulfur analog norleucine. Eliminating cystathionine-gamma-lyase prevents the enhancing precursor effect of methionine on cephalosporin-C production, and cystathionine-gamma-lyase overproduction in moderate doses increases cephalosporin-C formation.
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45
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Ullan RV, Casqueiro J, Banuelos O, Fernandez FJ, Gutierrez S, Martin JF. A novel epimerization system in fungal secondary metabolism involved in the conversion of isopenicillin N into penicillin N in Acremonium chrysogenum. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46216-25. [PMID: 12228250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207482200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epimerization step that converts isopenicillin N into penicillin N during cephalosporin biosynthesis has remained uncharacterized despite its industrial relevance. A transcriptional analysis of a 9-kb region located downstream of the pcbC gene revealed the presence of two transcripts that correspond to the genes named cefD1 and cefD2 encoding proteins with high similarity to long chain acyl-CoA synthetases and acyl-CoA racemases from Mus musculus, Homo sapiens, and Rattus norvegicus. Both genes are expressed in opposite orientations from a bidirectional promoter region. Targeted inactivation of cefD1 and cefD2 was achieved by the two-marker gene replacement procedure. Disrupted strains lacked isopenicillin N epimerase activity, were blocked in cephalosporin C production, and accumulated isopenicillin N. Complementation in trans of the disrupted nonproducer mutant with both genes restored epimerase activity and cephalosporin biosynthesis. However, when cefD1 or cefD2 were introduced separately into the double-disrupted mutant, no epimerase activity was detected, indicating that the concerted action of both proteins encoded by cefD1 and cefD2 is required for epimerization of isopenicillin N into penicillin N. This epimerization system occurs in eukaryotic cells and is entirely different from the known epimerization systems involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial beta-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Ullan
- Area de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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46
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Velasco J, Luis Adrio J, Angel Moreno M, Díez B, Soler G, Barredo JL. Environmentally safe production of 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) using recombinant strains of Acremonium chrysogenum. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:857-61. [PMID: 10932155 DOI: 10.1038/78467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Medically useful semisynthetic cephalosporins are made from 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA). Here we describe a new industrially amenable bioprocess for the production of the important intermediate 7-ADCA that can replace the expensive and environmentally unfriendly chemical method classically used. The method is based on the disruption and one-step replacement of the cefEF gene, encoding the bifunctional expandase/hydroxylase activity, of an actual industrial cephalosporin C production strain of Acremonium chrysogenum. Subsequent cloning and expression of the cefE gene from Streptomyces clavuligerus in A. chrysogenum yield recombinant strains producing high titers of deacetoxycephalosporin C (DAOC). Production level of DAOC is nearly equivalent (75-80%) to the total beta-lactams biosynthesized by the parental overproducing strain. DAOC deacylation is carried out by two final enzymatic bioconversions catalyzed by D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and glutaryl acylase (GLA) yielding 7-ADCA. In contrast to the data reported for recombinant strains of Penicillium chrysogenum expressing ring expansion activity, no detectable contamination with other cephalosporin intermediates occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Velasco
- Laboratorios de Biotecnología and Bioquímica. Antibióticos S.A., León. Spain
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47
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Moralejo FJ, Cardoza RE, Gutierrez S, Martin JF. Thaumatin production in Aspergillus awamori by use of expression cassettes with strong fungal promoters and high gene dosage. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:1168-74. [PMID: 10049878 PMCID: PMC91159 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.3.1168-1174.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/1998] [Accepted: 12/28/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Four expression cassettes containing strong fungal promoters, a signal sequence for protein translocation, a KEX protease cleavage site, and a synthetic gene (tha) encoding the sweet protein thaumatin II were used to overexpress this protein in Aspergillus awamori lpr66, a PepA protease-deficient strain. The best expression results were obtained with the gdhA promoter of A. awamori or with the gpdA promoter of Aspergillus nidulans. There was good correlation of tha gene dosage, transcript levels, and thaumatin secretion. The thaumatin gene was expressed as a transcript of the expected size in each construction (1.9 or 1.4 kb), and the transcript levels and thaumatin production rate decayed at the end of the growth phase, except in the double transformant TB2b1-44-GD5, in which secretion of thaumatin continued until 96 h. The recombinant thaumatin secreted by a high-production transformant was purified to homogeneity, giving one major component and two minor components. In all cases, cleavage of the fused protein occurred at the KEX recognition sequence. This work provides new expression systems in A. awamori that result in very high levels of thaumatin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Moralejo
- Instituto de Biotecnología INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain
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Bañuelos O, Casqueiro J, Fierro F, Hijarrubia MJ, Gutiérrez S, Martín JF. Characterization and lysine control of expression of the lys1 gene of Penicillium chrysogenum encoding homocitrate synthase. Gene X 1999; 226:51-9. [PMID: 9889317 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2071-bp DNA fragment, containing a gene (lys1) encoding a protein that showed 71.1% identical amino acids with the Yarrowia lipolytica homocitrate synthase and 71.7% identity with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologous enzyme, was cloned from a genomic library of Penicillium chrysogenum. The lys1 gene contained three introns and encoded a protein of 474 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 52kDa. lys1 was located in chromosome II (9.6Mb) in the wild-type P. chrysogenum NRRL 1951, whereas it hybridized with chromosome III (7.5Mb) in the high penicillin production strain AS-P-78. The lys1 gene is transcribed as a monocistronic transcript of 2.0kb. Levels of the lys1 transcript were high in P. chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 cultures in defined penicillin production medium at 24 and 48h, coinciding with the rapid growth phase, but clearly decreased during the penicillin production phase, suggesting that alpha-aminoadipic acid formation for penicillin biosynthesis may be limited at the homocitrate synthase level. Expression of lys1 was partially repressed by high concentrations of lysine in the culture medium, but lysine repression seems to be a weak mechanism of control of the lysine pathway as compared to lysine inhibition of homocitrate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bañuelos
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
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