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Mc Veigh M, Bellan LM. Microfluidic synthesis of radiotracers: recent developments and commercialization prospects. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1226-1243. [PMID: 38165824 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00779k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful diagnostic tool that holds incredible potential for clinicians to track a wide variety of biological processes using specialized radiotracers. Currently, however, a single radiotracer accounts for over 95% of procedures, largely due to the cost of radiotracer synthesis. Microfluidic platforms provide a solution to this problem by enabling a dose-on-demand pipeline in which a single benchtop platform would synthesize a wide array of radiotracers. In this review, we will explore the field of microfluidic production of radiotracers from early research to current development. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of different microfluidic reactor designs will be analyzed. Lastly, we will discuss the various engineering considerations that must be addressed to create a fully developed, commercially effective platform that can usher the field from research and development to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mc Veigh
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Leon M Bellan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Elkawad H, Xu Y, Tian M, Jin C, Zhang H, Yu K, He Q. Recent advances in microfluidic devices for radiosynthesis of PET‐imaging probes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200579. [PMID: 35909081 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husamelden Elkawad
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University Nuclear Medicine and PET center CHINA
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Mei Tian
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University Nuclear Medicine & PET center CHINA
| | - Chenyang Jin
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Hong Zhang
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Kaiwu Yu
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang University Chemical Engineering 38 Zheda Rd. 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
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Microfluidic Preparation of 89Zr-Radiolabelled Proteins by Flow Photochemistry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030764. [PMID: 33540712 PMCID: PMC7867232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
89Zr-radiolabelled proteins functionalised with desferrioxamine B are a cornerstone of diagnostic positron emission tomography. In the clinical setting, 89Zr-labelled proteins are produced manually. Here, we explore the potential of using a microfluidic photochemical flow reactor to prepare 89Zr-radiolabelled proteins. The light-induced functionalisation and 89Zr-radiolabelling of human serum albumin ([89Zr]ZrDFO-PEG3-Et-azepin-HSA) was achieved by flow photochemistry with a decay-corrected radiochemical yield (RCY) of 31.2 ± 1.3% (n = 3) and radiochemical purity >90%. In comparison, a manual batch photoreactor synthesis produced the same radiotracer in a decay-corrected RCY of 59.6 ± 3.6% (n = 3) with an equivalent RCP > 90%. The results indicate that photoradiolabelling in flow is a feasible platform for the automated production of protein-based 89Zr-radiotracers, but further refinement of the apparatus and optimisation of the method are required before the flow process is competitive with manual reactions.
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Frank C, Winter G, Rensei F, Samper V, Brooks AF, Hockley BG, Henderson BD, Rensch C, Scott PJH. Development and implementation of ISAR, a new synthesis platform for radiopharmaceutical production. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:24. [PMID: 31659546 PMCID: PMC6751239 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PET radiopharmaceutical development and the implementation of a production method on a synthesis module is a complex and time-intensive task since new synthesis methods must be adapted to the confines of the synthesis platform in use. Commonly utilized single fluid bus architectures put multiple constraints on synthesis planning and execution, while conventional microfluidic solutions are limited by compatibility at the macro-to-micro interface. In this work we introduce the ISAR synthesis platform and custom-tailored fluid paths leveraging up to 70 individually addressable valves on a chip-based consumable. The ISAR synthesis platform replaces traditional stopcock valve manifolds with a fluidic chip that integrates all fluid paths (tubing) and valves into one consumable and enables channel routing without the single fluid bus constraint. ISAR can scale between the macro- (10 mL), meso- (0.5 mL) and micro- (≤0.05 mL) domain seamlessly, addressing the macro-to-micro interface challenge and enabling custom tailored fluid circuits for a given application. In this paper we demonstrate proof-of-concept by validating a single chip design to address the challenge of synthesizing multiple batches of [13N]NH3 for clinical use throughout the workday. RESULTS ISAR was installed at an academic PET Center and used to manufacture [13N]NH3 in > 96% radiochemical yield. Up to 9 batches were manufactured with a single consumable chip having parallel paths without the need to open the hot-cell. Quality control testing confirmed the ISAR-based [13N]NH3 met existing clinical release specifications, and utility was demonstrated by imaging a rodent with [13N]NH3 produced on ISAR. CONCLUSIONS ISAR represents a new paradigm in radiopharmaceutical production. Through a new system architecture, ISAR integrates the principles of microfluidics with the standard volumes and consumables established in PET Centers all over the world. Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated through validation of a chip design for the synthesis of [13N]NH3 suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Winter
- GE Healthcare, Oskar-Schlemmer-Str. 11, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Brian G. Hockley
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Knapp KA, Nickels ML, Manning HC. The Current Role of Microfluidics in Radiofluorination Chemistry. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 22:463-475. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Optimization of solid-phase extraction (SPE) in the preparation of [18F]D3FSP: A new PET imaging agent for mapping Aβ plaques. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 71:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Rensch C, Lindner S, Salvamoser R, Leidner S, Böld C, Samper V, Taylor D, Baller M, Riese S, Bartenstein P, Wängler C, Wängler B. A solvent resistant lab-on-chip platform for radiochemistry applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2556-2564. [PMID: 24879121 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of microfluidics to the synthesis of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracers has been explored for more than a decade. Microfluidic benefits such as superior temperature control have been successfully applied to PET tracer synthesis. However, the design of a compact microfluidic platform capable of executing a complete PET tracer synthesis workflow while maintaining prospects for commercialization remains a significant challenge. This study uses an integral system design approach to tackle commercialization challenges such as the material to process compatibility with a path towards cost effective lab-on-chip mass manufacturing from the start. It integrates all functional elements required for a simple PET tracer synthesis into one compact radiochemistry platform. For the lab-on-chip this includes the integration of on-chip valves, on-chip solid phase extraction (SPE), on-chip reactors and a reversible fluid interface while maintaining compatibility with all process chemicals, temperatures and chip mass manufacturing techniques. For the radiochemistry device it includes an automated chip-machine interface enabling one-move connection of all valve actuators and fluid connectors. A vial-based reagent supply as well as methods to transfer reagents efficiently from the vials to the chip has been integrated. After validation of all those functional elements, the microfluidic platform was exemplarily employed for the automated synthesis of a Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) binding the PEGylated Bombesin BN(7-14)-derivative ([(18)F]PESIN) based PET tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rensch
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching bei Munich, Germany.
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Pascali G, Watts P, Salvadori PA. Microfluidics in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:776-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Rensch C, Jackson A, Lindner S, Salvamoser R, Samper V, Riese S, Bartenstein P, Wängler C, Wängler B. Microfluidics: a groundbreaking technology for PET tracer production? Molecules 2013; 18:7930-56. [PMID: 23884128 PMCID: PMC6270045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of microfluidics to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer synthesis has attracted increasing interest within the last decade. The technical advantages of microfluidics, in particular the high surface to volume ratio and resulting fast thermal heating and cooling rates of reagents can lead to reduced reaction times, increased synthesis yields and reduced by-products. In addition automated reaction optimization, reduced consumption of expensive reagents and a path towards a reduced system footprint have been successfully demonstrated. The processing of radioactivity levels required for routine production, use of microfluidic-produced PET tracer doses in preclinical and clinical imaging as well as feasibility studies on autoradiolytic decomposition have all given promising results. However, the number of microfluidic synthesizers utilized for commercial routine production of PET tracers is very limited. This study reviews the state of the art in microfluidic PET tracer synthesis, highlighting critical design aspects, strengths, weaknesses and presenting several characteristics of the diverse PET market space which are thought to have a significant impact on research, development and engineering of microfluidic devices in this field. Furthermore, the topics of batch- and single-dose production, cyclotron to quality control integration as well as centralized versus de-centralized market distribution models are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rensch
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Alexander Jackson
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Rd., Amersham HP7 9LL, UK; E-Mails: (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Simon Lindner
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Ruben Salvamoser
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Victor Samper
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Stefan Riese
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Rd., Amersham HP7 9LL, UK; E-Mails: (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Carmen Wängler
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
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Tarn MD, Pascali G, De Leonardis F, Watts P, Salvadori PA, Pamme N. Purification of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose by on-chip solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:117-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Sadeghi S, Liang V, Cheung S, Woo S, Wu C, Ly J, Deng Y, Eddings M, van Dam RM. Reusable electrochemical cell for rapid separation of [¹⁸F]fluoride from [¹⁸O]water for flow-through synthesis of ¹⁸F-labeled tracers. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 75:85-94. [PMID: 23474380 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A brass-platinum electrochemical micro-flow cell was developed to extract [(18)F]fluoride from an aqueous solution and release it into an organic-based solution, suitable for subsequent radio-synthesis, in a fast and reliable manner. This cell does not suffer electrode erosion and is thus reusable while operating faster by enabling increased voltages. By optimizing temperature, trapping and release potentials, flow rates, and electrode materials, an overall [(18)F]fluoride trapping and release efficiency of 84 ± 5% (n=7) was achieved. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze electrode surfaces of various metal-metal systems and the findings were correlated with the performance of the electrochemical cell. To demonstrate the reactivity of the released [(18)F]fluoride, the cell was coupled to a flow-through reactor and automated synthesis of [(18)F]FDG with a repeatable decay-corrected yield of 56 ± 4% (n=4) was completed in < 15 min. A multi-human dose of 5.92GBq [(18)F]FDG was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sadeghi
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Lebedev A, Miraghaie R, Kotta K, Ball CE, Zhang J, Buchsbaum MS, Kolb HC, Elizarov A. Batch-reactor microfluidic device: first human use of a microfluidically produced PET radiotracer. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:136-45. [PMID: 23135409 PMCID: PMC3743669 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40853h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The very first microfluidic device used for the production of (18)F-labeled tracers for clinical research is reported along with the first human Positron Emission Tomography scan obtained with a microfluidically produced radiotracer. The system integrates all operations necessary for the transformation of [(18)F]fluoride in irradiated cyclotron target water to a dose of radiopharmaceutical suitable for use in clinical research. The key microfluidic technologies developed for the device are a fluoride concentration system and a microfluidic batch reactor assembly. Concentration of fluoride was achieved by means of absorption of the fluoride anion on a micro ion-exchange column (5 μL of resin) followed by release of the radioactivity with 45 μL of the release solution (95 ± 3% overall efficiency). The reactor assembly includes an injection-molded reactor chip and a transparent machined lid press-fitted together. The resulting 50 μL cavity has a unique shape designed to minimize losses of liquid during reactor filling and liquid evaporation. The cavity has 8 ports for gases and liquids, each equipped with a 2-way on-chip mechanical valve rated for pressure up to 20.68 bar (300 psi). The temperature is controlled by a thermoelectric heater capable of heating the reactor up to 180 °C from RT in 150 s. A camera captures live video of the processes in the reactor. HPLC-based purification and reformulation units are also integrated in the device. The system is based on "split-box architecture", with reagents loaded from outside of the radiation shielding. It can be installed either in a standard hot cell, or as a self-shielded unit. Along with a high level of integration and automation, split-box architecture allowed for multiple production runs without the user being exposed to radiation fields. The system was used to support clinical trials of [(18)F]fallypride, a neuroimaging radiopharmaceutical under IND Application #109,880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Lebedev
- Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Siemens Healthcare, 6100 Bristol Pkw, Culver City, California, USA. Fax: +1-310-568-9491; Tel: +1-310-864-1684
| | - Reza Miraghaie
- Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Siemens Healthcare, 6100 Bristol Pkw, Culver City, California, USA. Fax: +1-310-568-9491; Tel: +1-310-864-1684
| | - Kishore Kotta
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, Suit #100, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carroll E. Ball
- Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Siemens Healthcare, 6100 Bristol Pkw, Culver City, California, USA. Fax: +1-310-568-9491; Tel: +1-310-864-1684
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Siemens Healthcare, 6100 Bristol Pkw, Culver City, California, USA. Fax: +1-310-568-9491; Tel: +1-310-864-1684
| | - Monte S. Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, Suit #100, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Hartmuth C. Kolb
- Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Siemens Healthcare, 6100 Bristol Pkw, Culver City, California, USA. Fax: +1-310-568-9491; Tel: +1-310-864-1684
| | - Arkadij Elizarov
- Molecular Imaging Biomarker Research, Siemens Healthcare, 6100 Bristol Pkw, Culver City, California, USA. Fax: +1-310-568-9491; Tel: +1-310-864-1684
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15
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Moore TM, Akula MR, Collier L, Kabalka GW. A rapid microfluidic synthesis of [18F]fluoroarenes from nitroarenes. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 71:47-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Watts P, Pascali G, Salvadori PA. Positron Emission Tomography Radiosynthesis in Microreactors. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-12-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Microfluidic reactor geometries for radiolysis reduction in radiopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1691-7. [PMID: 22750198 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoradiolysis describes the degradation of radioactively labeled compounds due to the activity of the labeled compounds themselves. It scales with activity concentration and is of importance for high activity and microfluidic PET tracer synthesis. This study shows that microfluidic devices can be shaped to reduce autoradiolysis by geometric exclusion of positron interaction. A model is developed and confirmed by demonstrating in-capillary storage of non-stabilized [(18)F]FDG (2-[(18)F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose) at max. 23 GBq/ml while maintaining >90% radiochemical purity over 14 h.
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Cvetković BZ, Lade O, Marra L, Arima V, Rinaldi R, Dittrich PS. Nitrogen supported solvent evaporation using continuous-flow microfluidics. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21876c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Wong R, Iwata R, Saiki H, Furumoto S, Ishikawa Y, Ozeki E. Reactivity of electrochemically concentrated anhydrous [18F]fluoride for microfluidic radiosynthesis of 18F-labeled compounds. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Liu K, Wang MW, Lin WY, Phung DL, Girgis MD, Wu AM, Tomlinson JS, Shen CKF. Molecular Imaging Probe Development using Microfluidics. Curr Org Synth 2011; 8:473-487. [PMID: 22977436 DOI: 10.2174/157017911796117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we review the latest advancement of microfluidics in molecular imaging probe development. Due to increasing needs for medical imaging, high demand for many types of molecular imaging probes will have to be met by exploiting novel chemistry/radiochemistry and engineering technologies to improve the production and development of suitable probes. The microfluidic-based probe synthesis is currently attracting a great deal of interest because of their potential to deliver many advantages over conventional systems. Numerous chemical reactions have been successfully performed in micro-reactors and the results convincingly demonstrate with great benefits to aid synthetic procedures, such as purer products, higher yields, shorter reaction times compared to the corresponding batch/macroscale reactions, and more benign reaction conditions. Several 'proof-of-principle' examples of molecular imaging probe syntheses using microfluidics, along with basics of device architecture and operation, and their potential limitations are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Liu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
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De Leonardis F, Pascali G, Salvadori PA, Watts P, Pamme N. On-chip pre-concentration and complexation of [¹⁸F]fluoride ions via regenerable anion exchange particles for radiochemical synthesis of Positron Emission Tomography tracers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4714-9. [PMID: 21683956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic approaches have demonstrated a relevant impact on radiochemical reactions involving Positron Emission Tomography (PET) nuclides, due to shorter reaction times and smaller precursor quantities. However, little attention has been given to the integration of the initial pre-concentration and drying of radioactive [(18)F]fluoride ions, required for the labeling of radiotracer compounds. In this work we report the design, fabrication and implementation of a glass microfluidic device filled with recyclable anion exchange particles for the repeated recovery of [(18)F] and [(19)F]fluoride ions. The device was first tested with non radioactive [(19)F]fluoride ions and it was shown to repeatedly trap and elute >95% fluoride over 40 successive experimental runs with no decrease in efficiency. The same device was then tested for the trapping and release of [(18)F]fluoride ions over 20 experiments with no measurable decrease in performance. Finally, the [(18)F]fluoride ions were eluted as a K(18)F/K2.2.2 complex, dried by repeated dissolution in acetonitrile and evaporation of residual water, and reacted with ethyl ditosylate (EtDT) leading to the desired product ([(18)F]fluoroethyltosylate) with 96 ± 3% yield (RCY). The overall time needed for conditioning, trapping, elution and regeneration was less than 6 min. This approach will be of great benefit towards an integrated platform able to perform faster and safer radiochemical synthesis on the micro-scale.
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Elizarov AM, Meinhart C, Miraghaie R, van Dam RM, Huang J, Daridon A, Heath JR, Kolb HC. Flow optimization study of a batch microfluidics PET tracer synthesizing device. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:231-42. [PMID: 21072595 PMCID: PMC3028087 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We present numerical modeling and experimental studies of flow optimization inside a batch microfluidic micro-reactor used for synthesis of human-scale doses of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracers. Novel techniques are used for mixing within, and eluting liquid out of, the coin-shaped reaction chamber. Numerical solutions of the general incompressible Navier Stokes equations along with time-dependent elution scalar field equation for the three dimensional coin-shaped geometry were obtained and validated using fluorescence imaging analysis techniques. Utilizing the approach presented in this work, we were able to identify optimized geometrical and operational conditions for the micro-reactor in the absence of radioactive material commonly used in PET related tracer production platforms as well as evaluate the designed and fabricated micro-reactor using numerical and experimental validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadij M Elizarov
- Siemens Molecular Imaging, Biomarker Research, 6100 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230, USA
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Yang BY, Jeong JM, Lee YS, Lee DS, Chung JK, Lee MC. Facile calculation of specific rate constants and activation energies of 18F-fluorination reaction using combined processes of coat-capture–elution and microfluidics. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals beyond [18F]FDG for use in oncology and neurosciences. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 37:727-40. [PMID: 20870148 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a rapidly expanding clinical modality worldwide thanks to the availability of compact medical cyclotrons and automated chemistry for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. There is an armamentarium of fluorine-18 ((18)F) tracers that can be used for PET studies in the fields of oncology and neurosciences. However, most of the (18)F-tracers other than 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) are in less than optimum human use and there is considerable scope to bring potentially useful (18)F-tracers to clinical investigation stage. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) convened a consultants' group meeting to review the current status of (18)F-based radiotracers and to suggest means for accelerating their use for diagnostic applications. The consultants reviewed the developments including the synthetic approaches for the preparation of (18)F-tracers for oncology and neurosciences. A selection of three groups of (18)F-tracers that are useful either in oncology or in neurosciences was done based on well-defined criteria such as application, lack of toxicity, availability of precursors and ease of synthesis. Based on the recommendations of the consultants' group meeting, IAEA started a coordinated research project on "Development of (18)F radiopharmaceuticals (beyond [(18)F]FDG) for use in oncology and neurosciences" in which 14 countries are participating in a 3-year collaborative program. The outcomes of the coordinated research project are expected to catalyze the wider application of several more (18)F-radiopharmaceuticals beyond FDG for diagnostic applications in oncology and neurosciences.
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Wang MW, Lin WY, Liu K, Masterman-Smith M, Shen CKF. Microfluidics for Positron Emission Tomography Probe Development. Mol Imaging 2010. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Wang
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kan Liu
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Masterman-Smith
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Clifton Kwang-Fu Shen
- From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA; and California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA
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Pascali G, Mazzone G, Saccomanni G, Manera C, Salvadori PA. Microfluidic approach for fast labeling optimization and dose-on-demand implementation. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:547-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lemaire C, Aerts J, Voccia S, Libert L, Mercier F, Goblet D, Plenevaux A, Luxen A. Fast Production of Highly Reactive No-Carrier-Added [18F]Fluoride for the Labeling of Radiopharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3161-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Lemaire C, Aerts J, Voccia S, Libert L, Mercier F, Goblet D, Plenevaux A, Luxen A. Fast Production of Highly Reactive No-Carrier-Added [18F]Fluoride for the Labeling of Radiopharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Elizarov AM, van Dam RM, Shin YS, Kolb HC, Padgett HC, Stout D, Shu J, Huang J, Daridon A, Heath JR. Design and optimization of coin-shaped microreactor chips for PET radiopharmaceutical synthesis. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:282-7. [PMID: 20124050 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.065946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An integrated elastomeric microfluidic device, with a footprint the size of a postage stamp, has been designed and optimized for multistep radiosynthesis of PET tracers. METHODS The unique architecture of the device is centered around a 5-microL coin-shaped reactor, which yields reaction efficiency and speed from a combination of high reagent concentration, pressurized reactions, and rapid heat and mass transfer. Its novel features facilitate mixing, solvent exchange, and product collection. New mixing mechanisms assisted by vacuum, pressure, and chemical reactions are exploited. RESULTS The architecture of the reported reactor is the first that has allowed batch-mode microfluidic devices to produce radiopharmaceuticals of sufficient quality and quantity to be validated by in vivo imaging. CONCLUSION The reactor has the potential to produce multiple human doses of (18)F-FDG; the most impact, however, is expected in the synthesis of PET radiopharmaceuticals that can be made only with low yields by currently available equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadij M Elizarov
- Siemens Molecular Imaging, Biomarker Research, Culver City, California 90230, USA.
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Electrochemical concentration of no-carrier-added [(18)F]fluoride from [(18)O]water in a disposable microfluidic cell for radiosynthesis of (18)F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:1703-8. [PMID: 20189817 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The realization of the electrochemical method for microfluidic radiosynthesis is described for concentrating aqueous no-carrier-added [(18)F]fluoride into an aprotic solvent in a disposable microfluidic cell. Flowing aqueous [(18)F]fluoride was introduced into a disposable microfluidic cell (16microL) under an electric potential (10V), followed by anhydrous MeCN. The trapped [(18)F]fluoride was released in MeCN containing Kryptofix 222-KHCO(3) (ca. 60microL) under heat and a reversed potential (-2.5V). An automated module provided the [(18)F]fluoride ready for subsequent microfluidic radiosynthesis in overall radiochemical yields of 60% within 6min.
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(18)F-Fluoroglucosylation of peptides, exemplified on cyclo(RGDfK). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1469-74. [PMID: 19350236 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxime formation between an aminooxy-functionalized peptide and an (18)F-labelled aldehyde has recently been introduced as a powerful method for the rapid one-step chemoselective synthesis of radiofluorinated peptides. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, the potential of using routinely produced and thus readily available [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) as the aldehydic prosthetic group was investigated using an aminooxyacetyl-conjugated cyclic RGD peptide (cyclo(RGDfK(Aoa-(Boc)) as a model peptide. RESULTS The use of [(18)F]FDG from routine production ([(18)F]FDGTUM) containing an excess of D: -glucose did not allow the radiosynthesis of [(18)F]FDG-RGD in activities >37 MBq in reasonable yield, rendering the direct use of clinical grade [(18)F]FDG for the routine clinical synthesis of (18)F-labelled peptides impossible. Using no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) [(18)F]FDG obtained via HPLC separation of [(18)F]FDGTUM from excess glucose, however, afforded [(18)F]FDG-RGD in yields of 56-93% (decay corrected) and activities up to 37 MBq. Suitable reaction conditions were 20 min at 120 degrees C and pH 2.5, and a peptide concentration of 5 mM. In a preliminary in vivo biodistribution study in M21 melanoma-bearing nude mice, [(18)F]FDG-RGD showed increased tumour accumulation compared to the "gold standard" [(18)F]galacto-RGD (2.18 vs 1.49 %iD/g, respectively, at 120 min after injection), but also slightly increased uptake in non-target organs, leading to comparable tumour/organ ratios for both compounds. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that chemoselective (18)F-labelling of aminooxy-functionalized peptides using n.c.a. [(18)F]FDG represents a radiofluorination/glycosylation strategy that allows preparation of (18)F-labelled peptides in high yield with suitable pharmacokinetics. As soon as the necessary n.c.a. preparation of [(18)F]FDG prior to reaction with the Aoa-peptide can be implemented in a fully automated [(18)F]FDG-synthesis, [(18)F]fluoroglucosylation of peptides may represent a promising alternative to currently used chemoselective one-step (18)F-labelling protocols.
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