1
|
Ajibo DN, Orish CN, Ruggieri F, Bocca B, Battistini B, Frazzoli C, Orish FC, Orisakwe OE. An Update Overview on Mechanistic Data and Biomarker Levels in Cobalt and Chromium-Induced Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3538-3564. [PMID: 38017235 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the imbalance of metals as cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) may increase the risk of development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The human exposure to Co and Cr is derived mostly from industry, orthopedic implants, and polluted environments. Neurological effects of Co and Cr include memory deficit, olfactory dysfunction, spatial disorientation, motor neuron disease, and brain cancer. Mechanisms of Co and Cr neurotoxicity included DNA damage and genomic instability, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial disturbance, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This paper seeks to overview the Co and Cr sources, the mechanisms by which these metals induce NDDs, and their levels in fluids of the general population and patients affected by NDDs. To this end, evidence of Co and Cr unbalance in the human body, mechanistic data, and neurological symptoms were collected using in vivo mammalian studies and human samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Nnena Ajibo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Chinna Nneka Orish
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Flavia Ruggieri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Battistini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department for Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome Viale Regina Elena, 29900161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Orish E Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taleb S, Varela-Mattatall G, Allen A, Haast R, Khan AR, Kalia V, Howard JL, MacDonald SJ, Menon RS, Lanting BA, Teeter MG. Assessing brain integrity in patients with long-term and well-functioning metal-based hip implants. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1292-1302. [PMID: 38235918 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Production of metal debris from implant wear and corrosion processes is now a well understood occurrence following hip arthroplasty. Evidence has shown that metal ions can enter the bloodstream and travel to distant organs including the brain, and in extreme cases, can induce sensorial and neurological diseases. Our objective was tosimultaneously analyze brain anatomy and physiology in patients with long-term and well-functioning implants. Included were subjects who had received total hip or hip resurfacing arthroplastywith an implantation time of a minimum of 7 years (n = 28) and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 32). Blood samples were obtained to measure ion concentrations of cobalt and chromium, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment was performed. 3T MRI brain scans were completed with an MPRAGE sequence for ROI segmentation and multiecho gradient echo sequences to generate QSM and R2* maps. Mean QSM and R2* values were recorded for five deep brain and four middle and cortical brain structures on both hemispheres: pallidum, putamen, caudate, amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, inferior temporal, and cerebellum. No differences in QSM or R2* or cognition scores were found between both groups (p > 0.6654). No correlation was found between susceptibility and blood ion levels for cobalt or chromium in any region of the brain. No correlation was found between blood ion levels and cognition scores. Clinical significance: Results suggest that metal ions released by long-term and well-functioning implants do not affect brain integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Taleb
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Imaging Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel Varela-Mattatall
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Imaging Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abbigail Allen
- Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roy Haast
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Imaging Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali R Khan
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Imaging Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vishal Kalia
- Department of Medical Imaging, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James L Howard
- Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J MacDonald
- Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Imaging Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brent A Lanting
- Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew G Teeter
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Imaging Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Atapour M, Standish TE, Henderson JD, Wei Z, Dehnavi V, Hedberg YS. Influence of Proteins and Building Direction on the Corrosion and Tribocorrosion of CoCrMo Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2880-2893. [PMID: 38630940 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys are common wear-exposed biomedical alloys and are manufactured in multiple ways, increasingly using additive manufacturing processes such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Here, we investigate the effect of proteins and the manufacturing process (wrought vs LPBF) and building orientation (LPBF-XY and XZ) on the corrosion, metal release, tribocorrosion, and surface oxide composition by means of electrochemical, mechanical, microscopic, diffractive, and spectroscopic methods. The study was conducted at pH 7.3 in 5 g/L NaCl and 5 mM 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer, which was found to be necessary to avoid metal phosphate and metal-protein aggregate precipitation. The effect of 10 g/L bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 2.5 g/L fibrinogen (Fbn) was studied. BSA and Fbn strongly enhanced the release of Co, Cr, and Mo and slightly enhanced the corrosion (still in the passive domain) for all CoCrMo alloys and most for LPBF-XZ, followed by LPBF-XY and the wrought CoCrMo. BSA and Fbn, most pronounced when combined, significantly decreased the coefficient of friction due to lubrication, the wear track width and severity of the wear mechanism, and the tribocorrosion for all alloys, with no clear effect of the manufacturing type. The wear track area was significantly more oxidized than the area outside of the wear track. In the reference solution without proteins, a strong Mo oxidation in the wear track surface oxide was indicative of a pH decrease and cell separation of the anodic and cathodic areas. This effect was absent in the presence of the proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Atapour
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Thalia E Standish
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 0J3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Henderson
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 0J3, Canada
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vahid Dehnavi
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 0J3, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yolanda S Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7, Canada
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 0J3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Microglial Activation in Metal Neurotoxicity: Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7389508. [PMID: 36760476 PMCID: PMC9904912 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7389508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative processes encompass a large variety of diseases with different pathological patterns and clinical features, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Exposure to metals has been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress in brain cells leading to cell death and neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicity of metals has been demonstrated by several in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, and most probably, each metal has its specific pathway to trigger cell death. As a result, exposure to essential metals, such as manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and cobalt, and nonessential metals, including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, perturbs metal homeostasis at the cellular and organism levels leading to neurodegeneration. In this contribution, a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms by which metals affect microglia physiology and signaling properties is presented. Furthermore, studies that validate the disruption of microglia activation pathways as an essential mechanism of metal toxicity that can contribute to neurodegenerative disease are also presented and discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdel Hamid OI, Attia ME, Hirshon JM, El-Shinawi M, El-Hussaini M, El-Setouhy M. Psychiatric Disorders and Genotoxicity Following Primary Metal on Polyethylene Total Hip Arthroplasty and Their Correlation to Cobalt/Chromium Levels. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2022; 14:97-111. [PMID: 35880007 PMCID: PMC9308046 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s360643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hip arthroplasty (HA) using implantable metal components is among the commonest orthopedic interventions. However, it can be followed by several complications following corrosion and the release of metal ions. Several studies proved that damaged genomic DNA may contribute to the pathophysiology of mental disorders. Aim The current work aims to evaluate the psychiatric disorders in metal on polyethylene hip arthroplasty (MOP-HA) patients and its correlation to cobalt/chromium (Co/Cr) levels and genotoxicity. Methods The work was a longitudinal follow-up study including 34 adults with unilateral primary MOP-HA meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Preoperatively, 6, 12-months-postoperatively, patients were examined for cognitive impairment using mini-mental-state-examination (MMSE), depression using major-depressive-inventory (MDI), and blood samples were collected for estimation of Co/Cr, detection of genotoxicity by single-cell-gel-electrophoresis (comet assay) and serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Results Cognitive impairment was reported in 18.5% and 14.8% at 6-months, and 12-months postoperative, respectively. Depressive disorder was recorded in 22.2% at 6-months and 14.8% at 12-months postoperative. The marginal homogeneity tests proved a non-significant difference. There was a non-significant difference in preoperative, 6-months, 12-months postoperative MMSE, and MDI scores. There were significantly increased Co/Cr levels at 6-months postoperative. The levels decreased at 12-months postoperative, however, still significantly higher than preoperative values. There was a significant increase in serum 8-OHdG and the levels were positively correlated to cobalt levels at both 6 and 12-months-postoperative. There was a non-significant difference among preoperative, 6-months, and 12-months postoperative comet assay measurements. Conclusion From previous findings, we can conclude that will-functioning MOP hip arthroplasty can induce increased ion levels and positively correlated increase in biochemical markers of genotoxicity (8-OHdG).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omaima I Abdel Hamid
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Attia
- Orthopedics Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jon M Hirshon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
| | - Moustafa El-Hussaini
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medince, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
This cohort study examines the association of cobalt-chrome arthroprosthetic components with adverse reactions to metallic debris, such as cobaltism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S. Tower
- University of Alaska, Anchorage
- WWAMI (Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho) program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Anchorage, Alaska
- Tower Orthopedic and Joint Replacement Clinic, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Christina S. Cho
- WWAMI (Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho) program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Anchorage, Alaska
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Képes Z, Aranyi C, Forgács A, Nagy F, Kukuts K, Hascsi Z, Esze R, Somodi S, Káplár M, Varga J, Emri M, Garai I. Glucose-level dependent brain hypometabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2021; 5:3. [PMID: 34181137 PMCID: PMC8218076 DOI: 10.1186/s41824-021-00097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome and its individual components lead to wide-ranging consequences, many of which affect the central nervous system. In this study, we compared the [18F]FDG regional brain metabolic pattern of participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-DM obese individuals. METHODS In our prospective study, 51 patients with controlled T2DM (ages 50.6 ± 8.0 years) and 45 non-DM obese participants (ages 52.0 ± 9.6 years) were enrolled. Glucose levels measured before PET/CT examination (pre-PET glucose) as well as laboratory parameters assessing glucose and lipid status were determined. NeuroQ application (NeuroQTM 3.6, Syntermed, Philips) was used to evaluate regional brain metabolic differences. [18F]FDG PET/CT (AnyScan PC, Mediso) scans, estimating brain metabolism, were transformed to MNI152 brain map after T1 registration and used for SPM-based group comparison of brain metabolism corrected for pre-PET glucose, and correlation analysis with laboratory parameters. RESULTS NeuroQ analysis did not reveal significant regional metabolic defects in either group. Voxel-based group comparison revealed significantly (PFWE<0.05) decreased metabolism in the region of the precuneus and in the right superior frontal gyrus (rSFG) in the diabetic group as compared to the obese patients. Data analysis corrected for pre-PET glucose level showed a hypometabolic difference only in the rSFG in T2DM. Voxel-based correlation analysis showed significant negative correlation of the metabolism in the following brain regions with pre-PET glucose in diabetes: precuneus, left posterior orbital gyrus, right calcarine cortex and right orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus; whilst in the obese group only the right rolandic (pericentral) operculum proved to be sensitive to pre-PET glucose level. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to perform pre-PET glucose level corrected comparative analysis of brain metabolism in T2DM and obesity. We also examined the pre-PET glucose level dependency of regional cerebral metabolism in the two groups separately. Large-scale future studies are warranted to perform further correlation analysis with the aim of determining the effects of metabolic disturbances on brain metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Képes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Cs. Aranyi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A. Forgács
- Scanomed Ltd. Nuclear Medicine Centers, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - F. Nagy
- Scanomed Ltd. Nuclear Medicine Centers, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - K. Kukuts
- Scanomed Ltd. Nuclear Medicine Centers, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zs. Hascsi
- Scanomed Ltd. Nuclear Medicine Centers, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - R. Esze
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - S. Somodi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - M. Káplár
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - J. Varga
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - M. Emri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - I. Garai
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd. Nuclear Medicine Centers, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tower SS, Medlin DJ, Bridges RL, Cho CS. Corrosion of Polished Cobalt-Chrome Stems Presenting as Cobalt Encephalopathy. Arthroplast Today 2020; 6:1022-1027. [PMID: 33385045 PMCID: PMC7772456 DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse reactions to metallic debris from corrosion of polished cobalt-chromium–cemented femoral stems are reported. Cobaltism (systemic cobalt poisoning) has not been reported from this phenomenon. Three patients presented to their surgeon for ongoing care 10-20 years after primary metal-on-plastic hip arthroplasty with the same polished cobalt-chromium–cemented femoral stems (Heritage, Zimmer). Urine cobalt was elevated, and the patients had symptoms consistent with cobaltism. Quantitative-F16DG-PET-CT brain imaging was performed showing generalized and focal brain hypometabolism consistent with cobalt encephalopathy. At revision, all stems were well fixed and grossly corroded. At 1 year after revision, cobalturia and cognitive symptoms were resolved or improved. Mechanically assisted crevice corrosion at the polymethylmethacrylate interface is a complication of polished cobalt-chromium–cemented stems that can result in systemic cobalt exposure and toxic encephalopathy. Our cases had only minor periprosthetic symptoms. Patients implanted with polished cobalt-chromium–cemented stems warrant monitoring with urine cobalt. Patients with cobaltemia warrant an evaluation for toxic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Tower
- Affiliated Professor Alaska's Medical School, Tower Orthopedic and Joint Replacement Clinic, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | | | - Christina S Cho
- Tower Orthopedic and Joint Replacement Clinic, Anchorage, AK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cho SH, Choe YS, Park S, Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Jang H, Kim SJ, Kim JP, Jung YH, Kim BC, Na DL, Moon SH, Seo SW. Appropriate reference region selection of 18F-florbetaben and 18F-flutemetamol beta-amyloid PET expressed in Centiloid. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14950. [PMID: 32917930 PMCID: PMC7486392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Centiloid (CL) is a method for standardizing amyloid beta (Aβ) quantification through different ligands and methods. To find the most appropriate reference region to reduce the variance in the Aβ CL unit between 18F-florbetaben (FBB) and 18F-flutemetamol (FMM), we conducted head-to-head comparisons from 56 participants using the direct comparison of FBB-FMM CL (dcCL) method with four reference regions: cerebellar gray (CG), whole cerebellum (WC), WC with brainstem (WC + B), and pons. The FBB and FMM dcCL units were highly correlated in four reference regions: WC (R2 = 0.97), WC + B (R2 = 0.98), CG (R2 = 0.92), and pons (R2 = 0.98). WC showed the largest effect size in both FBB and FMM. Comparison of the variance of the dcCL values within the young control group showed that with FBB, WC + B had the smallest variance and with FMM, the WC had the smallest variance. Additionally, WC + B showed the smallest absolute difference between FBB and FMM, followed by the WC, pons, and CG. We found that it would be reasonable to use the WC or WC + B as the reference region when converting FBB and FMM SUVRs into dcCL, which can increase the accuracy of standardizing FBB and FMM PET results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Sim Choe
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongbeom Park
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Pyo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Jung
- Department of Neurology, Myoungji Hospital, Hanyang University, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea. .,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|