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Guglielmo FF, Wells ML, Bruining DH, Strate LL, Huete Á, Gupta A, Soto JA, Allen BC, Anderson MA, Brook OR, Gee MS, Grand DJ, Gunn ML, Khandelwal A, Park SH, Ramalingam V, Sokhandon F, Yoo DC, Fidler JL. Gastrointestinal Bleeding at CT Angiography and CT Enterography: Imaging Atlas and Glossary of Terms. Radiographics 2021; 41:1632-1656. [PMID: 34597220 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a common potentially life-threatening medical condition frequently requiring multidisciplinary collaboration to reach the proper diagnosis and guide management. GI bleeding can be overt (eg, visible hemorrhage such as hematemesis, hematochezia, or melena) or occult (eg, positive fecal occult blood test or iron deficiency anemia). Upper GI bleeding, which originates proximal to the ligament of Treitz, is more common than lower GI bleeding, which arises distal to the ligament of Treitz. Small bowel bleeding accounts for 5-10% of GI bleeding cases commonly manifesting as obscure GI bleeding, where the source remains unknown after complete GI tract endoscopic and imaging evaluation. CT can aid in identifying the location and cause of bleeding and is an important complementary tool to endoscopy, nuclear medicine, and angiography in evaluating patients with GI bleeding. For radiologists, interpreting CT scans in patients with GI bleeding can be challenging owing to the large number of images and the diverse potential causes of bleeding. The purpose of this pictorial review by the Society of Abdominal Radiology GI Bleeding Disease-Focused Panel is to provide a practical resource for radiologists interpreting GI bleeding CT studies that reviews the proper GI bleeding terminology, the most common causes of GI bleeding, key patient history and risk factors, the optimal CT imaging technique, and guidelines for case interpretation and illustrates many common causes of GI bleeding. A CT reporting template is included to help generate radiology reports that can add value to patient care. An invited commentary by Al Hawary is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavius F Guglielmo
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Michael L Wells
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - David H Bruining
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Lisa L Strate
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Álvaro Huete
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Avneesh Gupta
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Jorge A Soto
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Brian C Allen
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Mark A Anderson
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Olga R Brook
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Michael S Gee
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - David J Grand
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Martin L Gunn
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Ashish Khandelwal
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Seong Ho Park
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Vijay Ramalingam
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Farnoosh Sokhandon
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Don C Yoo
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
| | - Jeff L Fidler
- From the Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, Pa 19107 (F.F.G.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., A.K., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash (L.L.S.); Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B., V.R.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G., D.C.Y.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.L.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.P.); and Department of Radiology, Beaumont Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich (F.S.)
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