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Lennartz S, Zopfs D, Große Hokamp N. Dual-energy CT revisited: a focused review of clinical use cases. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2024; 196:794-806. [PMID: 38176436 DOI: 10.1055/a-2203-2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lennartz
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Zopfs
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils Große Hokamp
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Jeon SK, Joo I, Park J, Yoo J. Automated hepatic steatosis assessment on dual-energy CT-derived virtual non-contrast images through fully-automated 3D organ segmentation. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2024; 129:967-976. [PMID: 38869829 PMCID: PMC11252222 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-024-01833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of volumetric CT attenuation-based parameters obtained through automated 3D organ segmentation on virtual non-contrast (VNC) images from dual-energy CT (DECT) for assessing hepatic steatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included living liver donor candidates having liver DECT and MRI-determined proton density fat fraction (PDFF) assessments. Employing a 3D deep learning algorithm, the liver and spleen were automatically segmented from VNC images (derived from contrast-enhanced DECT scans) and true non-contrast (TNC) images, respectively. Mean volumetric CT attenuation values of each segmented liver (L) and spleen (S) were measured, allowing for liver attenuation index (LAI) calculation, defined as L minus S. Agreements of VNC and TNC parameters for hepatic steatosis, i.e., L and LAI, were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Correlations between VNC parameters and MRI-PDFF values were assessed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. Their performance to identify MRI-PDFF ≥ 5% and ≥ 10% was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS Of 252 participants, 56 (22.2%) and 16 (6.3%) had hepatic steatosis with MRI-PDFF ≥ 5% and ≥ 10%, respectively. LVNC and LAIVNC showed excellent agreement with LTNC and LAITNC (ICC = 0.957 and 0.968) and significant correlations with MRI-PDFF values (r = - 0.585 and - 0.588, Ps < 0.001). LVNC and LAIVNC exhibited areas under the ROC curve of 0.795 and 0.806 for MRI-PDFF ≥ 5%; and 0.916 and 0.932, for MRI-PDFF ≥ 10%, respectively. CONCLUSION Volumetric CT attenuation-based parameters from VNC images generated by DECT, via automated 3D segmentation of the liver and spleen, have potential for opportunistic hepatic steatosis screening, as an alternative to TNC images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyung Jeon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ijin Joo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Junghoan Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongin Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Catania R, Jia L, Haghshomar M, Miller FH, Borhani AA. Detection of moderate hepatic steatosis on contrast-enhanced dual-source dual-energy CT: Role and accuracy of virtual non-contrast CT. Eur J Radiol 2024; 172:111328. [PMID: 38325187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate diagnostic accuracy of virtual non contrast (VNC) images, based on dual-source dual-energy CT (dsDECT), for detection of at least moderate steatosis and to define a threshold value to make this diagnosis on VNC. METHODS This single-institution retrospective study included patients who had multi-phasic protocol dsDECT. Regions of interests were placed in different segments of the liver and spleen on true non-contrast (TNC), VNC, and portal-venous phase (PVP) images. At least moderate steatosis was defined as liver attenuation (LHU) < 40 HU on TNC. Diagnostic performance of VNC to detect steatosis was determined and the new threshold was tested in a validation cohort. RESULTS 236 patients were included in training cohort. Mean liver attenuation values were 51.3 ± 10.8 HU and 58.1 ± 11.5 HU for TNC and VNC (p < 0.001), with a mean difference (VNC - TNC) of 6.8 ± 6.9 HU. Correlation between TNC and VNC was strong (r = 0.81, p < 0.001). The AUCs of LHU on VNC for detection of hepatic steatosis were 0.92 (95 % Cl: 0.86-0.98), 0.92 (95 % Cl: 0.87-0.97), 0.92 (95 % Cl: 0.86-0.99), 0.91 (95 % Cl: 0.84-0.97), and 0.87 (95 % Cl: 0.80-0.95) for entire liver, left lateral, left medial, right anterior, and right posterior segments, respectively. VNC had sensitivity/specificity of 100 % /42 % when using a threshold of 40 HU; they were 69 % and 95 %, respectively, when using optimized threshold of 46 HU. This threshold showed similar performance in validation cohort (n = 80). CONCLUSIONS Hepatic attenuation on VNC has promising performance for detection of at least moderate steatosis. Proposed threshold of 46 HU provides high specificity and moderate sensitivity to detect steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Catania
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. Saint Clair Street, Arkes Family Pavilion, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Leo Jia
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. Saint Clair Street, Arkes Family Pavilion, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Maryam Haghshomar
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. Saint Clair Street, Arkes Family Pavilion, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Frank H Miller
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. Saint Clair Street, Arkes Family Pavilion, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Amir A Borhani
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. Saint Clair Street, Arkes Family Pavilion, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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Afifah M, Bulthuis MC, Goudschaal KN, Verbeek-Spijkerman JM, Rosario TS, den Boer D, Hinnen KA, Bel A, van Kesteren Z. Virtual unenhanced dual-energy computed tomography for photon radiotherapy: The effect on dose distribution and cone-beam computed tomography based position verification. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2024; 29:100545. [PMID: 38369991 PMCID: PMC10869258 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2024.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Virtual Unenhanced images (VUE) from contrast-enhanced dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) eliminate manual suppression of contrast-enhanced structures (CES) or pre-contrast scans. CT intensity decreases in high-density structures outside the CES following VUE algorithm application. This study assesses VUE's impact on the radiotherapy workflow of gynecological tumors, comparing dose distribution and cone-beam CT-based (CBCT) position verification to contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) images. Materials and Methods A total of 14 gynecological patients with contrast-enhanced CT simulation were included. Two CT images were reconstructed: CECT and VUE. Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) plans generated on CECT were recalculated on VUE using both the CECT lookup table (LUT) and a dedicated VUE LUT. Gamma analysis assessed 3D dose distributions. CECT and VUE images were retrospectively registered to daily CBCT using Chamfer matching algorithm.. Results Planning target volume (PTV) dose agreement with CECT was within 0.35% for D2%, Dmean, and D98%. Organs at risk (OARs) D2% agreed within 0.36%. A dedicated VUE LUT lead to smaller dose differences, achieving a 100% gamma pass rate for all subjects. VUE imaging showed similar translations and rotations to CECT, with significant but minor translation differences (<0.02 cm). VUE-based registration outperformed CECT. In 24% of CBCT-CECT registrations, inadequate registration was observed due to contrast-related issues, while corresponding VUE images achieved clinically acceptable registrations. Conclusions VUE imaging in the radiotherapy workflow is feasible, showing comparable dose distributions and improved CBCT registration results compared to CECT. VUE enables automated bone registration, limiting inter-observer variation in the Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Afifah
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Department of Radiation Oncology, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marloes C. Bulthuis
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiation Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin N. Goudschaal
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiation Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Verbeek-Spijkerman
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiation Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tezontl S. Rosario
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Department of Radiation Oncology, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Duncan den Boer
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Department of Radiation Oncology, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karel A. Hinnen
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiation Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Bel
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiation Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zdenko van Kesteren
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiation Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Jeong J, Wentland A, Mastrodicasa D, Fananapazir G, Wang A, Banerjee I, Patel BN. Synthetic dual-energy CT reconstruction from single-energy CT Using artificial intelligence. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:3537-3549. [PMID: 37665385 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-04004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and assess the utility of synthetic dual-energy CT (sDECT) images generated from single-energy CT (SECT) using two state-of-the-art generative adversarial network (GAN) architectures for artificial intelligence-based image translation. METHODS In this retrospective study, 734 patients (389F; 62.8 years ± 14.9) who underwent enhanced DECT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis between January 2018 and June 2019 were included. Using 70-keV as the input images (n = 141,009) and 50-keV, iodine, and virtual unenhanced (VUE) images as outputs, separate models were trained using Pix2PixHD and CycleGAN. Model performance on the test set (n = 17,839) was evaluated using mean squared error, structural similarity index, and peak signal-to-noise ratio. To objectively test the utility of these models, synthetic iodine material density and 50-keV images were generated from SECT images of 16 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding performed at another institution. The conspicuity of gastrointestinal bleeding using sDECT was compared to portal venous phase SECT. Synthetic VUE images were generated from 37 patients who underwent a CT urogram at another institution and model performance was compared to true unenhanced images. RESULTS sDECT from both Pix2PixHD and CycleGAN were qualitatively indistinguishable from true DECT by a board-certified radiologist (avg accuracy 64.5%). Pix2PixHD had better quantitative performance compared to CycleGAN (e.g., structural similarity index for iodine: 87% vs. 46%, p-value < 0.001). sDECT using Pix2PixHD showed increased bleeding conspicuity for gastrointestinal bleeding and better removal of iodine on synthetic VUE compared to CycleGAN. CONCLUSIONS sDECT from SECT using Pix2PixHD may afford some of the advantages of DECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, 699 S Mill Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - Andrew Wentland
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Domenico Mastrodicasa
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ghaneh Fananapazir
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3100, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Adam Wang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Imon Banerjee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Bhavik N Patel
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
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Shirasaka T, Kojima T, Yamane S, Mikayama R, Kawakubo M, Funatsu R, Kato T, Ishigami K, Funama Y. Effect of iodine concentration and body size on iodine subtraction in virtual non-contrast imaging: A phantom study. Radiography (Lond) 2023; 29:557-563. [PMID: 36965243 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) can generate virtual non-contrast (VNC) images. Herein, we sought to improve the accuracy of VNC images by identifying the optimal slope of contrast media (SCM) for VNC-image generation based on the iodine concentration and subject's body size. METHODS We used DECT to scan a multi-energy phantom including four iodine concentration rods (15, 10, 5, and 2 mg/mL), and 240 VNC images (eight SCM ranging from 0.49 to 0.56 × three body sizes × ten scans) that were generated by three-material decomposition. The CT number of each iodine and solid water rod part was measured in each VNC image. The difference in the CT number between the iodine and the solid water rod part was calculated and compared using paired t-test or repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS The SCM that achieved an absolute value of the difference in CT number of <5.0 Hounsfield units (HU) for all body sizes simultaneously was greater at lower iodine concentration (SCM of 0.5, 0.51, and 0.53 at 10, 5, and 2 mg/mL iodine, respectively). At an iodine concentration of 15 mg/mL, no SCM achieved an absolute difference of <5.0 HU in CT number for all body sizes simultaneously. At all iodine concentrations, the SCM achieving the minimal difference in the CT number increased with the increase in body size. CONCLUSION By adjusting the SCM according to the iodine concentration and body size, it is possible to generate VNC images with an accuracy of <5.0 HU. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Improving the accuracy of VNC images minimizing incomplete iodine subtraction would make it possible to replace true non-contrast (TNC) images with VNC images and reduce the radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shirasaka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan; Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - T Kojima
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - S Yamane
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - R Mikayama
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - M Kawakubo
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - R Funatsu
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - T Kato
- Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - K Ishigami
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Y Funama
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.
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Agostini A, Borgheresi A, Mariotti F, Ottaviani L, Carotti M, Valenti M, Giovagnoni A. New frontiers in oncological imaging with Computed Tomography: from morphology to function. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2023; 44:214-227. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Lee JS, Choi GM, Kim BS, Ko SY, Lee KR, Kim JJ, Kim DR. [Comparison of True and Virtual Non-Contrast Images of Liver Obtained with Single-Source Twin Beam and Dual-Source Dual-Energy CT]. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2023; 84:170-184. [PMID: 36818703 PMCID: PMC9935954 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the magnitude of differences between attenuation values of the true non-contrast image (TNC) and virtual non-contrast image (VNC) derived from twin-beam dual-energy CT (tbDECT) and dual-source DECT (dsDECT). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 62 patients who underwent liver dynamic DECT with tbDECT (n = 32) or dsDECT (n = 30). Arterial VNC (AVNC), portal VNC (PVNC), and delayed VNC (DVNC) were reconstructed using multiphasic DECT. Attenuation values of multiple intra-abdominal organs (n = 11) on TNCs were subsequently compared to those on multiphasic VNCs. Further, we investigated the percentage of cases with an absolute difference between TNC and VNC of ≤ 10 Hounsfield units (HU). RESULTS For the mean attenuation values of TNC and VNC, 33 items for each DECT were compared according to the multiphasic VNCs and organs. More than half of the comparison items for each DECT showed significant differences (tbDECT 17/33; dsDECT 19/33; Bonferroni correction p < 0.0167). The percentage of cases with an absolute difference ≤ 10 HU was 56.7%, 69.2%, and 78.6% in AVNC, PVNC, and DVNC in tbDECT, respectively, and 70.5%, 78%, and 78% in dsDECT, respectively. CONCLUSION VNCs derived from the two DECTs were insufficient to replace TNCs because of the considerable difference in attenuation values.
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Sauerbeck J, Adam G, Meyer M. Spectral CT in Oncology. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2023; 195:21-29. [PMID: 36167316 DOI: 10.1055/a-1902-9949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spectral CT is gaining increasing clinical importance with multiple potential applications, including oncological imaging. Spectral CT-specific image data offers multiple advantages over conventional CT image data through various post-processing algorithms, which will be highlighted in the following review. METHODOLOGY The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of potential useful oncologic applications of spectral CT and to highlight specific spectral CT pitfalls. The technical background, clinical advantages of primary and follow-up spectral CT exams in oncology, and the application of appropriate spectral tools will be highlighted. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Spectral CT imaging offers multiple advantages over conventional CT imaging, particularly in the field of oncology. The combination of virtual native and low monoenergetic images leads to improved detection and characterization of oncologic lesions. Iodine-map images may provide a potential imaging biomarker for assessing treatment response. KEY POINTS · The most important spectral CT reconstructions for oncology imaging are virtual unenhanced, iodine map, and virtual monochromatic reconstructions.. · The combination of virtual unenhanced and low monoenergetic reconstructions leads to better detection and characterization of the vascularization of solid tumors.. · Iodine maps can be a surrogate parameter for tumor perfusion and potentially used as a therapy monitoring parameter.. · For radiotherapy planning, the relative electron density and the effective atomic number of a tissue can be calculated.. CITATION FORMAT · Sauerbeck J, Adam G, Meyer M. Onkologische Bildgebung mittels Spektral-CT. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2023; 195: 21 - 29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sauerbeck
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Meyer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Hamburg, Germany
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Virarkar MK, Vulasala SSR, Gupta AV, Gopireddy D, Kumar S, Hernandez M, Lall C, Bhosale P. Virtual Non-contrast Imaging in The Abdomen and The Pelvis: An Overview. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2022; 43:293-310. [PMID: 35738815 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Virtual non-contrast (VNC) imaging is a post-processing technique generated from contrast-enhanced scans using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT). It is generated by removing iodine from imaging acquired at multiple energies. Myriad clinical studies have shown its ability to diagnose the various abdominal and pelvic pathologies discussed in the article. VNC is also a problem-solving tool for characterizing incidentally detected lesions ("incidentalomas"), often decreasing the need for additional follow-up imaging. It also obviates the multiphase image acquisitions to evaluate hematuria, hepatic steatosis, aortic endoleaks, and gastrointestinal bleeding by generating image datasets from different tissue attenuation values. The scope of this article is to provide an overview of various applications of VNC imaging obtained by DECT in the abdomen and pelvis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur K Virarkar
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | | | | | - Sindhu Kumar
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Mauricio Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Chandana Lall
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Priya Bhosale
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Mergen V, Racine D, Jungblut L, Sartoretti T, Bickel S, Monnin P, Higashigaito K, Martini K, Alkadhi H, Euler A. Virtual Noncontrast Abdominal Imaging with Photon-counting Detector CT. Radiology 2022; 305:107-115. [PMID: 35670712 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.213260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Accurate CT attenuation and diagnostic quality of virtual noncontrast (VNC) images acquired with photon-counting detector (PCD) CT are needed to replace true noncontrast (TNC) scans. Purpose To assess the attenuation errors and image quality of VNC images from abdominal PCD CT compared with TNC images. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, consecutive adult patients who underwent a triphasic examination with PCD CT from July 2021 to October 2021 were included. VNC images were reconstructed from arterial and portal venous phase CT. The absolute attenuation error of VNC compared with TNC images was measured in multiple structures by two readers. Then, two readers blinded to image reconstruction assessed the overall image quality, image noise, noise texture, and delineation of small structures using five-point discrete visual scales (5 = excellent, 1 = nondiagnostic). Overall image quality greater than or equal to 3 was deemed diagnostic. In a phantom, noise texture, spatial resolution, and detectability index were assessed. A detectability index greater than or equal to 5 indicated high diagnostic accuracy. Interreader agreement was evaluated using the Krippendorff α coefficient. The paired t test and Friedman test were applied to compare objective and subjective results. Results Overall, 100 patients (mean age, 72 years ± 10 [SD]; 81 men) were included. In patients, VNC image attenuation values were consistent between readers (α = .60), with errors less than 5 HU in 76% and less than 10 HU in 95% of measurements. There was no evidence of a difference in error of VNC images from arterial or portal venous phase CT (3.3 HU vs 3.5 HU, P = .16). Subjective image quality was rated lower in VNC images for all categories (all, P < .001). Diagnostic quality of VNC images was reached in 99% and 100% of patients for readers 1 and 2, respectively. In the phantom, VNC images exhibited 33% higher noise, blotchier noise texture, similar spatial resolution, and inferior but overall good image quality (detectability index >20) compared with TNC images. Conclusion Abdominal virtual noncontrast images from the arterial and portal venous phase of photon-counting detector CT yielded accurate CT attenuation and good image quality compared with true noncontrast images. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article See also the editorial by Sosna in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mergen
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - Damien Racine
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - Lisa Jungblut
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - Thomas Sartoretti
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - Steven Bickel
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - Pascal Monnin
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - Kai Higashigaito
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - Katharina Martini
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - Hatem Alkadhi
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
| | - André Euler
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland (V.M., L.J., T.S., S.B., K.H., K.M., H.A., A.E.); and Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland (D.R., P.M.)
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Dual-energy CT of acute bowel ischemia. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:1660-1683. [PMID: 34191075 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute bowel ischemia is a condition with high mortality and requires rapid intervention to avoid catastrophic outcomes. Swift and accurate imaging diagnosis is essential because clinical findings are commonly nonspecific. Conventional contrast enhanced CT of the abdomen has been the imaging modality of choice to evaluate suspected acute bowel ischemia. However, subtlety of image findings and lack of non-contrast or arterial phase images can make correct diagnosis challenging. Dual-energy CT provides valuable information toward assessing bowel ischemia. Dual-energy CT exploits the differential X-ray attenuation at two different photon energy levels to characterize the composition of tissues and reveal the presence or absence of faint intravenous iodinated contrast to improve reader confidence in detecting subtle bowel wall enhancement. With the same underlying technique, virtual non-contrast images can help to show non-enhancing hyperdense hemorrhage of the bowel wall in intravenous contrast-enhanced scans without the need to acquire actual non-contrast scans. Dual-energy CT derived low photon energy (keV) virtual monoenergetic images emphasize iodine contrast and provide CT angiography-like images from portal venous phase scans to better evaluate abdominal arterial patency. In Summary, dual-energy CT aids diagnosing acute bowel ischemia in multiple ways, including improving visualization of the bowel wall and mesenteric vasculature, revealing intramural hemorrhage in contrast enhanced scans, or possibly reducing intravenous contrast dose.
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Virtual Noncontrast Imaging of the Liver Using Photon-Counting Detector Computed Tomography: A Systematic Phantom and Patient Study. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:488-493. [PMID: 35136003 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of virtual noncontrast (VNC) images of the liver in a phantom and patients using dual-source photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS An anthropomorphic abdominal phantom with a liver insert containing liver parenchyma (1.4 mgI/mL) and 19 liver lesions (iodine content 0-5 mgI/mL) was imaged on a clinical dual-source PCD-CT (tube voltage 120 kV) and in the dual-energy mode on a dual-source energy-integrating detector (EID) CT (tube voltage combinations, 80/Sn150 kV, 90/Sn150 kV, and 100/Sn150 kV). Rings of fat-equivalent material were added to the phantom to emulate 3 sizes (small, medium, large). Each setup was imaged at 3 different radiation doses (volume CT dose index: 5, 10, and 15 mGy). Virtual noncontrast images were reconstructed and CT attenuation was measured in each lesion and liver parenchyma. The absolute error of CT attenuation (VNCerror) was calculated using the phantom specifications as reference. In addition, 15 patients with hypodense liver lesions who were clinically scanned on PCD-CT were retrospectively included. Attenuation values in lesions and liver parenchyma in VNC images reconstructed from portal venous phase CT were compared with true noncontrast images. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance with post hoc t tests and generalized linear models to assess the impact of various variables (dose, patient size, base material, iodine content, and scanner/scan mode) on quantification accuracy. RESULTS In the phantom, the overall mean VNCerror for PCD-CT was 4.1 ± 3.9 HU. The overall mean VNCerror for EID-CT was 7.5 ± 5, 6.3 ± 4.7, and 6.7 ± 4.8 HU for 80/Sn150 kV, 90/Sn150 kV, and 100/Sn150 kV, respectively, with the VNCerror of EID-CT being significantly higher at all tube voltage settings (P < 0.001), even after adjusting for dose, size, iodine content of the lesion, and attenuation of base material. For PCD-CT, a smaller phantom size was associated with higher quantification accuracy (P = 0.007-0.046), whereas radiation dose did not impact accuracy (P > 0.126). For EID-CT, but not for PCD-CT, VNCerror increased with lesion iodine content (P < 0.001). In patients, there was no difference in attenuation measured on true noncontrast and VNC images (P = 0.093), with a mean VNCerror of 3.7 ± 2.2 HU. CONCLUSIONS Photon-counting detector CT allows for the reconstruction of VNC images of the liver both in a phantom and in patients with accurate attenuation values, being independent of dose, attenuation of base material, and liver iodine content.
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Lennartz S, Pisuchpen N, Parakh A, Cao J, Baliyan V, Sahani D, Hahn PF, Kambadakone A. Virtual Unenhanced Images: Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison Between Different Dual-Energy CT Scanners in a Patient and Phantom Study. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:52-61. [PMID: 34162795 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-four patients with clinical contrast-enhanced abdominal examinations on each of the 3 DECT scanner types and a phantom scanned with the same protocols were included in this retrospective study. Qualitative and quantitative assessment was performed on VUE images. Quantitative evaluation included measurement of attenuation and image noise for various tissues and the phantom. Virtual unenhanced image attenuation and noise were compared between scanner types, and intrapatient interscanner reproducibility of virtual unenhanced image attenuation was calculated as the percentage of measurement pairs with an interscanner difference ≤ 10 HU. Image quality, noise, sharpness, and iodine elimination were assessed qualitatively by 2 radiologists. RESULTS Significant interscanner differences in VUE attenuation and noise were found in all tissues. dlDECT and rsDECT showed significantly higher VUE attenuation than dsDECT in the aorta, portal vein, and kidneys (P < 0.05). Conversely, VUE attenuation in dsDECT was significantly higher than in dlDECT/rsDECT for subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat (both P < 0.05). A total of 91.9% (385/419) of measurements were reproducible between rsDECT and dlDECT, 70.9% (297/419) between dsDECT and rsDECT, and 66.8% (280/419) between dsDECT and dlDECT. Virtual unenhanced image attenuation in the contrast media-filled phantom cavity was 12.7 ± 4.7 HU in dlDECT, -5.3 ± 4.2 HU in rsDECT, and -4.0 ± 10.7 HU in dsDECT with significant differences between dlDECT and rsDECT/dsDECT, respectively (P < 0.05), between which attenuation was comparable in the unenhanced extraluminal phantom component (P = 0.11-0.62). Qualitatively, dsDECT yielded best iodine elimination, whereas sharpness, image noise, and overall image quality were rated higher in dlDECT and rsDECT. CONCLUSIONS There are significant interscanner differences in the attenuation measurements and qualitative assessment of VUE images, which should be acknowledged when using these images in patients that are being scanned on different DECT scanner types during imaging follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anushri Parakh
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jinjin Cao
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vinit Baliyan
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dushyant Sahani
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter F Hahn
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Avinash Kambadakone
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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15
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Harsaker V, Jensen K, Andersen HK, Martinsen AC. Quantitative benchmarking of iodine imaging for two CT spectral imaging technologies: a phantom study. Eur Radiol Exp 2021; 5:24. [PMID: 34159477 PMCID: PMC8219825 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-021-00224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to quantitatively benchmark iodine imaging across specific virtual monoenergetic energy levels, iodine maps and virtual non-contrast images with different phantom sizes and iodine concentrations, using a rapid switching dual-energy CT (DECT) and a dual source DECT, in order to investigate accuracy and potential differences between the technologies. METHODS Solutions of iodine contrast (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 mg/mL), sterile water and saline were scanned in a phantom on a rapid switching single-source and dual-source DECT scanners from two different vendors. The phantom was equipped with polyurethane rings simulating three body sizes. The datasets were reconstructed in virtual monoenergetic energy levels (70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, and 140 keV), virtual non-contrast images and iodine maps. HU and iodine concentrations were measured by placing ROIs in the iodine solutions. RESULTS The iodine concentrations were reproduced with a high degree of accuracy for the single-source DECT (1.8-9.0%), showing a slight dependence on phantom size. The dual source DECT technique showed deviant values (error -33.8 to 12.0%) for high concentrations. In relation to the virtual non-contrast measurements, the images from both vendors were affected by the iodine concentration and phantom size (-127.8 to 539.1 HU). Phantom size did not affect the calculated monoenergetic attenuation values, but the attenuation values varied between the scanners. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative measurements of post-processed images are dependent on the concentration of iodine, the phantom size and different technologies. However, our study indicates that the iodine maps are reliable for quantification of iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Harsaker
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristin Jensen
- The Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 20, Gaustad Sykehus, Box 4959 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Kjernlie Andersen
- The Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 20, Gaustad Sykehus, Box 4959 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Catrine Martinsen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Bjornemyrvn. 11, 1453, Bjornemyr, Norway
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Lennartz S, Parakh A, Cao J, Kambadakone A. Longitudinal reproducibility of attenuation measurements on virtual unenhanced images: multivendor dual-energy CT evaluation. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:9240-9249. [PMID: 34110426 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The accuracy of virtual unenhanced (VUE) images has been extensively investigated, yet data on their longitudinal reproducibility is limited. The study purpose was to evaluate the longitudinal reproducibility of VUE attenuation measurements on three different dual-energy CT (DECT) scanner types. METHODS A total of 137 patients with repeated abdominal DECT either on a rapid kV switching (rsDECT; n = 46), a dual-layer detector (dlDECT; n = 43), or a dual-source scanner (dsDECT; n = 48) were retrospectively included. Attenuation was measured on VUE and corresponding contrast-enhanced images in the liver, spleen, kidneys, aorta, portal vein, and fat. Longitudinal reproducibility was evaluated by calculating the absolute inter-scan differences (HU) and the inter-scan variation (%). Measurement pairs with differences ≤ 10 HU were considered reproducible. Influence of contrast-enhanced attenuation on VUE reproducibility was analyzed using linear regression. RESULTS The scanner-specific cohorts showed similar age (p-range: 0.35-0.99), sex (p-range: 0.68-1), body weight (p-range: 0.26-0.87), body diameter (p-range: 0.34-0.76), and inter-scan time (p-range: 0.52-0.83). In total, 94.9% of VUE measurements were reproducible for rsDECT, 93.8% for dlDECT, and 90.6% for dsDECT. Overall inter-scan variation was lowest in fat (4.0 (1.7-8.2)%) and highest in tissues with high contrast enhancement: the aorta (13.3 (4.6-21.3)%), portal vein (10.8 (5.7-19.8)%), and kidneys (10.7 (3.9-18.0)%). Significant differences in inter-scan variation were found between the scanner types for the aorta, portal vein, kidneys, and spleen. Inter-scan differences in contrast-enhanced attenuation significantly influenced inter-scan differences in VUE attenuation (p < 0.001; t-ratio: 4.34). CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal reproducibility of VUE attenuation was high for all scanners, yet inter-scan variation of VUE attenuation was influenced by contrast enhancement, showing greatest magnitude and discrepancy between scanner types in vessels and the kidneys. KEY POINTS • We found that 94.9% of attenuation measurements on virtual unenhanced images were reproducible for rapid kV switching DECT, 93.8% for dual-layer detector DECT, and 90.6% for dual-source DECT. • Inter-scan variation of attenuation in virtual unenhanced images was comparable between the three scanner types in the liver and fat, whereas inter-scan variation in the spleen, kidneys, portal vein, and aorta showed significant differences between scanner types (p < 0.05). • Inter-scan attenuation differences in contrast-enhanced images significantly influenced inter-scan differences in virtual unenhanced attenuation (p < 0.001, t-ratio: 4.34), suggesting a residual impact of contrast enhancement differences between examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lennartz
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White 270, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA.,Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anushri Parakh
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White 270, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA
| | - Jinjin Cao
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White 270, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA
| | - Avinash Kambadakone
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White 270, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA.
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Nakamura Y, Higaki T, Honda Y, Tatsugami F, Tani C, Fukumoto W, Narita K, Kondo S, Akagi M, Awai K. Advanced CT techniques for assessing hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiol Med 2021; 126:925-935. [PMID: 33954894 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-021-01366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth-most common cancer in the world, and hepatic dynamic CT studies are routinely performed for its evaluation. Ongoing studies are examining advanced imaging techniques that may yield better findings than are obtained with conventional hepatic dynamic CT scanning. Dual-energy CT-, perfusion CT-, and artificial intelligence-based methods can be used for the precise characterization of liver tumors, the quantification of treatment responses, and for predicting the overall survival rate of patients. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of conventional hepatic dynamic CT imaging are reviewed and the general principles of dual-energy- and perfusion CT, and the clinical applications and limitations of these technologies are discussed with respect to HCC. Finally, we address the utility of artificial intelligence-based methods for diagnosing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Toru Higaki
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukiko Honda
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Fuminari Tatsugami
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tani
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Wataru Fukumoto
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Keigo Narita
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shota Kondo
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Motonori Akagi
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuo Awai
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Kang HJ, Lee DH, Park SJ, Han JK. Virtual noncontrast images derived from dual-energy CT for assessment of hepatic steatosis in living liver donors. Eur J Radiol 2021; 139:109687. [PMID: 33836335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the correlation of attenuation between virtual noncontrast (VNC) and true noncontrast (TNC) CT images and compare the diagnostic performance for hepatic steatosis using MR spectroscopy (MRS) as the reference standard. METHODS A total of 131 consecutive hepatic donor candidates who underwent dual-source dual-energy CT and MRS within one month from January 2018 to April 2019 were included. An MRS value > 5.8 % was regarded as substantial hepatic steatosis. The correlation of attenuation between TNC and VNC in the liver and spleen, and liver attenuation index (LAI), defined as hepatic minus splenic attenuation, was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation. The diagnostic performance of the LAI for hepatic steatosis was compared using receiver operating characteristic analyses. RESULTS Twenty-three candidates (17.6 %) had substantial hepatic steatosis. The median liver attenuation (66.7 [IQR, 63.5-70.9] vs. 63.5 [IQR, 60.3-66.9], p < .001) and LAI (12.9 [9.3-16.7] vs. 7.4 [3.9-11.9], p < .001) in the VNC were higher than those in the TNC. Hepatic attenuation (r = 0.93, p < .001), splenic attenuation (r = 0.55, p < .001), and LAI (r = 0.87, p < .001) were significantly correlated between TNC and VNC. Area under the curve of LAI in TNC and VNC were 0.88 (cutoff, LAI < 3.1) and 0.84 (cutoff, LAI < 10.1), respectively, indicating no statistically significant difference (p = 0.11). CONCLUSION The LAI of VNC is significantly correlated with that of TNC and might be feasible for diagnosing substantial hepatic steatosis in living liver donor candidates using different cutoff values of LAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sae Jin Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Koo Han
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Park A, Lee YH, Seo HS. Could both intrinsic and extrinsic iodine be successfully suppressed on virtual non-contrast CT images for detecting thyroid calcification? Jpn J Radiol 2021; 39:580-588. [PMID: 33506433 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-021-01095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although virtual non-contrast (VNC) successfully removes iodinated contrast, uncertainty exists regarding the feasibility of VNC to suppress iodine for detecting thyroid calcification. Therefore, we evaluated whether both intrinsic and extrinsic iodine attenuation were suppressed on VNC images. MATERIAL AND METHODS We enrolled 128 patients (male: female 17:111; age 48.0 ± 10.4 years) who underwent dual-layer dual-energy CT (DL-DECT) examination before their thyroid cancer surgeries. Two additional sets of VNC (VNCu, VNCc) images were retrospectively generated from their true unenhanced (TUE) and true contrast-enhanced (TCE) series. We compared CT attenuation values measured on the VNCu and VNCc images by drawing identical regions of interest encompassing thyroid parenchyma, then subjectively determined the concordance of calcification. RESULTS Although CT attenuation discrepancies between the VNCu and VNCc were significant (2.0 ± 5.7HU, p < 0.001),61.7%, 89.1%, and 100.0% of all measurements were < 5HU, < 10HU, and < 15HU. Based on Bland-Altman analysis, the limits of agreement were - 9.2HU and 13.2HU, whereas the proportional differences were small for VNC images generated from both TUE and TCE images. There was no discordance between two VNC image sets in detecting thyroid calcification. CONCLUSIONS VNC technique could be a feasible method to suppress both intrinsic and extrinsically administered iodine for detecting thyroid calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arim Park
- Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hen Lee
- Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Suk Seo
- Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea
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20
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Xiao JM, Hippe DS, Zecevic M, Zamora DA, Cai LM, Toia GV, Chandler AG, Dighe MK, O'Malley RB, Shuman WP, Wang CL, Mileto A. Virtual Unenhanced Dual-Energy CT Images Obtained with a Multimaterial Decomposition Algorithm: Diagnostic Value for Renal Mass and Urinary Stone Evaluation. Radiology 2021; 298:611-619. [PMID: 33464180 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021192448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Virtual unenhanced (VUE) images obtained by using a dual-energy CT (DECT) multimaterial decomposition algorithm hold promise for diagnostic use in the abdomen in lieu of true unenhanced (TUE) images. Purpose To assess VUE images obtained from a DECT multimaterial decomposition algorithm in patients undergoing renal mass and urinary stone evaluation. Materials and Methods In this retrospective Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study, DECT was performed in patients undergoing evaluation for renal mass or urinary stone. VUE images were compared quantitatively to TUE images and qualitatively assessed by four independent radiologists. Differences in attenuation between VUE and TUE images were summarized by using 95% limits of agreement. Diagnostic performance in urinary stone detection was summarized by using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity. Results A total of 221 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 61 years ± 14; 129 men) with 273 renal masses were evaluated. Differences in renal mass attenuation between VUE and TUE images were within 3 HU for both enhancing masses (95% limits of agreement, -3.1 HU to 2.7 HU) and nonenhancing cysts (95% limits of agreement, -2.9 HU to 2.5 HU). Renal mass classification as enhancing mass versus nonenhancing cyst did not change (reclassification rate of enhancing masses, 0% [0 of 78]; 95% CI: 0, 5; reclassification rate of nonenhancing cysts, 0% [0 of 193]; 95% CI: 0, 2) with use of VUE in lieu of TUE images. Among 166 urinary stones evaluated, diagnostic performance of VUE images for stone detection was lower compared with that of TUE images (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.79 [95% CI: 0.73, 0.84] vs 0.93 [95% CI: 0.91, 0.95]; P < .001) due to reduced sensitivity of VUE for detection of stones 3 mm in diameter or less compared with those greater than 3 mm (sensitivity, 23% [25 of 108; 95% CI: 12, 40] vs 88% [126 of 144; 95% CI: 77, 94]; P < .001). Conclusion Compared with true unenhanced images, virtual unenhanced (VUE) images were unlikely to change renal mass classification as enhancing mass versus nonenhancing cyst. Diagnostic performance of VUE images remained suboptimal for urinary stone detection due to subtraction of stones 3 mm or less in diameter. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Sosna in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Xiao
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Daniel S Hippe
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Mladen Zecevic
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - David A Zamora
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Larry M Cai
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe V Toia
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Adam G Chandler
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Manjiri K Dighe
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Ryan B O'Malley
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - William P Shuman
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Carolyn L Wang
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
| | - Achille Mileto
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 (J.M.X., D.S.H., M.Z., D.A.Z., L.M.C., G.V.T., M.K.D., R.B.O., W.P.S., C.L.W., A.M.); and Global Research Organization, GE Healthcare, Houston, Tex (A.G.C.)
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21
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Agostini A, Borgheresi A, Bruno F, Natella R, Floridi C, Carotti M, Giovagnoni A. New advances in CT imaging of pancreas diseases: a narrative review. Gland Surg 2021; 9:2283-2294. [PMID: 33447580 DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) plays a pivotal role as a diagnostic tool in many diagnostic and diffuse pancreatic diseases. One of the major limits of CT is related to the radiation exposure of young patients undergoing repeated examinations. Besides the standard CT protocol, the most recent technological advances, such as low-voltage acquisitions with high performance X-ray tubes and iterative reconstructions, allow for significant optimization of the protocol with dose reduction. The variety of CT tools are further expanded by the introduction of dual energy: the production of energy-selective images (i.e., virtual monochromatic images) improves the image contrast and lesion detection while the material-selective images (e.g., iodine maps or virtual unenhanced images) are valuable for lesion detection and dose reduction. The perfusion techniques provide diagnostic and prognostic information lesion and parenchymal vascularization and interstitium. Both dual energy and perfusion CT have the potential for pushing the limits of conventional CT from morphological evaluation to quantitative imaging applied to inflammatory and oncological diseases. Advances in post-processing of CT images, such as pancreatic volumetry, texture analysis and radiomics provide relevant information for pancreatic function but also for the diagnosis, management and prognosis of pancreatic neoplasms. Artificial intelligence is promising for optimization of the workflow in qualitative and quantitative analyses. Finally, basic concepts on the role of imaging on screening of pancreatic diseases will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Agostini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona (AN), Italy.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona (AN), Italy
| | - Alessandra Borgheresi
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona (AN), Italy
| | - Federico Bruno
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaele Natella
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Floridi
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona (AN), Italy.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona (AN), Italy
| | - Marina Carotti
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona (AN), Italy.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona (AN), Italy
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona (AN), Italy.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona (AN), Italy
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22
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Parakh A, Lennartz S, An C, Rajiah P, Yeh BM, Simeone FJ, Sahani DV, Kambadakone AR. Dual-Energy CT Images: Pearls and Pitfalls. Radiographics 2021; 41:98-119. [PMID: 33411614 PMCID: PMC7853765 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dual-energy CT (DECT) is a tremendous innovation in CT technology that allows creation of numerous imaging datasets by enabling discrete acquisitions at more than one energy level. The wide range of images generated from a single DECT acquisition provides several benefits such as improved lesion detection and characterization, superior determination of material composition, reduction in the dose of iodine, and more robust quantification. Technological advances and the proliferation of various processing methods have led to the availability of diverse vendor-based DECT approaches, each with a different acquisition and image reconstruction process. The images generated from various DECT scanners differ from those from conventional single-energy CT because of differences in their acquisition techniques, material decomposition methods, image reconstruction algorithms, and postprocessing methods. DECT images such as virtual monochromatic images, material density images, and virtual unenhanced images have different imaging appearances, texture features, and quantitative capabilities. This heterogeneity creates challenges in their routine interpretation and has certain associated pitfalls. Some artifacts such as residual iodine on virtual unenhanced images and an appearance of pseudopneumatosis in a gas-distended bowel loop on material-density iodine images are specific to DECT, while others such as pseudoenhancement seen on virtual monochromatic images are also observed at single-energy CT. Recognizing the potential pitfalls associated with DECT is necessary for appropriate and accurate interpretation of the results of this increasingly important imaging tool. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushri Parakh
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, White 270, Boston, MA 02114 (A.P., S.L., F.J.S., A.R.K.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (C.A., B.M.Y.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (D.V.S.); and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Simon Lennartz
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, White 270, Boston, MA 02114 (A.P., S.L., F.J.S., A.R.K.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (C.A., B.M.Y.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (D.V.S.); and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Chansik An
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, White 270, Boston, MA 02114 (A.P., S.L., F.J.S., A.R.K.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (C.A., B.M.Y.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (D.V.S.); and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Prabhakar Rajiah
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, White 270, Boston, MA 02114 (A.P., S.L., F.J.S., A.R.K.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (C.A., B.M.Y.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (D.V.S.); and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Benjamin M. Yeh
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, White 270, Boston, MA 02114 (A.P., S.L., F.J.S., A.R.K.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (C.A., B.M.Y.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (D.V.S.); and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Frank J. Simeone
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, White 270, Boston, MA 02114 (A.P., S.L., F.J.S., A.R.K.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (C.A., B.M.Y.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (D.V.S.); and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Dushyant V. Sahani
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, White 270, Boston, MA 02114 (A.P., S.L., F.J.S., A.R.K.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (C.A., B.M.Y.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (D.V.S.); and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Avinash R. Kambadakone
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, White 270, Boston, MA 02114 (A.P., S.L., F.J.S., A.R.K.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (C.A., B.M.Y.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (P.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (D.V.S.); and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (S.L.)
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23
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Çamlıdağ İ. Compatibility of true and virtual unenhanced attenuation in rapid kV-switching dual energy CT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 26:95-100. [PMID: 32116219 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2019.19345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate whether virtual unenhanced images (VUI) generated from nephrographic phase on rapid kV-switching dual energy CT (rsDECT) can replace true unenhanced images (TUI) by comparing attenuation values of various intraabdominal structures. METHODS In this retrospective study, 142 patients had unenhanced and nephrographic phase dual energy CT images. Attenuation values of the aorta, liver,spleen, pancreas, bilateral renal parenchyma, inferior vena cava, gallbladder and paraspinal muscle on TUI and VUI were recorded. Frequencies of organs who had more than 10 and 20 HU of attenuation difference were also calculated. RESULTS A total of 1224 ROIs were sampled. No statistically significant differences were found between TUA and VUA of the aorta, spleen and pancreas. The other structures had significant differences (P < 0.001). Correlation between measurements were weak to moderate (r=0.17-0.72). 20% of organs had more than 10 HU difference and 5% had more than 20 HU difference between TUI and VUI. CONCLUSION rsDECT based VUI does not seem to be an ideal surrogate for TUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlkay Çamlıdağ
- Department of Radiology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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24
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Lacroix M, Mulé S, Herin E, Pigneur F, Richard P, Zegai B, Baranes L, Djabbari M, Brunetti F, de'Angelis N, Laurent A, Tacher V, Kobeiter H, Luciani A. Virtual unenhanced imaging of the liver derived from 160-mm rapid-switching dual-energy CT (rsDECT): Comparison of the accuracy of attenuation values and solid liver lesion conspicuity with native unenhanced images. Eur J Radiol 2020; 133:109387. [PMID: 33166833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the reliability of attenuation values of the liver parenchyma and focal liver lesions on virtual unenhanced images from arterial (VUEart) and portal venous phases (VUEport) compared to native unenhanced (NU) attenuation values in patients referred for assessment of malignant liver lesions. METHODS Seventy-three patients with confirmed primary or metastatic liver tumors who underwent a multiphase contrast-enhanced rapid-switching kVp dual-energy CT (rsDECT) were included in this IRB-approved retrospective study. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses - including the lesion-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (LL-CNR) - were performed and compared between NU and both VUEart and VUEport images. RESULTS The mean liver attenuation values were significantly lower in VUEart images (56.7 ± 6.7 HU) than in NU images (59.6 ± 7.5 HU, p = 0.008), and were comparable between VUEart and VUEport images (57.9 ± 6 UH, p = 0.38) and between VUEport and NU images (p = 0.051). The mean liver lesions attenuation values were comparable between NU, VUEart and VUEport images (p = 0.60). Strong and significant correlations values were found both in liver lesions and tumor-free parenchyma (r = 0.82-0.91, p < 0.01). The mean LL-CNR was significantly higher in VUEart and VUEport images than in NU images (1.7 ± 1 and 1.6 ± 1.1 vs 0.9 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), but was comparable between VUEart and VUEport images (p > 0.9). Lesion conspicuity was significantly higher in VUEport images than in NU images (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION VUEport images derived from 3rd generation rsDECT could confidently replace NU images in patients undergoing assessment for malignant liver lesions. These images provide comparable attenuation values in both liver lesions and liver parenchyma while reducing the radiation dose and scanning time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lacroix
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Sébastien Mulé
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France; Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; INSERM IMRB, U 955, Equipe 18, Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Herin
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Pigneur
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | | | - Benhalima Zegai
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Laurence Baranes
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Marjan Djabbari
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Francesco Brunetti
- Service de chirurgie digestive, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicola de'Angelis
- Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; Service de chirurgie digestive, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; Service de chirurgie digestive, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Vania Tacher
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Hicham Kobeiter
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France; Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Alain Luciani
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France; Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; INSERM IMRB, U 955, Equipe 18, Créteil, France
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25
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Abdominal Organs Attenuation Values and Abdominal Aortic Calcifications on Virtual and True Noncontrast Images Obtained With Third-Generation Dual-Source Dual-Energy Computed Tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2020; 44:490-500. [PMID: 32697520 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the agreement and correlation between attenuation values and vascular calcification volume for intra-abdominal structures from true noncontrast (TNC) images and those from virtual noncontrast (VNC) images obtained by dual-source dual-energy computed tomography (CT) using a quadriphasic dynamic protocol. METHODS Seventy-six patients who underwent quadriphasic abdominal CT were retrospectively reviewed. An arterial, portal venous, and 5-minute delayed phase postcontrast series was obtained using dual-source dual-energy CT. Virtual noncontrast images were processed from the arterial, portal venous, and 5-minute delayed phase series. Attenuation values for the liver, pancreas, kidneys, muscle, fat, vertebra, gallbladder, aorta, inferior vena cava, portal vein, and aortic calcification volumes were recorded. Attenuation values for the liver, pancreas, vertebra, and muscle obtained from VNC were adjusted using linear regression. RESULTS Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni multiple-comparison post hoc correction revealed significant differences between TNC and VNC attenuation values for the organs. There was an excellent correlation between the TNC and VNC attenuation values for the liver, pancreas, muscle, vertebra, and fat. The calcification volume was significantly smaller on VNC than on TNC. The adjusted attenuation values estimated by regression equations afforded better approximation. CONCLUSIONS Abdominal VNC images obtained with third-generation dual-source dual-energy CT cannot replace TNC images without adjustment of the attenuation values.
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26
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Zins M, Millet I, Taourel P. Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction: Predictive Radiology to Improve Patient Management. Radiology 2020; 296:480-492. [PMID: 32692296 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020192234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive small bowel obstruction (SBO) remains one of the leading causes of emergency room visits and is still associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Because the management of adhesive SBO has shifted from immediate surgery to nonoperative treatment in the absence of ischemia, it is crucial to rapidly detect or predict strangulation, which requires emergent surgery. CT is now established as the best imaging technique for the initial assessment of patients suspected of having adhesive SBO. CT helps confirm the diagnosis of mechanical SBO, locate the site of obstruction, establish the cause, and detect complications. This article is a review of the role of imaging in answering specific questions to help predict the management needs of each individual patient. It includes (a) an update on the best CT signs for predicting ischemia and a need for bowel resection; (b) a discussion of the CT features that help differentiate open-loop from closed-loop obstruction and a single adhesive band from matted adhesions and how these differences can influence the management; and (c) a review of the main CT predictors of the success or failure of nonoperative management in adhesive SBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zins
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Saint Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014 Paris, France (M.Z.); Department of Medical Imaging, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France (I.M., P.T.); and Department of Medical Imaging, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (I.M., P.T.)
| | - Ingrid Millet
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Saint Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014 Paris, France (M.Z.); Department of Medical Imaging, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France (I.M., P.T.); and Department of Medical Imaging, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (I.M., P.T.)
| | - Patrice Taourel
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Saint Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014 Paris, France (M.Z.); Department of Medical Imaging, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France (I.M., P.T.); and Department of Medical Imaging, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France (I.M., P.T.)
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27
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Abstract
MRI and MRCP play an important role in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) by imaging pancreatic parenchyma and ducts. MRI/MRCP is more widely used than computed tomography (CT) for mild to moderate CP due to its increased sensitivity for pancreatic ductal and gland changes; however, it does not detect the calcifications seen in advanced CP. Quantitative MR imaging offers potential advantages over conventional qualitative imaging, including simplicity of analysis, quantitative and population-based comparisons, and more direct interpretation of detected changes. These techniques may provide quantitative metrics for determining the presence and severity of acinar cell loss and aid in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Given the fact that the parenchymal changes of CP precede the ductal involvement, there would be a significant benefit from developing MRI/MRCP-based, more robust diagnostic criteria combining ductal and parenchymal findings. Among cross-sectional imaging modalities, multi-detector CT (MDCT) has been a cornerstone for evaluating chronic pancreatitis (CP) since it is ubiquitous, assesses primary disease process, identifies complications like pseudocyst or vascular thrombosis with high sensitivity and specificity, guides therapeutic management decisions, and provides images with isotropic resolution within seconds. Conventional MDCT has certain limitations and is reserved to provide predominantly morphological (e.g., calcifications, organ size) rather than functional information. The emerging applications of radiomics and artificial intelligence are poised to extend the current capabilities of MDCT. In this review article, we will review advanced imaging techniques by MRI, MRCP, CT, and ultrasound.
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28
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Acquisition time, radiation dose, subjective and objective image quality of dual-source CT scanners in acute pulmonary embolism: a comparative study. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:2712-2721. [PMID: 32025830 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the scan acquisition time, radiation dose, subjective and objective image quality of two dual-source CT scanners (DSCT) for detection of acute pulmonary embolism. METHODS Two hundred twenty-one scans performed on the 2nd-generation DSCT and 354 scans on the 3rd-generation DSCT were included in this large retrospective study. In a randomized blinded design, two radiologists independently reviewed the scans using a 5-point Likert scale. Radiation dose and objective image quality parameters were calculated. RESULTS Mean acquisition time was significantly lower in the 3rd-generation DSCT (2.81 s ± 0.1 in comparison with 9.7 s ± 0.15 [mean ± SD] respectively; p < 0.0001) with the 3rd generation 3.4 times faster. The mean subjective image quality score was 4.33/5 and 4/5 for the 3rd- and 2nd-generation DSCT respectively (p < 0.0001) with strong interobserver reliability agreement. DLP, CTDIvol, and ED were significantly lower in the 3rd than the 2nd generation (175.6 ± 63.7 mGy cm; 5.3 ± 1.9 mGy and 2.8 ± 1.2 mSv in comparison with 266 ± 255 mGy.cm; 7.8 ± 2.2 mGy and 3.8 ± 4.3 mSv). Noise was significantly lower in the 3rd generation (p < 0.01). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and figure of merit (FOM), a dose-insensitive index for CNR, were significantly higher in the 3rd-generation DSCT (33.5 ± 23.4; 29.0 ± 21.3 and 543.7 ± 1037 in comparison with 23.4 ± 17.7; 19.4 ± 16.0 and 170.5 ± 284.3). CONCLUSION Objective and subjective image quality are significantly higher on the 3rd-generation DSCT with significantly lower mean acquisition time and radiation dose. KEY POINTS • The 3rd-generation DSCT scanner provides an improved image quality, less perceived artifacts, and lower radiation dose in comparison with the 2nd-generation DSCT, when operating in dual-energy (DE) mode. • The 3.4-times-faster 3rd-generation DSCT scanner can be of particular value in patients with chronic lung diseases or breathing difficulties that prevent adequate breathhold.
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Agostini A, Borgheresi A, Mari A, Floridi C, Bruno F, Carotti M, Schicchi N, Barile A, Maggi S, Giovagnoni A. Dual-energy CT: theoretical principles and clinical applications. Radiol Med 2019; 124:1281-1295. [PMID: 31792703 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-019-01107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The physical principles of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) are as old as computed tomography (CT) itself. To understand the strengths and the limits of this technology, a brief overview of theoretical basis of DECT will be provided. Specific attention will be focused on the interaction of X-rays with matter, on the principles of attenuation of X-rays in CT toward the intrinsic limits of conventional CT, on the material decomposition algorithms (two- and three-basis-material decomposition algorithms) and on effective Rho-Z methods. The progresses in material decomposition algorithms, in computational power of computers and in CT hardware, lead to the development of different technological solutions for DECT in clinical practice. The clinical applications of DECT are briefly reviewed in relation to the specific algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Agostini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
- Department of Radiology - Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, AN, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Borgheresi
- Department of Radiology - Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Alberto Mari
- Department of Radiology - Division of Medical Physics, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Chiara Floridi
- Department of Health Sciences, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hospital "San Paolo", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Bruno
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marina Carotti
- Department of Radiology - Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Nicolò Schicchi
- Department of Radiology - Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Antonio Barile
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefania Maggi
- Department of Radiology - Division of Medical Physics, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Department of Radiology - Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, AN, Italy
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Interscanner and Intrascanner Comparison of Virtual Unenhanced Attenuation Values Derived From Twin Beam Dual-Energy and Dual-Source, Dual-Energy Computed Tomography. Invest Radiol 2019; 54:1-6. [PMID: 30096063 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate the reliability and comparability of virtual unenhanced (VUE) attenuation values derived from scans of a single-source, dual-energy computed tomography using a split-filter (tbDECT) to a dual-source dual-energy CT (dsDECT). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, comparisons for tbDECT and dsDECT were made within and between different dual-energy platforms. For the interscanner comparison, 126 patients were scanned with both scanners within a time interval of 224 ± 180 days; for the intrascanner comparison, another 90 patients were scanned twice with the same scanner within a time interval of 136 ± 140 days. Virtual unenhanced images were processed off of venous phase series. Attenuation values of 7 different tissues were recorded. Disagreement for VUE HU measurements greater than 10 HU between 2 scans was defined as inadequate. RESULTS The interscanner analysis showed significant difference between tbDE and dsDE VUE CT values (P < 0.01) for 6 of 7 organs. Percentage of cases that had more than 10 HU difference between tbDE and dsDE for an individual patient ranged between 15% (left kidney) and 62% (spleen).The intrascanner analysis showed no significant difference between repeat scans for both tbDECT and dsDECT (P > 0.05). However, intrascanner disagreements for the VUE HU measurements greater than 10 HU were recorded in 10% of patients scanned on the tbDECT and 0% of patients scanned on the dsDECT. The organs with the highest portion of greater than 10 HU errors were the liver and the aorta (both 20%). CONCLUSIONS Dual-energy techniques vary in reproducibility of VUE attenuation values. In the current study, tbDECT demonstrated higher variation in VUE HU measurements in comparison to a dsDECT. Virtual unenhanced HU measurements cannot be reliably compared on follow-up CT, if these 2 different dual-energy CT platforms are used.
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Pourvaziri A, Parakh A, Mojtahed A, Kambadakone A, Sahani DV. Diagnostic performance of dual-energy CT and subtraction CT for renal lesion detection and characterization. Eur Radiol 2019; 29:6559-6570. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Meyer M, Nelson RC, Vernuccio F, González F, Farjat AE, Patel BN, Samei E, Henzler T, Schoenberg SO, Marin D. Virtual Unenhanced Images at Dual-Energy CT: Influence on Renal Lesion Characterization. Radiology 2019; 291:381-390. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019181100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Role of dual energy CT to improve diagnosis of non-traumatic abdominal vascular emergencies. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019; 44:406-421. [PMID: 30143817 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is the modality of choice to evaluate abdominal vascular emergencies (AVE). CTA protocols are often complex and require acquisition of multiple phases to enable a variety of diagnosis such as acute bleeding, pseudoaneurysms, bowel ischemia, and dissection. With single energy CT (SECT), differentiating between calcium, coagulated blood, and contrast agents can be challenging based on their attenuation, especially when in small quantity or present as a mixture. With dual-energy CT (DECT), virtual monoenergetic (VM) and material decomposition (MD) image reconstructions enable more robust tissue characterization, improve contrast-enhancement, and reduce beam hardening artifacts. This article will demonstrate how radiologists can utilize DECT for various clinical scenarios in assessment of non-traumatic AVE.
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Martin SS, van Assen M, Griffith LP, De Cecco CN, Varga-Szemes A, Bauer MJ, Wichmann JL, Vogl TJ, Schoepf UJ. Dual-Energy CT Pulmonary Angiography: Quantification of Disease Burden and Impact on Management. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-018-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Parakh A, Macri F, Sahani D. Dual-Energy Computed Tomography: Dose Reduction, Series Reduction, and Contrast Load Reduction in Dual-Energy Computed Tomography. Radiol Clin North Am 2018; 56:601-624. [PMID: 29936950 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Evolution in computed tomography technology and image reconstruction have significantly changed practice. Dual energy computed tomography is being increasingly adopted owing to benefits of material separation, quantification, and improved contrast-to-noise ratio. The radiation dose can match that from single energy computed tomography. Spectral information derived from a polychromatic x-ray beam at different energies yields in image reconstructions that reduce the number of phases in a multiphasic examination and decrease the absolute amount of contrast media. This increased analytical and image processing capability provides new avenues for addressing radiation dose and iodine exposure concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushri Parakh
- Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, White 270, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Francesco Macri
- Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, White 270, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Nimes, Place di Pr Debre, Nimes 30029, France
| | - Dushyant Sahani
- Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, White 270, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Megibow AJ, Kambadakone A, Ananthakrishnan L. Dual-Energy Computed Tomography. Radiol Clin North Am 2018; 56:507-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Vernuccio F, Meyer M, Mileto A, Marin D. Use of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for Evaluation of Genitourinary Diseases. Urol Clin North Am 2018; 45:297-310. [PMID: 30031456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since its clinical inception a decade ago, dual-energy computed tomography has expanded the array of computed tomography imaging tools available to the practicing abdominal radiologist. Of note, diagnostic solutions for imaging-based evaluation of genitourinary diseases, foremost kidney calculi and renal tumors characterization, represent the apogee applications of dual-energy computed tomography in abdominal imaging. This article reviews clinical applications of dual-energy computed tomography for the assessment of genitourinary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vernuccio
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Section of Radiology -Di.Bi.Med., University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mathias Meyer
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Achille Mileto
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniele Marin
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Iodine and Fat Quantification for Differentiation of Adrenal Gland Adenomas From Metastases Using Third-Generation Dual-Source Dual-Energy Computed Tomography. Invest Radiol 2018; 53:173-178. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mahmood U, Horvat N, Horvat JV, Ryan D, Gao Y, Carollo G, DeOcampo R, Do RK, Katz S, Gerst S, Schmidtlein CR, Dauer L, Erdi Y, Mannelli L. Rapid switching kVp dual energy CT: Value of reconstructed dual energy CT images and organ dose assessment in multiphasic liver CT exams. Eur J Radiol 2018; 102:102-108. [PMID: 29685522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical applications of dual energy computed tomography (DECT) have been widely reported; however, the importance of the different image reconstructions and radiation organ dose remains a relevant area of investigation, particularly considering the different commercially available DECT equipment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the image reliability and compare the information content between several image reconstructions in a rapid-switching DECT (rsDECT), and assess radiation organ dose between rsDECT and conventional single-energy computed tomography (SECT) exams. MATERIALS AND METHODS This Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study included 98 consecutive patients who had a history of liver cancer and underwent multiphasic liver CT exams with rsDECT applied during the late arterial phase between June 2015 and December 2015. Virtual monochromatic 70 keV, material density images (MDI) iodine (-water) and virtual unenhanced (VUE) images were generated. Radiation dose analysis was performed in a subset of 44 patients who had also undergone a multiphasic SECT examination within 6 months of the rsDECT. Four board-certified abdominal radiologists reviewed 24-25 patients each, and a fifth radiologist re-evaluated all the scans to reach a consensus. The following imaging aspects were assessed by the radiologists: (a) attenuation measurements were made in the liver and spleen in VUE and true unenhanced (TUE) images; (b) subjective evaluation for lesion detection and conspicuity on MDI iodine (-water)/VUE images compared with the virtual monochromatic images/TUE images; and (c) overall image quality using a five-point Likert scale. The radiation dose analyses were evaluated in the subset of 44 patients regarding the following parameters: CTDIvol, dose length product, patient's effective diameter and organ dose using a Monte Carlo-based software, VirtualDose™ (Virtual Phantoms, Inc.) to 21 organs. RESULTS On average, image noise on the TUE images was 49% higher within the liver (p < 0.0001) and 48% higher within the spleen (p < 0.0001). CT numbers for the spleen were significantly higher on VUE images (p < 0.0001). Twenty-eight lesions in 24/98 (24.5%) patients were not observed on the VUE images. The conspicuity of vascular anatomy was considered better on MDI iodine (-water) Images 26.5% of patients. Using the Likert scale, the rsDECT image quality was considered to be satisfactory. Considering the subset of 44 patients with recent SECT, the organ dose was, on average, 37.4% less with rsDECT. As the patient's effective diameter decreased, the differences in dose between the rsDECT and SECT increased, with the total average organ dose being less by 65.1% when rsDECT was used. CONCLUSION VUE images in the population had lower image noise than TUE images; however, a few small and hyperdense findings were not characterized on VUE images. Delineation of vascular anatomy was considered better in around a quarter of patients on MDI iodine (-water) images. Finally, radiation dose, particularly organ dose, was found to be lower with rsDECT, especially in smaller patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Mahmood
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Natally Horvat
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Joao Vicente Horvat
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Davinia Ryan
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Yiming Gao
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Gabriella Carollo
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Rommel DeOcampo
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Richard K Do
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Seth Katz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Scott Gerst
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - C Ross Schmidtlein
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Lawrence Dauer
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Yusuf Erdi
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Mannelli
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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George E, Wortman JR, Fulwadhva UP, Uyeda JW, Sodickson AD. Dual energy CT applications in pancreatic pathologies. Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20170411. [PMID: 28936888 PMCID: PMC6047640 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual energy CT (DECT) is a technology that is gaining widespread acceptance, particularly for its abdominopelvic applications. Pancreatic pathologies are an ideal application for the many advantages offered by dual energy post-processing. This article reviews the current literature on dual energy CT pancreatic imaging, specifically in the evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, other solid and cystic pancreatic neoplasms, and pancreatitis. The advantages in characterization and quantification of enhancement, detection of subtle lesions, and potential reduction of imaging phases and contrast usage are reviewed. We also discuss directions for future research, and the ideal use of dual energy CT in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth George
- Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy R Wortman
- Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Urvi P Fulwadhva
- Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer W Uyeda
- Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron D Sodickson
- Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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