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Caruso D, Polici M, Bellini D, Laghi A. ESR Essentials: Imaging in colorectal cancer-practice recommendations by ESGAR. Eur Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00330-024-10645-3. [PMID: 38418627 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-10645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant global health concern. Diagnostic imaging, using different modalities, has a pivotal role in CRC, from early detection (i.e., screening) to follow-up. The role of imaging in CRC screening depends on each country's approach: if an organized screening program is in place, the role of CT colonography (CTC) is limited to the study of either individuals with a positive stool test unwilling/unable to undergo colonoscopy (CC) or in patients with incomplete CC. Although CC is the most common modality to diagnose CRC, CRC can be also incidentally detected during a routine abdominal imaging examination or at the emergency room in patients presenting with intestinal occlusion/subocclusion or perforation. Staging is a crucial aspect of CRC management, guiding treatment decisions and providing valuable prognostic information. An accurate local staging is mandatory in both rectal and colon cancer to drive the appropriate therapeutic workflow. Important limitations of US, CT, and MR in N-staging can be partially solved by FDG PET/CT. Distant staging is usually managed by CT, with MR and FDG PET/CT which can be used as problem-solving techniques. Follow-up is performed according to the general recommendations of the oncological societies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: It is essential to summarize each phase of colorectal cancer workup, differentiating the management for colon and rectal cancer supported by the main international guidelines and literature data, with the aim to inform the community on the best practice imaging in colorectal cancer. KEY POINTS: • Colorectal cancer is a prevalent disease that lends itself to imaging at each stage of detection and management. • Various imaging modalities can be used as adjuncts to, or in place of, direct visualization methods of screening and are necessary for evaluating metastatic disease. • Reevaluation of follow-up strategies should be considered depending on patients' individual risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Caruso
- Radiology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Polici
- Radiology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
- PhD School in Traslational Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Bellini
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, I.C.O.T. Hospital, Latina, Italy
| | - Andrea Laghi
- Radiology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy.
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Kikano EG, Matalon SA, Eskian M, Lee L, Melnitchouk N, Bleday R, Khorasani R. Concordance of MRI With Pathology for Primary Staging of Rectal Cancer in Routine Clinical Practice: A Single Institution Experience. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2024; 53:68-72. [PMID: 37704486 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MRI is the preferred imaging modality for primary staging of rectal cancer, used to guide treatment. Patients identified with clinical stage I disease receive upfront surgical resection; those with clinical stage II or greater undergo upfront neoadjuvant therapy. Although clinical under-/over-staging may have consequences for patients and presents opportunities for organ preservation, the correlation between clinical and pathologic staging in routine clinical practice within a single institute has not been fully established. METHODS This retrospective, Institutional Review Board-approved study, conducted at a National Cancer Institute-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center with a multi-disciplinary rectal cancer disease center, included patients undergoing rectal MRI for primary staging January 1, 2018-August 30, 2020. Data collection included patient demographics, initial clinical stage via MRI report, pathologic diagnosis, pathologic stage, and treatment. The primary outcome was concordance of overall clinical and pathologic staging. Secondary outcomes included reasons for mismatched staging. RESULTS A total 105 rectal adenocarcinoma patients (64 males, mean age 57 ± 12.7 years) had staging MRI followed by surgical resection. A total of 28 patients (27%) had mismatched under-/over- staging. Ten patients (10%) were understaged with mismatched T stage group (clinical stage I, pathologic stage II), five (5%) were understaged with mismatched N stage group (clinical stage I, pathologic stage III), and 13 (12%) were overstaged (clinical stage II-III, pathologic stage 0-I). Treatment matched concordance between clinical and pathologic stages was 86%. CONCLUSION MRI for primary rectal cancer staging has high concordance with pathology. Future studies to assess strategies for reducing clinically relevant understaging would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias G Kikano
- Center for Evidence-Based Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Shanna A Matalon
- Center for Evidence-Based Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mahsa Eskian
- Center for Evidence-Based Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leslie Lee
- Center for Evidence-Based Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ron Bleday
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ramin Khorasani
- Center for Evidence-Based Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Ou X, van der Reijd DJ, Lambregts DMJ, Grotenhuis BA, van Triest B, Beets GL, Beets-Tan RGH, Maas M. Sense and non-sense of imaging in the era of organ preservation for rectal cancer. Br J Radiol 2023; 96:20230318. [PMID: 37750870 PMCID: PMC10607404 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20230318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current applications and benefits of imaging modalities for organ preservation in the treatment of rectal cancer. The concept of organ preservation in the treatment of rectal cancer has revolutionized the way rectal cancer is managed. Initially, organ preservation was limited to patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who needed neoadjuvant therapy to reduce tumor size before surgery and achieved complete response. However, neoadjuvant therapy is now increasingly utilized for smaller and less aggressive tumors to achieve primary organ preservation. Additionally, more intensive neoadjuvant strategies are employed to improve complete response rates and increase the chances of successful organ preservation. The selection of patients for organ preservation is a critical component of treatment, and imaging techniques such as digital rectal exam, endoscopy, and MRI are commonly used for this purpose. In this review, we provide an overview of what imaging modalities should be chosen and how they can aid in the selection and follow-up of patients undergoing organ-preserving strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Baukelien van Triest
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nougaret S, Rousset P, Lambregts DMJ, Maas M, Gormly K, Lucidarme O, Brunelle S, Milot L, Arrivé L, Salut C, Pilleul F, Hordonneau C, Baudin G, Soyer P, Brun V, Laurent V, Savoye-Collet C, Petkovska I, Gerard JP, Cotte E, Rouanet P, Catalano O, Denost Q, Tan RB, Frulio N, Hoeffel C. MRI restaging of rectal cancer: The RAC (Response-Anal canal-CRM) analysis joint consensus guidelines of the GRERCAR and GRECCAR groups. Diagn Interv Imaging 2023; 104:311-322. [PMID: 36949002 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop guidelines by international experts to standardize data acquisition, image interpretation, and reporting in rectal cancer restaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Evidence-based data and experts' opinions were combined using the RAND-UCLA Appropriateness Method to attain consensus guidelines. Experts provided recommendations for reporting template and protocol for data acquisition were collected; responses were analysed and classified as "RECOMMENDED" versus "NOT RECOMMENDED" (if ≥ 80% consensus among experts) or uncertain (if < 80% consensus among experts). RESULTS Consensus regarding patient preparation, MRI sequences, staging and reporting was attained using the RAND-UCLA Appropriateness Method. A consensus was reached for each reporting template item among the experts. Tailored MRI protocol and standardized report were proposed. CONCLUSION These consensus recommendations should be used as a guide for rectal cancer restaging with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Nougaret
- Department of Radiology IRCM, Montpellier Cancer Research Institute, 34000 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1194, University of Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pascal Rousset
- Department of Radiology, CHU Lyon-Sud, EMR 3738 CICLY, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Doenja M J Lambregts
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Maas
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Gormly
- Jones Radiology, Kurralta Park, 5037, Australia; University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Oliver Lucidarme
- Department of Radiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; LIB, INSERM, CNRS, UMR7371-U1146, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Serge Brunelle
- Department of Radiology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Milot
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Arrivé
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Celine Salut
- CHU de Bordeaux, Department of Radiology, Université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Franck Pilleul
- Department of Radiology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, 69621, Lyon, France
| | | | - Guillaume Baudin
- Department of Radiology, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Philippe Soyer
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Brun
- Department of Radiology, CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Laurent
- Department of Radiology, Nancy University Hospital, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Iva Petkovska
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Gerard
- Department of Radiotherapy, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Eddy Cotte
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud University Hospital, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Rouanet
- Department of Surgery, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier Cancer Research Institute, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Onofrio Catalano
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Quentin Denost
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Hôpital Haut-Lévèque, Université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Regina Beets Tan
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nora Frulio
- CHU de Bordeaux, Department of Radiology, Université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Hoeffel
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Robert Debré & CRESTIC, URCA, 51092 Reims, France
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Somashekhar SP, Saklani A, Dixit J, Kothari J, Nayak S, Sudheer OV, Dabas S, Goud J, Munikrishnan V, Sugoor P, Penumadu P, Ramachandra C, Mehendale S, Dahiya A. Clinical Robotic Surgery Association (India Chapter) and Indian rectal cancer expert group’s practical consensus statements for surgical management of localized and locally advanced rectal cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1002530. [PMID: 36267970 PMCID: PMC9577482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1002530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are standard treatment guidelines for the surgical management of rectal cancer, that are advocated by recognized physician societies. But, owing to disparities in access and affordability of various treatment options, there remains an unmet need for personalizing these international guidelines to Indian settings. Methods Clinical Robotic Surgery Association (CRSA) set up the Indian rectal cancer expert group, with a pre-defined selection criterion and comprised of the leading surgical oncologists and gastrointestinal surgeons managing rectal cancer in India. Following the constitution of the expert Group, members identified three areas of focus and 12 clinical questions. A thorough review of the literature was performed, and the evidence was graded as per the levels of evidence by Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The consensus was built using the modified Delphi methodology of consensus development. A consensus statement was accepted only if ≥75% of the experts were in agreement. Results Using the results of the review of the literature and experts’ opinions; the expert group members drafted and agreed on the final consensus statements, and these were classified as “strong or weak”, based on the GRADE framework. Conclusion The expert group adapted international guidelines for the surgical management of localized and locally advanced rectal cancer to Indian settings. It will be vital to disseminate these to the wider surgical oncologists and gastrointestinal surgeons’ community in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Somashekhar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: S. P. Somashekhar,
| | - Avanish Saklani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jagannath Dixit
- Department of GI Surgery, HCG Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jagdish Kothari
- Department of Surgical Oncology HCG Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandeep Nayak
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fortis Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - O. V. Sudheer
- Department of GI Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Surender Dabas
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BL Kapur-Max Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Jagadishwar Goud
- Department of Surgical Oncology, AOI Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Pavan Sugoor
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - C. Ramachandra
- Director and Head, Department of Surgical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilpa Mehendale
- Director and Head, Department of Surgical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Akhil Dahiya
- Department of Clinical and Medical Affairs, Intuitive Surgical, California, CA, United States
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Abstract
Most patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) were diagnosed in advanced stage and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, early detection and prevention of CRC are very important. As with other cancers, there is also the tertiary prevention for CRC. The primary prevention is etiological prevention, which is mainly the treatment of adenoma or inflammation for preventing the development into cancer. The secondary prevention is the early diagnosis and early treatment for avoiding progressing to advanced cancer. The tertiary prevention belongs to the broad category of prevention, mainly for advanced CRC, through surgical treatment and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy for preventing tumor recurrence or metastasis. This consensus is based on the recent domestic and international consensus guidelines and the latest progress of international researches in the past five years. This consensus opinion seminar was hosted by the Chinese Society of Gastroenterology and Cancer Collaboration Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, and was organized by the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The consensus opinion contains 60 statement clauses, the standard and basis of the evidence-based medicine grade and voting grade of the statement strictly complied with the relevant international regulations and practice.
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Galgano SJ, Calderone CE, Xie C, Smith EN, Porter KK, McConathy JE. Applications of PET/MRI in Abdominopelvic Oncology. Radiographics 2021; 41:1750-1765. [PMID: 34597228 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With PET/MRI, the strengths of PET and MRI are combined to allow simultaneous image acquisition and near-perfect image coregistration. MRI is increasingly being used for staging and restaging of abdominopelvic oncologic lesions, including prostate, hepatobiliary, pancreatic, neuroendocrine, cervical, and rectal cancers. Fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT has long been considered a cornerstone of oncologic imaging, and the development of multiple targeted radiotracers has led to increased research on and use of these agents in clinical practice. Thus, simultaneously performed PET/MRI enables the acquisition of complementary imaging information, with distinct advantages over PET/CT and MR image acquisitions. The authors provide an overview of PET/MRI, including descriptions of the major differences between PET/MRI and PET/CT, as well as case examples and treatment protocols for patients with commonly encountered malignancies in the abdomen and pelvis. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Galgano
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JT N325, Birmingham, AL 35249
| | - Carli E Calderone
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JT N325, Birmingham, AL 35249
| | - Charlies Xie
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JT N325, Birmingham, AL 35249
| | - Elainea N Smith
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JT N325, Birmingham, AL 35249
| | - Kristin K Porter
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JT N325, Birmingham, AL 35249
| | - Jonathan E McConathy
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JT N325, Birmingham, AL 35249
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