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Wilczyński JR, Wilczyński M, Paradowska E. Cancer Stem Cells in Ovarian Cancer-A Source of Tumor Success and a Challenging Target for Novel Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052496. [PMID: 35269636 PMCID: PMC8910575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal neoplasm of the female genital organs. Despite indisputable progress in the treatment of ovarian cancer, the problems of chemo-resistance and recurrent disease are the main obstacles for successful therapy. One of the main reasons for this is the presence of a specific cell population of cancer stem cells. The aim of this review is to show the most contemporary knowledge concerning the biology of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) and their impact on chemo-resistance and prognosis in ovarian cancer patients, as well as to present the treatment options targeted exclusively on the OCSCs. The review presents data concerning the role of cancer stem cells in general and then concentrates on OCSCs. The surface and intracellular OCSCs markers and their meaning both for cancer biology and clinical prognosis, signaling pathways specifically activated in OCSCs, the genetic and epigenetic regulation of OCSCs function including the recent studies on the non-coding RNA regulation, cooperation between OCSCs and the tumor microenvironment (ovarian cancer niche) including very specific environment such as ascites fluid, the role of shear stress, autophagy and metabolic changes for the function of OCSCs, and finally mechanisms of OCSCs escape from immune surveillance, are described and discussed extensively. The possibilities of anti-OCSCs therapy both in experimental settings and in clinical trials are presented, including the recent II phase clinical trials and immunotherapy. OCSCs are a unique population of cancer cells showing a great plasticity, self-renewal potential and resistance against anti-cancer treatment. They are responsible for the progression and recurrence of the tumor. Several completed and ongoing clinical trials have tested different anti-OCSCs drugs which, however, have shown unsatisfactory efficacy in most cases. We propose a novel approach to ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 4 Kosciuszki Str., 90-419 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Miłosz Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological, Endoscopic and Oncological Surgery, Polish Mother’s Health Center—Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska Str., 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Surgical and Endoscopic Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 4 Kosciuszki Str., 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
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2
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Si W, Li C, Wei P. Synthetic immunology: T-cell engineering and adoptive immunotherapy. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:179-185. [PMID: 30345403 PMCID: PMC6190530 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, the rapidly-evolving cancer is hard to be thoroughly eliminated even though the radiotherapy and chemotherapy do exhibit efficacy in some degree. However, a breakthrough appeared when the adoptive cancer therapy [1] was developed, especially T cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) showed great potential in tumor clinical trials recently. CAR-T cells successfully elevated the efficiency and specificity of cytotoxicity. In this review, we will talk about the design of CAR and CAR-included combinatory therapeutic applications in the principles of systems and synthetic immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Si
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Wang L, Xu T, Cui M. Are ovarian cancer stem cells the target for innovative immunotherapy? Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2615-2626. [PMID: 29780254 PMCID: PMC5951213 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s155458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of cancer cells with the ability of self-renewal and differentiation, are believed to be responsible for tumor generation, progression, metastasis, and relapse. Ovarian cancer, the most malignant gynecological cancer, has consistent pathology behavior with CSC model, which suggests that therapies based on ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) can gain a more successful prognosis. Much evidence has proved that epigenetic mechanism played an important role in tumor formation and sustainment. Since CSCs are generally resistant to conventional therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), immunotherapy is a more effective method that has been implemented in the clinic. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell, an adoptive cellular immunotherapy, which results in apparent elimination of tumor in both hematologic and solid cancers, could be used for ovarian cancer. This review covers the basic conception of CSCs and OCSCs, the implication of epigenetic mechanism underlying cancer evolution considering CSC model, the immunotherapies reported for ovarian cancer targeting OCSCs currently, and the relationship between immune system and hierarchy cancer organized by CSCs. Particularly, the promising prospects and potential pitfalls of targeting OCSC surface markers to design CAR-T cellular immunotherapy are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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4
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Gearing up T-cell immunotherapy in cervical cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2018; 42:175-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Gross G, Eshhar Z. Therapeutic Potential of T Cell Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) in Cancer Treatment: Counteracting Off-Tumor Toxicities for Safe CAR T Cell Therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 56:59-83. [PMID: 26738472 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a recombinant fusion protein combining an antibody-derived targeting fragment with signaling domains capable of activating T cells. Recent early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated the remarkable ability of CAR-modified T cells to eliminate B cell malignancies. This review describes the choice of target antigens and CAR manipulations to maximize antitumor specificity. Benefits and current limitations of CAR-modified T cells are discussed, with a special focus on the distribution of tumor antigens on normal tissues and the risk of on-target, off-tumor toxicities in the clinical setting. We present current methodologies for pre-evaluating these risks and review the strategies for counteracting potential off-tumor effects. Successful implementation of these approaches will improve the safety and efficacy of CAR T cell therapy and extend the range of cancer patients who may be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Gross
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL, Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; .,Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel.,Center of Cancer Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Zelig Eshhar
- Center of Cancer Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel.,Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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6
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Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Advances and advantages of nanomedicine in the pharmacological targeting of hyaluronan-CD44 interactions and signaling in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 123:277-317. [PMID: 25081534 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800092-2.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive experimental evidence in cell and animal tumor models show that hyaluronan-CD44 interactions are crucial in both malignancy and resistance to cancer therapy. Because of the intimate relationship between the hyaluronan-CD44 system and tumor cell survival and growth, it is an increasingly investigated area for applications to anticancer chemotherapeutics. Interference with the hyaluronan-CD44 interaction by targeting drugs to CD44, targeting drugs to the hyaluronan matrix, or interfering with hyaluronan matrix/tumor cell-associated CD44 interactions is a viable strategy for cancer treatment. Many of these methods can decrease tumor burden in animal models but have yet to show significant clinical utility. Recent advances in nanomedicine have offered new valuable tools for cancer detection, prevention, and treatment. The enhanced permeability and retention effect has served as key rationale for using nanoparticles to treat solid tumors. However, the targeted and uniform delivery of these particles to all regions of tumors in sufficient quantities requires optimization. An ideal nanocarrier should be equipped with selective ligands that are highly or exclusively expressed on target cells and thus endow the carriers with specific targeting capabilities. In this review, we describe how the hyaluronan-CD44 system may provide such an alternative in tumors expressing specific CD44 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Chrisostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras, Greece.
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7
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Dotti G, Gottschalk S, Savoldo B, Brenner MK. Design and development of therapies using chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:107-26. [PMID: 24329793 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigators developed chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for expression on T cells more than 25 years ago. When the CAR is derived from an antibody, the resultant cell should combine the desirable targeting features of an antibody (e.g. lack of requirement for major histocompatibility complex recognition, ability to recognize non-protein antigens) with the persistence, trafficking, and effector functions of a T cell. This article describes how the past two decades have seen a crescendo of research which has now begun to translate these potential benefits into effective treatments for patients with cancer. We describe the basic design of CARs, describe how antigenic targets are selected, and the initial clinical experience with CAR-T cells. Our review then describes our own and other investigators' work aimed at improving the function of CARs and reviews the clinical studies in hematological and solid malignancies that are beginning to exploit these approaches. Finally, we show the value of adding additional engineering features to CAR-T cells, irrespective of their target, to render them better suited to function in the tumor environment, and discuss how the safety of these heavily modified cells may be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Engineered T cells for cancer treatment. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:713-33. [PMID: 24239105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adoptively transferred T cells have the capacity to traffic to distant tumor sites, infiltrate fibrotic tissue and kill antigen-expressing tumor cells. Various groups have investigated different genetic engineering strategies designed to enhance tumor specificity, increase T cell potency, improve proliferation, persistence or migratory capacity and increase safety. This review focuses on recent developments in T cell engineering, discusses the clinical application of these engineered cell products and outlines future prospects for this therapeutic modality.
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9
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Abstract
T cells have the capacity to eradicate diseased cells, but tumours present considerable challenges that render T cells ineffectual. Cancer cells often make themselves almost 'invisible' to the immune system, and they sculpt a microenvironment that suppresses T cell activity, survival and migration. Genetic engineering of T cells can be used therapeutically to overcome these challenges. T cells can be taken from the blood of cancer patients and then modified with genes encoding receptors that recognize cancer-specific antigens. Additional genes can be used to enable resistance to immunosuppression, to extend survival and to facilitate the penetration of engineered T cells into tumours. Using genetic modification, highly active, self-propagating 'slayers' of cancer cells can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. michael.kershaw@ petermac.org
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10
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Maher J. Immunotherapy of malignant disease using chimeric antigen receptor engrafted T cells. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:278093. [PMID: 23304553 PMCID: PMC3523553 DOI: 10.5402/2012/278093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-) based immunotherapy has been under development for almost 25 years, over which period it has progressed from a new but cumbersome technology to an emerging therapeutic modality for malignant disease. The approach involves the genetic engineering of fusion receptors (CARs) that couple the HLA-independent binding of cell surface target molecules to the delivery of a tailored activating signal to host immune cells. Engineered CARs are delivered most commonly to peripheral blood T cells using a range of vector systems, most commonly integrating viral vectors. Preclinical refinement of this approach has proceeded over several years to the point that clinical testing is now being undertaken at several centres, using increasingly sophisticated and therapeutically successful genetic payloads. This paper considers several aspects of the pre-clinical and clinical development of CAR-based immunotherapy and how this technology is acquiring an increasing niche in the treatment of both solid and haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Department of Research Oncology, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals NHS Trust, Barnet, Hertfordshire EN5 3DJ, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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11
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Tong YQ, Liu B, Zheng HY, He YJ, Gu J, Li F, Li Y. Overexpression of BMI-1 is associated with poor prognosis in cervical cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012; 8:e55-62. [PMID: 22898137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2012.01564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been reported that BMI-1, a gene transcription promoter overexpressed in various human cancers, is associated with poor survival. We investigated whether BMI-1 is a marker for cervical cancer by detecting the expression of BMI-1 in cervical cancer. METHODS An immunohistochemistry (IHC) streptavidin-peroxidase technique was used to identify BMI-1 protein expression in 302 cervical cancer specimens. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were employed to measure BMI-1 mRNA and protein level. The correlation between BMI-1 expression and clinicopathological factors was analyzed. RESULTS Both BMI-1 mRNA and protein expression were evident in cervical carcinoma tissues. An intense positive rate of 55.3% (167/302) was observed by IHC. High BMI-1 expression was correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (P < 0.05), but there is insufficient evidence to confirm its value in tumor size, age, estrogen or progesterone receptor (P > 0.05). The BMI-1 protein level was positively correlated with the clinical stages of cervical carcinoma and a high BMI-1 expression was associated with poor prognosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The high expression of BMI-1 in cervical cancer is related to tumor progression, lymph node metastasis and HPV infection, suggesting that cervical cancer with excessive BMI-1 expression possesses high metastases potential and that BMI-1 may be a promising biomarker for predicting metastasis in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qing Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei 430060, China
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12
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Berry LJ, Moeller M, Darcy PK. Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer: the next generation of gene-engineered immune cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 74:277-89. [PMID: 19775368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy involving transfer of tumor-reactive T cells has shown some notable antitumor responses in a minority of cancer patients. In particular, transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has resulted in long-term objective responses in patients with advanced melanoma. However, the inability to isolate sufficient numbers of tumor-specific T cells from most malignancies has restricted the broad utility of this approach. An emerging approach to circumvent this limitation involves the genetic modification of effector cells with T cell receptor (TCR) transgenes or chimeric single-chain variable fragment (scFv) receptors that can specifically redirect T cells to tumor. There has been much progress in the design of TCR and scFv receptors to enhance the antigen-specific activation of effector cells and their trafficking and persistence in vivo. Considerable effort has been directed toward improving the safety of this approach and reducing the immunogenicity of the receptor. This review discusses the latest developments in the field of adoptive immunotherapy using genetically modified immune cells that have been transduced with either TCR or scFv receptor transgenes and used in preclinical and clinical settings as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Berry
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapies can produce objective clinical responses in patients with hematologic and solid malignancies. Genetic manipulation of T lymphocytes has been proposed as a means of increasing the potency and range of this anti-tumor activity. We now review how coupling expression of transgenic receptors with countermeasures against potent tumor immune evasion strategies is proving highly effective in pre-clinical models and describe how these approaches are being evaluated in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Vera
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Malcolm K. Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to understand the role of the host immune system in clearing the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, strategies adopted by HPV to subvert the host immune responses and analyze the challenges to the future immunotherapeutic treatment modalities. RECENT FINDINGS Cervical epithelium provides a protective niche to the virus to subvert the immune responses. The absence of an inflammatory milieu in the cervix makes the resident dendritic and langerhan cells tolerogenic to HPV antigens. CD4 cells predominated in regressing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, whereas CD8 cells were dominant in invasive carcinoma. A reduced expression of T cell signaling molecule T-cell receptor zeta chain was observed in CD8 lymphocytes. Decreased numbers of NKG2D expressing natural killer and T cells were present in patients with cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Increased frequencies of CD4 CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells were observed in patients with cervical cancer. The Nrp-1+Treg showed greater suppressive activity. A network of Treg and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expressed in tumor cells facilitates immune escape of tumor cells. SUMMARY The HPV uses different strategies to evade immune recognition. Understanding the immune evasion mechanisms used by HPV will help in designing newer therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Patel
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
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Sadelain M, Brentjens R, Rivière I. The promise and potential pitfalls of chimeric antigen receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:215-23. [PMID: 19327974 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One important purpose of T cell engineering is to generate tumor-targeted T cells through the genetic transfer of antigen-specific receptors, which consist of either physiological, MHC-restricted T cell receptors (TCRs) or non MHC-restricted chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). CARs combine antigen-specificity and T cell activating properties in a single fusion molecule. First generation CARs, which included as their signaling domain the cytoplasmic region of the CD3zeta or Fc receptor gamma chain, effectively redirected T cell cytotoxicity but failed to enable T cell proliferation and survival upon repeated antigen exposure. Receptors encompassing both CD28 and CD3zeta are the prototypes for second generation CARs, which are now rapidly expanding to a diverse array of receptors with different functional properties. First generation CARs have been tested in phase I clinical studies in patients with ovarian cancer, renal cancer, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma, where they have induced modest responses. Second generation CARs, which are just now entering the clinical arena in the B cell malignancies and other cancers, will provide a more significant test for this approach. If the immunogenicity of CARs can be averted, the versatility of their design and HLA-independent antigen recognition will make CARs tools of choice for T cell engineering for the development of targeted cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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16
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Genetically engineered T cells expressing a HER2-specific chimeric receptor mediate antigen-specific tumor regression. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:382-92. [PMID: 18292797 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we developed a chimeric receptor (N29gamma chR) involving the single chain Fv (scFv) derived from N29 monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for p185HER2 and characterized the therapeutic efficacy of primary T cells engineered to express N29gamma chR in two histologically distinct murine tumor models. Murine breast (MT901) and fibrosarcoma (MCA207) cancer cell lines were engineered to express human HER2 as targets. Administration of N29gamma chR-expressing T cells eliminated 3-day pulmonary micrometastases of MT901/HER2 and MCA207/HER2 but not parental tumor cells. A 5 to 8-fold increased dose of N29gamma T cells was required to mediate regression of advanced 8-day macrometastases. Exogenous administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) after N29gamma T-cell transfer was dispensable for treatment of 3-day micrometastases, but was required for mediating regression of well-established 8-day macrometastases. Moreover, fractionated CD8 T cells expressing N29gamma chR suppressed HER2-positive tumor cell growth after adoptive transfer independent of CD4(+) cells. These data indicate that genetically modified T cells expressing a HER2-targeting chimeric receptor can mediate antigen-specific regression of preestablished metastatic cancers in a cell dose-dependent fashion. Systemic administration of IL-2 augments the therapeutic efficacy of these genetically engineered T cells in advanced diseases. These results are relevant to the implication of genetically redirected T cells in clinical cancer immunotherapy.
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17
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Morgenroth A, Cartellieri M, Schmitz M, Günes S, Weigle B, Bachmann M, Abken H, Rieber EP, Temme A. Targeting of tumor cells expressing the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) using genetically engineered T-cells. Prostate 2007; 67:1121-31. [PMID: 17492652 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curative therapeutic options for minimal residual disease or advanced tumor stages in prostate cancer (PCa) are still missing. Adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T-cells that have been polyclonally rendered tumor-specific by genetic engineering appears to be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. Among the numerous prostate tissue/tumor antigens identified during the last years, the "prostate stem cell antigen" (PSCA) is an attractive immunotherapeutic target. It is broadly expressed on the surface of primary PCa cells as well as on PCa metastases. METHODS To generate a chimeric T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizing PSCA, a monoclonal anti-PSCA antibody was raised and a single-chain fragment (scFv) was prepared. The resulting anti-PSCA scFv 7F5 was fused to the beta2 constant region derived from the beta-chain of a TCR and to the CD3zeta-signaling domain. RESULTS The chimeric alpha-PSCA-beta2/CD3zeta-TCR, expressed in Jurkat cells, was phosphorylated in the ITAMs of the CD3-zeta chain upon cross-linking by insolublized PSCA. When transduced into a mouse cytotoxic T-cell line, the chimeric receptor specifically activated cytotoxicity against PSCA-positive tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS We developed a functional chimeric TCR against PSCA for treatment of PCa. The chimeric alpha-PSCA-beta2/CD3zeta-TCR might now be used for arming human cytotoxic T-cells for further studies towards a clinical treatment of PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chimera/genetics
- Chimera/immunology
- Chimera/metabolism
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Jurkat Cells
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Morgenroth
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Gynecological malignancies remain a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the USA alone, more than 77,000 women are diagnosed annually and over 28,000 die of some form of a gynecological malignancy. Many of these women will fail conventional therapy, leaving few remaining treatment options. Gene therapy presents one possible alternative treatment modality although, unfortunately, it is currently more theoretical than practical. Here, some of the basic science behind gene therapy is reviewed, different delivery systems used to transport the therapeutic gene are discussed, different methods of achieving a therapeutic effect are examined, some of the key trials in ovarian, endometrial, cervical and vulvar cancer research are highlighted and the future of gene therapy is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Brooks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing leads to distinct products of gene expression in development and disease. Antagonistic splice variants of genes involved in differentiation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis often exist in a delicate equilibrium that is found to be perturbed in tumours. In several recent examples, splice variants that are overexpressed in cancer are expressed as hyper-oncogenic proteins, which often correlate with poor prognosis, thus suggesting improved diagnosis and follow up treatment. Global gene expression technologies are just beginning to decipher the interplay between alternatively spliced isoforms and protein-splicing factors that will lead to identification of the mutations in these trans-acting factors responsible for pathogenic alternative splicing in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian P Venables
- University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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Friedmann-Morvinski D, Eshhar Z. Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer using effector lymphocytes redirected with antibody specificity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uct.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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