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Zhang J, Qi J, Wei H, Lei Y, Yu H, Liu N, Zhao L, Wang P. TGFβ1 in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Is Associated With Progression and Radiosensitivity in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667645. [PMID: 34095135 PMCID: PMC8172974 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is aggressive, with early metastasis. Cytokines secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within various tumors influences these features, but the function in particular of TGFβ1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is controversial and unknown in SCLC. This study explored the influence of TGFβ1 in CAFs on the development, immune microenvironment, and radiotherapy sensitivity of SCLC. Methods SCLC specimens were collected from 90 patients who had received no treatment before surgery. Tumor and tumor stroma were subjected to multiplex immunohistochemistry to quantitate TGFβ1 and other immune factors in CAFs. Cell proliferation and flow cytometry apoptosis assays were used to investigate associations between TGFβ1 and proliferation and radiotherapy sensitivity. The immune factors in tumors were detected by immunohistochemistry in vitro and in vivo (mice). Results TGFβ1 levels on CAFs lower or higher than the median were found, respectively, in 52.2 and 47.8% of patients; overall survival of patients with TGFβ1-high levels (53.9 mo) was significantly longer than that of the TGFβ1-low group (26.9 mo; P = 0.037). The univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that a TGFβ1-high level was an independent predictor of increased survival time. TGFβ1-high levels in CAFs were associated with inhibition of growth, proliferation, antitumor immunity, and enhanced radiotherapeutic sensitivity and tumor immunity of tumor. TGFβ1-low levels promoted tumor cell growth and radiotherapy sensitivity in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion High levels of TGFβ1 in CAFs were associated with longer overall survival in patients with SCLC and enhanced radiotherapy sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Qi
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Nankai University), Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningbo Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lujun Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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2
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Cioni C, Tassi M, Marotta G, Mugnaini C, Corelli F, Annunziata P. A Novel Highly Selective Cannabinoid CB2 Agonist Reduces in vitro Growth and TGF-beta Release of Human Glial Cell Tumors. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:206-214. [PMID: 31549596 DOI: 10.2174/1871524919666190923154351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid receptors have been detected in human gliomas and cannabinoids have been proposed as novel drug candidates in the treatment of brain tumors. AIMS To test the in vitro antitumor activity of COR167, a novel cannabinoid CB2-selective agonist displaying a high binding affinity for human CB2 receptors, on tumor cells isolated from human glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. METHODS Glioma cell cultures were established from two glioblastoma multiforme and two anaplastic astrocytomas. Proliferation was measured in the presence or absence of COR167 with a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell proliferation ELISA assay. CB2 receptor expression was detected by western blotting. Apoptosis was assessed with phycoerythrin (PE) annexin V flow cytometry kit. TGF-beta 1 and 2 levels were analyzed in culture supernatants with commercial ELISAs. RESULTS COR167 was found to significantly reduce the proliferation of both glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma in a dose-dependent manner at lower doses than other known, less specific CB2 agonists. This activity is independent of apoptosis and is associated with a significant reduction of TGF-beta 1 and 2 levels in supernatants of glioma cell cultures. CONCLUSION These findings add to the role of cannabinoid CB2 receptor as a possible pharmacological target to counteract glial tumor growth and encourage further work to explore any other pharmacological effect of this novel CB2 agonist useful in the treatment of human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cioni
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maristella Tassi
- Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marotta
- Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pasquale Annunziata
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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3
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Nana AW, Yang PM, Lin HY. Overview of Transforming Growth Factor β Superfamily Involvement in Glioblastoma Initiation and Progression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6813-23. [PMID: 26514451 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive of human brain tumors and has a stunning progression with a mean survival of one year from the date of diagnosis. High cell proliferation, angiogenesis and/or necrosis are histopathological features of this cancer, which has no efficient curative therapy. This aggressiveness is associated with particular heterogeneity of the tumor featuring multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, but also with implications of aberrant signaling driven by growth factors. The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily is a large group of structurally related proteins including TGFβ subfamily members Nodal, Activin, Lefty, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factor (GDF). It is involved in important biological functions including morphogenesis, embryonic development, adult stem cell differentiation, immune regulation, wound healing and inflammation. This superfamily is also considered to impact on cancer biology including that of GBM, with various effects depending on the member. The TGFβ subfamily, in particular, is overexpressed in some GBM types which exhibit aggressive phenotypes. This subfamily impairs anti-cancer immune responses in several ways, including immune cells inhibition and major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and II abolishment. It promotes GBM angiogenesis by inducing angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I) and insulin- like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), contributes to GBM progression by inducing metalloproteinases (MMPs), "pro-neoplastic" integrins (αvβ3, α5β1) and GBM initiating cells (GICs) as well as inducing a GBM mesenchymal phenotype. Equally, Nodal promotes GICs, induces cancer metabolic switch and supports GBM cell proliferation, but is negatively regulated by Lefty. Activin promotes GBM cell proliferation while GDF yields immune-escape function. On the other hand, BMPs target GICS and induce differentiation and sensitivity to chemotherapy. This multifaceted involvement of this superfamily in GBM necessitates different strategies in anti-cancer therapy. While suppressing the TGFβ subfamily yields advantageous results, enhancing BMPs production is also beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Wendindonde Nana
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan E-mail :
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4
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Zolochevska O, Figueiredo ML. Novel tumor growth inhibition mechanism by cell cycle regulator cdk2ap1 involves antiangiogenesis modulation. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:324-31. [PMID: 20541561 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of expressing the cell cycle regulator protein cdk2-associating protein1 (cdk2ap1) in inhibiting growth of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Expression of cdk2ap1 correlated with reduction in several SCC malignant cell phenotypes, including reduced angiogenesis. We observed several alterations in gene expression consistent with classical functions of cdk2ap1, including upregulation of cell cycle inhibitory genes, and an upregulation in expression of genes belonging to both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cascades. Interestingly, we also uncovered a profile of gene expression and activation of signaling pathways that may suggest new tumor-suppressive functions for cdk2ap1 through downregulation of invasion/metastasis and modulation of antiangiogenesis by upregulation of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Blocking of the TGFβ1 pathway resulted in inhibition of the cdk2ap1 antiangiogenesis phenotype. In combination, these data support the role of cdk2ap1 as a tumor suppressor gene that can regulate SCC tumor growth in a cell autonomous manner through decreases in invasiveness and a non-cell autonomous manner through decreases in angiogenesis phenotypes, and these are novel phenotypes induced by cdk2ap1.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genotype
- Humans
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zolochevska
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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5
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Calonge E, Alonso-Lobo JM, Escandón C, González N, Bermejo M, Santiago B, Mestre L, Pablos JL, Caruz A, Alcamí J. c/EBPbeta is a major regulatory element driving transcriptional activation of the CXCL12 promoter. J Mol Biol 2009; 396:463-72. [PMID: 19962993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CXCL12 is considered a constitutively expressed chemokine with homeostatic functions. However, induction of CXCL12 expression and its potential role in several pathologic conditions have been reported, suggesting that CXCL12 gene expression can be induced by different stimuli. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of CXCL12 gene expression, we aim to define the molecular factors that operate at the transcriptional level. Basal, constitutive expression of CXCL12 was dependent on basic helix-loop-helix factors. Transcriptional up-regulation of the CXCL12 gene was induced by cellular confluence or inflammatory stimuli such as interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, in a CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (c/EBPbeta)-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed c/EBPbeta binding to a specific response element located at -1171 of the promoter region of CXCL12. Our data show that c/EBPbeta is a major regulatory element driving transcription of the CXCL12 gene in response to cytokines and cell confluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calonge
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Estrogen increases survival in an orthotopic model of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2009; 95:37-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Luwor RB, Kaye AH, Zhu HJ. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and brain tumours. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15:845-55. [PMID: 18550374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the late 1970s considerable research has linked transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) to several human diseases such as fibrosis, auto-immunity and cancer. TGF-beta acts initially as a growth inhibitory factor in early stages of tumour development. In contrast, as tumours evolve, they develop mechanisms to evade the growth-regulatory effects of TGF-beta, resulting in greater tumour invasiveness, increased metastatic potential and inhibition of surrounding immune responses. However, although extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms that trigger tumour cells to "switch" from TGF-beta-inhibited to TGF-beta-promoted are still not fully understood. Contradictory studies that demonstrate opposite cellular effects mediated by TGF-beta are abundant throughout the literature. This review summarizes the current molecular mechanisms involved in the tumour suppressive and tumour progressive characteristics of TGF-beta in brain tumours. Potential therapeutic agents that target TGF-beta and related proteins being evaluated against brain tumours is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Level 6, Clinical Sciences Building, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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8
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Wu M, Huang C, Li X, Li X, Gan K, Chen Q, Tang Y, Tang K, Shen S, Li G. LRRC4 inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis by downregulating pleiotropic cytokine expression and responses. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:65-74. [PMID: 17541939 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat C4 (LRRC4) has been shown to inhibit glioma cell proliferation, however, little is known about the mechanism(s) underlying the action of LRRC4. Here, we show that two glioblstoma U251 cell clones stably expressing LRRC4 were established. LRRC4 expression significantly inhibited the expression of some cytokines and their receptors determined by microarray and Western blot assays, and dramatically reduced cytokine-induced AP-1, NF-kB, and CyclinD1 activation in glioma cells. Furthermore, LRRC4 expression in glioma cells significantly downregulated spontaneous and cytokine-induced expression of K-RAS and phosphorylation of c-Raf, ERK, AKT, NF-kBp65, p70S6K, and PKC, suggesting that LRRC4 inhibited receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways. Moreover, treatment with bFGF, IGF1, or IGF2 stimulated LRRC4(-/-), but not the LRRC4(+), glioma cell proliferation, indicating that LRRC4 mitigated cytokine-stimulated proliferation in glioma cells. In addition, treatment of LRRC4(-/-) glioma cells with EGF, IGF2, or PDGF promoted long distance mobilization, but induced little migration in LRRC4(+) glioma cells, suggesting that LRRC4 retarded cytokine-promoted glioma cell migration in vitro. Finally, human vessel endothelial cells (ECV304) treated with VEGF grew, aligned and formed hollow tube-like structures in vitro. In contrast, LRRC4(+) ECV304 treated with VEGF failed to form vessel-tube structures. Collectively, LRRC4 expression inhibited the expression of some growth factors, cytokines and their receptors, and the capacity of glioma cells responding to cytokine stimulation, leading to inhibition of glioma cell proliferation. Conceivably, induction of LRRC4 expression may provide new intervention for human glioma in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
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9
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Arslan F, Bosserhoff AK, Nickl-Jockschat T, Doerfelt A, Bogdahn U, Hau P. The role of versican isoforms V0/V1 in glioma migration mediated by transforming growth factor-beta2. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1560-8. [PMID: 17453002 PMCID: PMC2359935 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Versican is a large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan produced by several tumour cell types, including high-grade glioma. The increased expression of certain versican isoforms in the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a role in tumour cell growth, adhesion and migration. Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is an important modulator of glioma invasion, partially by remodeling the ECM. However, it is unknown whether it interacts with versican during malignant progression of glioma cells. Here, we analysed the effect of TGF-β2 on the expression of versican isoforms. The expression of versican V0/V1 was upregulated by TGF-β2 detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoprecipitation, whereas V2 was not induced. Using time-lapse scratch and spheroid migration assays, we observed that the glioma migration rate is significantly increased by exogenous TGF-β2 and inhibited by TGF-β2-specific antisense oligonucleotides. Interestingly, an antibody specific for the DPEAAE region of glycosaminoglycan-β domain of versican was able to reverse the effect of TGF-β2 on glioma migration in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we report here that TGF-β2 triggers the malignant phenotype of high-grade gliomas by induction of migration, and that this effect is, at least in part, mediated by versican V0/V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arslan
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 84, Regensburg 93053, Germany
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Oslo 0317, Norway
| | - A-K Bosserhoff
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - T Nickl-Jockschat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - A Doerfelt
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 84, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - U Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 84, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - P Hau
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 84, Regensburg 93053, Germany
- E-mail:
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