1
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Eisendle K, Weinlich G, Ebner S, Forstner M, Reider D, Zelle‐Rieser C, Tripp CH, Fritsch P, Stoitzner P, Romani N, Nguyen VA. Combining chemotherapy and autologous peptide-pulsed dendritic cells provides survival benefit in stage IV melanoma patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1270-1277. [PMID: 33197129 PMCID: PMC7756560 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We examined retrospectively whether the combination of standard dacarbazine (DTIC) and/or fotemustine chemotherapy and autologous peptide-loaded dendritic cell (DC) vaccination may improve survival of stage IV melanoma patients. Furthermore, a small cohort of long-term survivors was studied in more detail. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1998 and 2008, 41 patients were vaccinated at least three times with DCs while receiving chemotherapy and compared to all other 168 patients in our database who only received chemotherapy (1993-2008). RESULTS Median life expectancy of patients receiving additional DC-vaccination was 18 months, compared to eleven months for patients under standard chemotherapy alone. In contrast to patients with other haplotypes, the HLA-A1/A1 subset of DC-treated patients showed significantly lower median survival (12 vs. 25 months). Autoantibodies were frequently detected in serum of both vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients, and there was no correlation between titers, loss or appearance of autoantibodies and survival. Additionally, phenotyping of DCs and PBMCs also did not reveal any conspicuous correlation with survival. CONCLUSIONS Combining standard chemotherapy and DC vaccination appears superior to chemotherapy alone. The impact of HLA haplotypes on survival emphasizes the importance of a careful selection of patients with specific, well-defined HLA haplotypes for future vaccination trials using peptide-pulsed DCs, possibly combined with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eisendle
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of Dermatology and VenerologyCentral Hospital of BolzanoItaly
| | - Georg Weinlich
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of VisceralTransplant and Thoracic SurgeryMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Markus Forstner
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Daniela Reider
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Claudia Zelle‐Rieser
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Peter Fritsch
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Van Anh Nguyen
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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2
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Eisendle K, Weinlich G, Ebner S, Forstner M, Reider D, Zelle‐Rieser C, Tripp CH, Fritsch P, Stoitzner P, Romani N, Nguyen VA. Kombination von Chemotherapie und autologen, Peptid‐beladenen dendritischen Zellen bringt Überlebensvorteil bei Melanompatienten im Stadium IV. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1270-1279. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14334_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eisendle
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
- Abteilung Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Zentrales Lehrkrankenhaus Bolzano/Bozen Südtiroler Sanitätsbetriebe Bolzano/Bozen Italia
| | - Georg Weinlich
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
- Universitätsklinik Klinik für Visceral‐ Transplantations‐ und Thoraxchirurgie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Markus Forstner
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Daniela Reider
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Claudia Zelle‐Rieser
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Peter Fritsch
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Van Anh Nguyen
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
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3
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Effects of Influenza Derived Peptide on CD8 T Cell Responses to MHC Class I-Restricted Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT)-Derived Peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Wang S, Xu Y, Chan HF, Kim HW, Wang Y, Leong KW, Chen M. Nanoparticle-mediated inhibition of survivin to overcome drug resistance in cancer therapy. J Control Release 2016; 240:454-464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Noble F, Mellows T, McCormick Matthews LH, Bateman AC, Harris S, Underwood TJ, Byrne JP, Bailey IS, Sharland DM, Kelly JJ, Primrose JN, Sahota SS, Bateman AR, Thomas GJ, Ottensmeier CH. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes correlate with improved survival in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:651-62. [PMID: 27020682 PMCID: PMC4880639 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is increasingly common in the west, and survival remains poor at 10-15 % at 5 years. Immune responses are increasingly implicated as a determining factor of tumour progression. The ability of lymphocytes to recognise tumour antigens provides a mechanism for a host immune attack against cancer providing a potential treatment strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs: CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and FOXp3+) were assessed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays in a contemporary and homogeneous cohort of OAC patients (n = 128) undergoing curative treatment. RESULTS Multivariate analysis identified three independent prognostic factors for improved cancer-specific survival (CSS): increased CD8+ TILs (p = 0.003), completeness of resection (p < 0.0001) and lower pathological N stage (p < 0.0001). Independent prognostic factors for favourable disease-free survival included surgery-only treatment (p = 0.015), completeness of resection (p = 0.001), increased CD8+ TILs (p < 0.0001) and reduced pathological N stage (p < 0.0001). Higher levels of TILs in the pathological specimen were associated with significant pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). On multivariate analysis increased levels of CD4+ (p = 0.017) and CD8+ TILs (p = 0.005) were associated with significant local tumour regression and lymph node downstaging, respectively. DISCUSSION Our results establish an association of TILs and survival in OAC, as seen in other solid tumours, and identify particular TIL subsets that are present at higher levels in patients who responded to NAC compared to non-responders. These findings highlight potential therapeutic strategies in EAC based on utilising the host immunological response and highlight the immune responses biomarker potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Noble
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Toby Mellows
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Leo H McCormick Matthews
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Adrian C Bateman
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Scott Harris
- Public Health Sciences and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Timothy J Underwood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - James P Byrne
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian S Bailey
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Donna M Sharland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Jamie J Kelly
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - John N Primrose
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Surinder S Sahota
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew R Bateman
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Care, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building (MP824), Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Care, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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6
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Chang MC, Chen YL, Chiang YC, Chen TC, Tang YC, Chen CA, Sun WZ, Cheng WF. Mesothelin-specific cell-based vaccine generates antigen-specific immunity and potent antitumor effects by combining with IL-12 immunomodulator. Gene Ther 2015; 23:38-49. [PMID: 26262583 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a gynecologic malignancy with a high mortality rate. In the present study, we developed a novel cell-based vaccine, Meso-VAX, to generate mesothelin antigen-specific immune responses and immunotherapy against ovarian cancer. Mesothelin, a secreted protein anchored at the cell membrane, has recently been identified as a potential new tumor antigen for ovarian cancer. In this study, mice vaccinated with Meso-VAX and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-IL-12 exhibited dramatic increases in the number of mesothelin-specific CD4(+) helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell precursors, higher titers of anti-mesothelin Abs and in vitro tumor killing activity, and all of these mice were tumor-free after 60 days of tumor challenge. In addition, a significant reduction in peritoneal tumors and longer survival were noted in the mice vaccinated with Meso-VAX combined with AAV-IL-12. CD4(+) helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes were essential for the antitumor effect generated by Meso-VAX combined with AAV-IL-12. The post-vaccination sera of the mice vaccinated with Meso-VAX and AAV-IL-12 also showed mesothelin-specific complement-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that a Meso-VAX cell-based vaccine combined with AAV-IL-12 can generate antigen-specific immunological responses and antitumor effects on ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-L Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-C Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-A Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-Z Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-F Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, Medicine College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Apetoh L, Ladoire S, Coukos G, Ghiringhelli F. Combining immunotherapy and anticancer agents: the right path to achieve cancer cure? Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1813-1823. [PMID: 25922066 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials revealed the impressive efficacy of immunological checkpoint blockade in different types of metastatic cancers. Such data underscore that immunotherapy is one of the most promising strategies for cancer treatment. In addition, preclinical studies provide evidence that some cytotoxic drugs have the ability to stimulate the immune system, resulting in anti-tumor immune responses that contribute to clinical efficacy of these agents. These observations raise the hypothesis that the next step for cancer treatment is the combination of cytotoxic agents and immunotherapies. The present review aims to summarize the immune-mediated effects of chemotherapeutic agents and their clinical relevance, the biological and clinical features of immune checkpoint blockers and finally, the preclinical and clinical rationale for novel therapeutic strategies combining anticancer agents and immune checkpoint blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Apetoh
- Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, INSERM, U866, Dijon; Department of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon; Department of Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - S Ladoire
- Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, INSERM, U866, Dijon; Department of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon; Department of Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - G Coukos
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Ghiringhelli
- Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, INSERM, U866, Dijon; Department of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon; Department of Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France.
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8
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Larsen HL, Andersen MH, Wandall HH, Madsen CB, Christensen RE, Petersen TR, Pedersen AE. Induction of Bcl-xL-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:111-20. [PMID: 24846184 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The induction of active immunity against tumour-associated antigens to prevent relapse of cancer is a promising approach but has so far shown only low efficacy. This low efficacy may in part be due to clonal escape of tumour cell variants by the downregulation of antigen expression or inflammation-induced dedifferentiation. Identification of novel tumour-associated antigens that at the same time are essential for continued tumour cell survival is thus critical for the development of active cancer vaccinations. At the same time, identification of novel endogenous murine tumour antigens will help improve preclinical development of cancer immunotherapy. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL has been suggested to be such an essential tumour antigen, but the lack of well-defined murine epitopes have delayed preclinical studies of Bcl-xL-targeting cancer vaccines. Here, we report the identification of two novel murine tumour-associated epitopes TAYQSFEQV and AFFSFGGAL derived from mouse Bcl-xL. Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination induced CD8(+) T cells capable of producing IFN-γ upon restimulation with these epitopes. Thus, our data may benefit the design of future immunotherapy strategies by providing a preclinical model for cancer vaccination with an endogenous tumour antigen that can be combined with other cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Larsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Fotin-Mleczek M, Zanzinger K, Heidenreich R, Lorenz C, Thess A, Duchardt KM, Kallen KJ. Highly potent mRNA based cancer vaccines represent an attractive platform for combination therapies supporting an improved therapeutic effect. J Gene Med 2012; 14:428-39. [PMID: 22262664 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct vaccination with mRNA encoding tumor antigens is a novel and promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. CureVac's mRNA vaccines contain free and protamine-complexed mRNA. Such two-component mRNA vaccines support both antigen expression and immune stimulation. These self-adjuvanting RNA vaccines, administered intradermally without any additional adjuvant, induce a comprehensive balanced immune response, comprising antigen specific CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells. The balanced immune response results in a strong anti-tumor effect and complete protection against antigen positive tumor cells. This tumor inhibition elicited by mRNA vaccines is a result of the concerted action of different players. After just two intradermal vaccinations, we observe multiple changes at the tumor site, including the up-regulation of many genes connected to T and natural killer cell activation, as well as genes responsible for improved infiltration of immune cells into the tumor via chemotaxis. The two-component mRNA vaccines induce a very fast and boostable immune response. Therefore, the vaccination schedules can be adjusted to suit the clinical situation. Moreover, by combining the mRNA vaccines with therapies in clinical use (chemotherapy or anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy), an even more effective anti-tumor response can be elicited. The first clinical data obtained from two separate Phase I/IIa trials conducted in PCA (prostate cancer) and NSCLC (non-small cell lung carcinoma) patients have shown that the two-component mRNA vaccines are safe, well tolerated and highly immunogenic in humans.
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10
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Mishra J, Drummond J, Quazi SH, Karanki SS, Shaw JJ, Chen B, Kumar N. Prospective of colon cancer treatments and scope for combinatorial approach to enhanced cancer cell apoptosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 86:232-50. [PMID: 23098684 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the western world. It is also the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States with a recent estimate for new cases of colorectal cancer in the year 2012 being around 103,170. Various risk factors for colorectal cancer include life-style, diet, age, personal and family history, and racial and ethnic background. While a few cancers are certainly preventable but this does not hold true for colon cancer as it is often detected in its advanced stage and generally not diagnosed until symptoms become apparent. Despite the fact that several options are available for treating this cancer through surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and nutritional-supplement therapy, but the success rates are not very encouraging when used alone where secondary complications appear in almost all these therapies. To maximize the therapeutic-effects in patients, combinatorial approaches are essential. In this review we have discussed the therapies previously and currently available to patients diagnosed with colorectal-cancer, focus on some recent developments in basic research that has shaded lights on new therapeutic-concepts utilizing macrophages/dendritic cells, natural killer cells, gene delivery, siRNA-, and microRNA-technology, and specific-targeting of tyrosine kinases that are either mutated or over-expressed in the cancerous cell to treat these cancer. Potential strategies are discussed where these concepts could be applied to the existing therapies under a comprehensive approach to enhance the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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11
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Greve B, Sheikh-Mounessi F, Kemper B, Ernst I, Götte M, Eich HT. Survivin, a target to modulate the radiosensitivity of Ewing's sarcoma. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 188:1038-47. [PMID: 23053158 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Radiotherapy constitutes an essential element in the multimodal therapy of Ewing's sarcoma. Compared to other sarcomas, Ewing tumors normally show a good response to radiotherapy. However, there are consistently tumors with a radioresistant phenotype, and the underlying mechanisms are not known in detail. Here we investigated the association between survivin protein expression and the radiosensitivity of Ewing's sarcoma in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS An siRNA-based knockdown approach was used to investigate the influence of survivin expression on cell proliferation, double-strand break (DSB) induction and repair, apoptosis and colony-forming ability in four Ewing's sarcoma cell lines with and without irradiation. RESULTS Survivin protein and mRNA were upregulated in all cell lines tested in a dose-dependent manner. As a result of survivin knockdown, STA-ET-1 cells showed reduced cell proliferation, an increased number of radiation-induced DSBs, and reduced repair. Apoptosis was increased by knockdown alone and increased further in combination with irradiation. Colony formation was significantly reduced by survivin knockdown in combination with irradiation. CONCLUSION Survivin is a radiation-inducible protein in Ewing's sarcoma and its down-regulation sensitizes cells toward irradiation. Survivin knockdown in combination with radiation inhibits cell proliferation, repair, and colony formation significantly and increases apoptosis more than each single treatment alone. This might open new perspectives in the radiation treatment of Ewing's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Greve
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie -Radioonkologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 Gebäude A1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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12
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu C, Zhang L, Xia Q, Zhang Y, Wu J, Jiang C, Chen Y, Wu Y, Zha X, Yu X, Kong W. DNA and adenovirus tumor vaccine expressing truncated survivin generates specific immune responses and anti-tumor effects in a murine melanoma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1857-67. [PMID: 22706381 PMCID: PMC11028718 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is overexpressed in major types of cancer and is considered an ideal "universal" tumor-associated antigen that can be targeted by immunotherapeutic vaccines. However, its anti-apoptosis function raises certain safety concerns. Here, a new truncated human survivin, devoid of the anti-apoptosis function, was generated as a candidate tumor vaccine. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) has been widely used as an adjuvant for vaccination against various diseases. Meanwhile, the DNA prime and recombinant adenovirus (rAd) boost heterologous immunization strategy has been proven to be highly effective in enhancing immune responses. Therefore, the efficacy of a new cancer vaccine based on a truncated form of survivin, combined with IL-2, DNA prime, and rAd boost, was tested. As prophylaxis, immunization with the DNA vaccine alone resulted in a weak immune response and modest anti-tumor effect, whereas the tumor inhibition ratio with the DNA vaccine administered with IL-2 increased to 89 % and was further increased to nearly 100 % by rAd boosting. Moreover, complete tumor rejection was observed in 5 of 15 mice. Efficacy of the vaccine administered therapeutically was enhanced by nearly 300 % when combined with carboplatin. These results indicated that vaccination with a truncated survivin vaccine using DNA prime-rAd boost combined with IL-2 adjuvant and carboplatin represents an attractive strategy to overcoming immune tolerance to tumors and has potential therapeutic benefits in melanoma cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carboplatin/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/immunology
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- Survivin
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Lixing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Qiu Xia
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Yongge Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Xiao Zha
- Sichuan Tumor Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012 China
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13
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Liu H, Zhang T, Ye J, Li H, Huang J, Li X, Wu B, Huang X, Hou J. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to chemotherapy in patients with advance non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1849-56. [PMID: 22456757 PMCID: PMC11029471 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating preclinical evidence suggests that anticancer immune responses contribute to the success of chemotherapy. The predictive significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic and predictive value of TIL subtypes in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. In total, 159 patients with stage III and IV NSCLC were retrospectively enrolled. The prevalence of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) TILs was assessed by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue obtained before chemotherapy. The density of TILs subgroups was treated as dichotomous variables using the median values as cutoff. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences in overall survival between groups were determined using the Log-rank test. Prognostic effects of TIL subsets density were evaluated by Cox regression analysis. The presence of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and FOXP3(+) TILs was not correlated with any clinicopathological features. Neither the prevalence of TILs nor combined analysis displayed obvious prognostic performances for overall survival in Cox regression model. Instead, higher FOXP3(+)/CD8(+) ratio in tumor sites was an independent factor for poor response to platinum-based chemotherapy in overall cohort. These findings suggest that immunological CD8(+) and FOXP3(+)Tregs cell infiltrate within tumor environment is predictive of response to platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. The understanding of the clinical relevance of the microenvironmental immunological milieu might provide an important clue for the design of novel strategies in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-Sen University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Street, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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14
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Peng S, Lyford-Pike S, Akpeng B, Wu A, Hung CF, Hannaman D, Saunders JR, Wu TC, Pai SI. Low-dose cyclophosphamide administered as daily or single dose enhances the antitumor effects of a therapeutic HPV vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 62:171-82. [PMID: 23011589 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although therapeutic HPV vaccines are able to elicit systemic HPV-specific immunity, clinical responses have not always correlated with levels of vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells in human clinical trials. This observed discrepancy may be attributable to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in which the CD8(+) T cells are recruited. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are cells that can dampen cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cell function. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a systemic chemotherapeutic agent, which can eradicate immune cells, including inhibitory Tregs. The optimal dose and schedule of CTX administration in combination with immunotherapy to eliminate the Treg population without adversely affecting vaccine-induced T-cell responses is unknown. Therefore, we investigated various dosing and administration schedules of CTX in combination with a therapeutic HPV vaccine in a preclinical tumor model. HPV tumor-bearing mice received either a single preconditioning dose or a daily dose of CTX in combination with the pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox) DNA vaccine. Both single and daily dosing of CTX in combination with vaccine had a synergistic antitumor effect as compared to monotherapy alone. The potent antitumor responses were attributed to the reduction in Treg frequency and increased infiltration of HPV16 E7-specific CD8(+) T cells, which led to higher ratios of CD8(+)/Treg and CD8(+)/CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). There was an observed trend toward decreased vaccine-induced CD8(+) T-cell frequency with daily dosing of CTX. We recommend a single, preconditioning dose of CTX prior to vaccination due to its efficacy, ease of administration, and reduced cumulative adverse effect on vaccine-induced T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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15
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Targeting survivin in cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 332:225-8. [PMID: 22410464 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With almost 4000 citations in Medline in a little over 10 years, survivin has certainly kept scores of investigators busy worldwide. Tangible progress has been made in revealing the multiple functions of survivin, uncovering their wirings as integrated cellular networks, and mapping their exploitation in virtually every human tumor, in vivo. Considering the normally long and excruciating timeline of oncology drug discovery, it is clearly a resounding success that a better understanding of survivin biology has led to several clinical trials of survivin-based therapeutics in cancer patients. However, the portfolio of survivin antagonists available in the clinic remains small, pressing the need for a less rigid drug development approach to fully unlock the potential of this unique, albeit unconventional oncology drug target.
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Hunter TB, Manimala NJ, Luddy KA, Catlin T, Antonia SJ. Paclitaxel and TRAIL synergize to kill paclitaxel-resistant small cell lung cancer cells through a caspase-independent mechanism mediated through AIF. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:3193-3204. [PMID: 21965726 PMCID: PMC4241353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive form of lung cancer with poor disease outcome. The chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel (PA) is commonly used as a second-line treatment in SCLC, but response rates are low. MATERIALS AND METHODS 86M1 SCLC cells were treated in the presence or absence of paclitaxel and TRAIL or the combination for 24 hours. Western blot analysis was utilized to examine protein expression, cell surface protein expression and membrane integrity were elucidated by flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence microscopy was used to demonstrate translocation of proteins to the cell nucleus. RESULTS Human 86M1 SCLC cells were found to be resistant to PA killing in vitro. This resistance is mediated by up-regulation of pro-survival protein BCL-xl. However, PA also increases surface expression of death receptors 4 and 5 (DR4 and DR5, respectively). The death receptors' ligand increased SCLC killing by PA through an apparent caspase-independent route involving activation/translocation of AIF. CONCLUSION The addition of TRAIL to PA can potentiate apoptosis in a relatively PA-resistant SCLC line (specifically 86M1 cells). More importantly, we are the first to report an active method of resistance to paclitaxel in SCLC via BCL-xl up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri B Hunter
- Immunology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
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17
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Straten PT, Andersen MH. The anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family are attractive tumor-associated antigens. Oncotarget 2011; 1:239-45. [PMID: 21304176 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and Mcl-2) are pivotal regulators of apoptotic cell death. They are all highly overexpressed in cancers of different origin in which they enhance the survival of the cancer cells. Consequently, they represent prime candidates for anti-cancer therapy and specific antisense oligonucleotides or small molecule inhibitors have shown broad anti-cancer activities in pre-clinical models and are currently tested in clinical trials. In addition, immune-mediated tumor destruction is emerging as an interesting modality to treat cancer patients. Notably, spontaneous cellular immune responses against the Bcl-2 family proteins have been identified as frequent features in cancer patients underscoring that these proteins are natural targets for the immune system. Thus, Bcl-2 family may serve as an important and widely applicable target for anti-cancer immunotherapeutic strategies, alone or in the combination with conventional therapy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of Bcl-2 family proteins as T-cell antigens, which has set the stage for the first explorative trial using these antigens in therapeutic vaccinations against cancer, and discuss future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per thor Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev University Hospital, Denmark
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18
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19
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Driessens G, Nuttin L, Gras A, Maetens J, Mievis S, Schoore M, Velu T, Tenenbaum L, Préat V, Bruyns C. Development of a successful antitumor therapeutic model combining in vivo dendritic cell vaccination with tumor irradiation and intratumoral GM-CSF delivery. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:273-81. [PMID: 21076828 PMCID: PMC11029469 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of dendritic cells (DC) combined with GM-CSF secreting tumor cells has shown good therapeutic efficacy in several tumor models. Nevertheless, the engineering of GM-CSF secreting tumor cell line could represent a tedious step limiting its application for treatment in patients. We therefore developed in rats, an "all in vivo" strategy of combined vaccination using an in vivo local irradiation of the tumor as a source of tumor antigens for DC vaccines and an exogenous source of GM-CSF. We report here that supplying recombinant mGM-CSF by local injections or surgical implantation of osmotic pumps did not allow reproducing the therapeutic efficacy observed with in vitro prepared combined vaccines. To bypass this limitation possibly due to the short half-life of recombinant GM-CSF, we have generated adeno-associated virus coding for mGM-CSF and tested their efficacy to transduce tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo vaccines combining local irradiation and AAV2/1-mGM-CSF vectors showed high therapeutic efficacy allowing to cure 60% of the rats with pre-implanted tumors, as previously observed with in vitro prepared vaccines. Same efficacy has been observed with a second generation of vaccines combining DC, local tumor irradiation, and the controlled supply of recombinant mGM-CSF in poloxamer 407, a biocompatible thermoreversible hydrogel. By generating a successful "all in vivo" vaccination protocol combining tumor radiotherapy with DC vaccines and a straightforward supply of GM-CSF, we have developed a therapeutic strategy easily translatable to clinic that could become accessible to a much bigger number of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Driessens
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium.
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20
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Maes W, Van Gool SW. Experimental immunotherapy for malignant glioma: lessons from two decades of research in the GL261 model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:153-60. [PMID: 21120655 PMCID: PMC11028904 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nearly twenty years of experimental immunotherapy for malignant glioma yielded important insights in the mechanisms governing glioma immunology. Still considered promising, it is clear that immunotherapy does not on its own represent the magic bullet in glioma therapy. In this review, we summarize the major immunotherapeutic achievements in the mouse GL261 glioma model, which has emerged as the gold standard syngeneic model for experimental glioma therapy. Gene therapy, monoclonal antibody treatment, cytokine therapy, cell transfer strategies and dendritic cell therapy were hereby considered. Apart from the considerable progress made in understanding glioma immunology in this model, we also addressed its most pertinent issues and shortcomings. Despite these, the GL261 model will remain indispensable in glioma research since it is a fast, highly reproducible and easy-to-establish model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Maes
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology (WM and SWVG), Pediatric Hemato-oncology (SWVG), University Hospital Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan W. Van Gool
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology (WM and SWVG), Pediatric Hemato-oncology (SWVG), University Hospital Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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van der Veer MS, de Weers M, van Kessel B, Bakker JM, Wittebol S, Parren PWHI, Lokhorst HM, Mutis T. Towards effective immunotherapy of myeloma: enhanced elimination of myeloma cells by combination of lenalidomide with the human CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab. Haematologica 2010; 96:284-90. [PMID: 21109694 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our efforts to develop novel effective treatment regimens for multiple myeloma we evaluated the potential benefits of combining the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide with daratumumab. Daratumumab is a novel human CD38 monoclonal antibody which kills CD38+ multiple myeloma cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and apoptosis. DESIGN AND METHODS To explore the effect of lenalidomide combined with daratumumab, we first carried out standard antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays in which the CD38+ multiple myeloma cell line UM-9 and primary multiple myeloma cells isolated from patients were used as target cells. We also tested the effect of lenalidomide on daratumumab-dependent cell-mediated-cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells directly in the bone marrow mononuclear cells of multiple myeloma patients. Finally, we determined the daratumumab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity using peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple myeloma patients receiving lenalidomide treatment. RESULTS Daratumumab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of purified primary multiple myeloma cells, as well as of the UM-9 cell line, was significantly augmented by lenalidomide pre-treatment of the effector cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals. More importantly, we demonstrated a clear synergy between lenalidomide and daratumumab-induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity directly in the bone marrow mononuclear cells of multiple myeloma patients, indicating that lenalidomide can also potentiate the daratumumab-dependent lysis of myeloma cells by activating the autologous effector cells within the natural environment of malignant cells. Finally, daratumumab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly up-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from 3 multiple myeloma patients during lenalidomide treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that powerful and complementary effects may be achieved by combining lenalidomide and daratumumab in the clinical management of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S van der Veer
- Dept. of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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van den Ancker W, van Luijn MM, Westers TM, Bontkes HJ, Ruben JM, de Gruijl TD, Ossenkoppele GJ, van de Loosdrecht AA. Recent advances in antigen-loaded dendritic cell-based strategies for treatment of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:69-83. [PMID: 20635890 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) is recognized as an important experimental therapy for the treatment of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. Many sources of leukemia-associated antigens and different methods for antigen loading of DCs have been used in an attempt to optimize anti-tumor responses. For instance, monocyte-derived DCs have been loaded with apoptotic whole-cell suspensions, necrotic cell lysates, tumor-associated peptides, eluted peptides and cellular DNA or RNA. Furthermore, monocyte-derived DCs can be chemically or electrically fused with leukemic blasts, and DCs have been cultured out of leukemic blasts. However, it remains a challenge in cancer immunotherapy to identify which of these methods is the most optimal for antigen loading and activation of DCs. This review discusses recent advances in DC research and the application of this knowledge towards new strategies for antigen loading of DCs in the treatment of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn van den Ancker
- Department of Hematology, VU Institute for Cancer & Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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McAllister SD, Murase R, Christian RT, Lau D, Zielinski AJ, Allison J, Almanza C, Pakdel A, Lee J, Limbad C, Liu Y, Debs RJ, Moore DH, Desprez PY. Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 129:37-47. [PMID: 20859676 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis of aggressive breast cancer cells are the final and fatal steps during cancer progression. Clinically, there are still limited therapeutic interventions for aggressive and metastatic breast cancers available. Therefore, effective, targeted, and non-toxic therapies are urgently required. Id-1, an inhibitor of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, has recently been shown to be a key regulator of the metastatic potential of breast and additional cancers. We previously reported that cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid with a low toxicity profile, down-regulated Id-1 gene expression in aggressive human breast cancer cells in culture. Using cell proliferation and invasion assays, cell flow cytometry to examine cell cycle and the formation of reactive oxygen species, and Western analysis, we determined pathways leading to the down-regulation of Id-1 expression by CBD and consequently to the inhibition of the proliferative and invasive phenotype of human breast cancer cells. Then, using the mouse 4T1 mammary tumor cell line and the ranksum test, two different syngeneic models of tumor metastasis to the lungs were chosen to determine whether treatment with CBD would reduce metastasis in vivo. We show that CBD inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion through differential modulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways, and that both pathways lead to down-regulation of Id-1 expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that CBD up-regulates the pro-differentiation factor, Id-2. Using immune competent mice, we then show that treatment with CBD significantly reduces primary tumor mass as well as the size and number of lung metastatic foci in two models of metastasis. Our data demonstrate the efficacy of CBD in pre-clinical models of breast cancer. The results have the potential to lead to the development of novel non-toxic compounds for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis, and the information gained from these experiments broaden our knowledge of both Id-1 and cannabinoid biology as it pertains to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D McAllister
- California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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24
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Thor Straten P, Andersen MH. The anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family are attractive tumor-associated antigens. Oncotarget 2010; 1:239-245. [PMID: 21304176 PMCID: PMC3248102 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and Mcl-2) are pivotal regulators of apoptotic cell death. They are all highly overexpressed in cancers of different origin in which they enhance the survival of the cancer cells. Consequently, they represent prime candidates for anti-cancer therapy and specific antisense oligonucleotides or small molecule inhibitors have shown broad anti-cancer activities in pre-clinical models and are currently tested in clinical trials. In addition, immune-mediated tumor destruction is emerging as an interesting modality to treat cancer patients. Notably, spontaneous cellular immune responses against the Bcl-2 family proteins have been identified as frequent features in cancer patients underscoring that these proteins are natural targets for the immune system. Thus, Bcl-2 family may serve as an important and widely applicable target for anti-cancer immunotherapeutic strategies, alone or in the combination with conventional therapy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of Bcl-2 family proteins as T-cell antigens, which has set the stage for the first explorative trial using these antigens in therapeutic vaccinations against cancer, and discuss future opportunities.
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25
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Quantitative multiparameter assays to measure the effect of adjuvants on human antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 626:231-49. [PMID: 20099132 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-585-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Large numbers and functionally competent T cells are required to protect from diseases for which antibody-based vaccines have consistently failed (1), which is the case for many chronic viral infections and solid tumors. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines aim at the induction of strong antigen-specific T-cell responses. Novel adjuvants have considerably improved the capacity of synthetic vaccines to activate T cells, but more research is necessary to identify optimal compositions of potent vaccine formulations. Consequently, there is a great need to develop accurate methods for the efficient identification of antigen-specific T cells and the assessment of their functional characteristics directly ex vivo. In this regard, hundreds of clinical vaccination trials have been implemented during the last 15 years, and monitoring techniques become more and more standardized.
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26
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Speiser DE, Romero P. Molecularly defined vaccines for cancer immunotherapy, and protective T cell immunity. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:144-54. [PMID: 20413326 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells are frequently recognized and destroyed by T cells, hence the development of T cell vaccines against established tumors. The challenge is to induce protective type 1 immune responses, with efficient Th1 and CTL activation, and long-term immunological memory. These goals are similar as in many infectious diseases, where successful immune protection is ideally induced with live vaccines. However, large-scale development of live vaccines is prevented by their very limited availability and vector immunogenicity. Synthetic vaccines have multiple advantages. Each of their components (antigens, adjuvants, delivery systems) contributes specifically to induction and maintenance of T cell responses. Here we summarize current experience with vaccines based on proteins and peptide antigens, and discuss approaches for the molecular characterization of clonotypic T cell responses. With carefully designed step-by-step modifications of innovative vaccine formulations, T cell vaccination can be optimized towards the goal of inducing therapeutic immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Speiser
- Clinical Investigation Center, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Lausanne branch, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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27
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Abstract
This article provides a broad overview of the data, including laboratory and clinical studies, currently available on the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy for treating cancer. The various forms of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy include monoclonal antibodies, adoptive lymphocyte transfer, or active specific immunotherapy, such as tumor proteins, irradiated tumor cells, tumor cell lysates, dendritic cells pulsed with peptides or lysates, or tumor antigens expressed in plasmids or viral vectors. This discussion is not limited to malignant brain tumors, because many of the studies have been conducted on various cancer types, thereby providing a comprehensive perspective that may encourage further studies that combine chemotherapy and immunotherapy for treating brain tumors.
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28
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Sørensen RB, Andersen RS, Svane IM, Engell-Noerregaard L, Hadrup SR, Balslev E, Andersen MH, thor Straten P. CD8 T-cell responses against cyclin B1 in breast cancer patients with tumors overexpressing p53. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1543-9. [PMID: 19223507 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine CD8 T-cell reactivity in breast cancer patients against cyclin B1-derived peptides restricted by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 molecule. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 36 breast cancer patients were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) for the presence of T cells recognizing the cyclin B1-derived peptides CB9 (AKYLMELTM) and CB-P4 (AKYLMELCC), in addition to modified versions of CB9, CB9L2 (ALYLMELTM) and CB9M2 (AMYLMELTM), both of which display higher affinity to HLA-A2. RESULTS Twelve patients harbored a memory CD8 T-cell response against at least one of the peptides; strongest reactivity was detected against the CB9L2 peptide. Because the level of cyclin B1 has been shown to be influenced by the level of p53, which in turn is elevated in cancer cells because of point mutation, we analyzed the level of p53 protein in biopsies from the patients by immune histochemistry. Combined data showed that anti-cyclin B1 reactivity was predominantly detected in patients with tumors characterized by elevated expression of p53. Interestingly, no reactivity was detected against six peptides derived from the p53 protein. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the notion of cyclin B1 as a prominent target for immunologic recognition in cancer patients harboring p53-mutated cancer cells. Because mutation of p53 is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in human cancers, this suggests that immunotherapy based on targeting of cyclin B1 is broadly applicable in a large proportion of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Baek Sørensen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej, Denmark
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29
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Engell-Noerregaard L, Hansen TH, Andersen MH, thor Straten P, Svane IM. Review of clinical studies on dendritic cell-based vaccination of patients with malignant melanoma: assessment of correlation between clinical response and vaccine parameters. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1-14. [PMID: 18719915 PMCID: PMC11030652 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past years numerous clinical trials have been carried out to assess the ability of dendritic cell (DC) based immunotherapy to induce clinically relevant immune responses in patients with malignant diseases. A broad range of cancer types have been targeted including malignant melanoma which in the disseminated stage have a very poor prognosis and only limited treatment options with moderate effectiveness. Herein we describe the results of a focused search of recently published clinical studies on dendritic cell vaccination in melanoma and review different vaccine parameters which are frequently claimed to have a possible influence on clinical response. These parameters include performance status, type of antigen, DC maturation status, route of vaccine administration, use of adjuvant, and vaccine induced immune response. In total, 38 articles found through Medline search, have been included for analysis covering a total of 626 patients with malignant melanoma treated with DC based therapy. Clinical response (CR, PR and SD) were found to be significantly correlated with the use of peptide antigens (p = 0.03), the use of any helper antigen/adjuvant (p = 0.002), and induction of antigen specific T cells (p = 0.0004). No significant correlations between objective response (CR and PR) and the tested parameters were found. However, a few non-significant trends were demonstrated; these included an association between objective response and use of immature DCs (p = 0.08), use of adjuvant (p = 0.09), and use of autologous antigen preparation (p = 0.12). The categorisation of SD in the response group is debatable. Nevertheless, when the SD group were analysed separately we found that SD was significantly associated with use of peptide antigens (p = 0.0004), use of adjuvant (p = 0.01), and induction of antigen specific T cells (p = 0.0003). No specific route of vaccine administration showed superiority. Important lessons can be learned from previous studies, interpretation of these findings should, however, be done with reservation for the many minor deviations in the different treatment schedules among the published studies, which were not considered in order to be able to process and group the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Engell-Noerregaard
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Troels Holz Hansen
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per thor Straten
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Zhang T, Herlyn D. Combination of active specific immunotherapy or adoptive antibody or lymphocyte immunotherapy with chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 58:475-92. [PMID: 18925393 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of cancer patients with a combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and chemotherapeutic drugs has spawned various other forms of additional combination therapies, including vaccines or adoptive lymphocyte transfer combined with chemotherapeutics. These therapies were effective against established tumors in animal models and showed promising results in initial clinical trials in cancer patients, awaiting testing in larger randomized controlled studies. Although combination between immunotherapy and chemotherapy has long been viewed as incompatible as chemotherapy, especially in high doses meant to increase anti-tumor efficacy, has induced immunosuppression, various mechanisms may explain the reported synergistic effects of the two types of therapies. Thus direct effects of chemotherapy on tumor or host environment, such as induction of tumor cell death, elimination of regulatory T cells, and/or enhancement of tumor cell sensitivity to lysis by CTL may account for enhancement of immunotherapy by chemotherapy. Furthermore, induction of lymphopenia by chemotherapy has increased the efficacy of adoptive lymphocyte transfer in cancer patients. On the other hand, immunotherapy may directly modulate the tumor's sensitivity to chemotherapy. Thus, anti-tumor mAb can increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and patients treated first with immunotherapy followed by chemotherapy showed higher clinical response rates than patients that had received chemotherapy alone. In conclusion, combination of active specific immunotherapy or adoptive mAb or lymphocyte immunotherapy with chemotherapy has great potential for the treatment of cancer patients which needs to be confirmed in larger controlled and randomized Phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqian Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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