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Yu Z, Liu W, He Y, Sun M, Yu J, Jiao X, Han Q, Tang H, Zhang B, Xian Y, Qi J, Gong J, Xin W, Shi G, Shan F, Zhang R, Li J, Wei M. HLA-A2.1-restricted ECM1-derived epitope LA through DC cross-activation priming CD8 + T and NK cells: a novel therapeutic tumour vaccine. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:71. [PMID: 33910591 PMCID: PMC8082934 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ T cell-mediated adaptive cellular immunity and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated innate immunity both play important roles in tumour immunity. This study aimed to develop therapeutic tumour vaccines based on double-activation of CD8+ T and NK cells. Methods The immune Epitope database, Molecular Operating Environment software, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used for epitope identification. Flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, UPLC-QTOF-MS, and RNA-seq were utilized for evaluating immunity of PBMC-derived DCs, CD8+ T or NK cells and related pathways. HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice combined with immunologically reconstituted tumour-bearing mice were used to examine the antitumour effect and safety of epitope vaccines. Results We identified novel HLA-A2.1-restricted extracellular matrix protein 1(ECM1)-derived immunodominant epitopes in which LA induced a potent immune response. We also found that LA-loaded DCs upregulated the frequency of CD3+/CD8+ T cells, CD45RO+/CD69+ activated memory T cells, and CD3−/CD16+/CD56+ NK cells. We demonstrated cytotoxic granule release of LA/DC-CTLs or LA/DC-NK cells and cytotoxicity against tumour cells and microtissue blocks via the predominant IFN-γ/perforin/granzyme B cell death pathway. Further investigating the mechanism of LA-mediated CD8+ T activation, we found that LA could be internalized into DCs through phagocytosis and then formed a LA-MHC-I complex presented onto the DC surface for recognition of the T cell receptor to upregulate Zap70 phosphorylation levels to further activate CD8+ T cells by DC-CTL interactions. In addition, LA-mediated DC-NK crosstalk through stimulation of the TLR4-p38 MAPK pathway increased MICA/B expression on DCs to interact with NKG2D for NK activation. Promisingly, LA could activate CD8+ T cells and NK cells simultaneously via interacting with DCs to suppress tumours in vivo. Moreover, the safety of LA was confirmed. Conclusions LA-induced immune antitumour activity through DC cross-activation with CD8+ T and NK cells, which demonstrated proof-of-concept evidence for the capability and safety of a novel therapeutic tumour vaccine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13045-021-01081-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wensi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,The Third Department of Medical Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingli Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiankun Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei Province, China
| | - Haichao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yunkai Xian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wang Xin
- Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment R&D Centre Co. Ltd., Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Gang Shi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Intitute, No.77, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Intitute, No.77, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China. .,Transfusion Medicine Institute, Liaoning Blood Centre, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China. .,Transfusion Medicine Institute, Harbin Blood Centre, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 13, Beihai Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China. .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Antitumour Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumours, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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Morales L, Paramio JM. Cell Therapies in Bladder Cancer Management. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062818. [PMID: 33802203 PMCID: PMC7999326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, bladder cancer (BC) represents a challenging problem in the field of Oncology. The high incidence, prevalence, and progression of BC have led to the exploration of new avenues in its management, in particular in advanced metastatic stages. The recent inclusion of immune checkpoint blockade inhibitors as a therapeutic option for BC represents an unprecedented advance in BC management. However, although some patients show durable responses, the fraction of patients showing benefit is still limited. Notwithstanding, cell-based therapies, initially developed for the management of hematological cancers by infusing immune or trained immune cells or after the engineering of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expressing cells, are promising tools to control, or even cure, solid tumors. In this review, we summarize recent cell-based immunotherapy studies, with a special focus on BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Morales
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (J.M.P.); Tel.: +34-913466051 (L.M.); +34-914962517 (J.M.P.); Fax: +34-913466484 (J.M.P.)
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (J.M.P.); Tel.: +34-913466051 (L.M.); +34-914962517 (J.M.P.); Fax: +34-913466484 (J.M.P.)
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Patente TA, Pinho MP, Oliveira AA, Evangelista GCM, Bergami-Santos PC, Barbuto JAM. Human Dendritic Cells: Their Heterogeneity and Clinical Application Potential in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3176. [PMID: 30719026 PMCID: PMC6348254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells, uniquely able to induce naïve T cell activation and effector differentiation. They are, likewise, involved in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance in homeostatic conditions. Their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity points to their great plasticity and ability to modulate, according to their microenvironment, the acquired immune response and, at the same time, makes their precise classification complex and frequently subject to reviews and improvement. This review will present general aspects of the DC physiology and classification and will address their potential and actual uses in the management of human disease, more specifically cancer, as therapeutic and monitoring tools. New combination treatments with the participation of DC will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A Patente
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Pinho
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C M Evangelista
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Bergami-Santos
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A M Barbuto
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hwang EC, Jung SI, Lee HJ, Lee JJ, Kwon DD. Generation of potent cytotoxic T lymphocytes against in male patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer by dendritic cells loaded with dying T24 bladder cancer cells. Int Braz J Urol 2017; 43:615-627. [PMID: 28266813 PMCID: PMC5557436 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2016.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to induce a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy for bladder cancer, various tumor antigens can be loaded onto DCs. Objective The aim of this study was to establish a method of immunotherapy for male patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), using bladder cancer-specific CTLs generated in vitro by DCs. Materials and Methods Monocyte-derived DCs from bladder cancer patients were induced to mature in a standard cytokine cocktail (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2: standard DCs, sDCs) or anα-type 1-polarized DC (αDC1) cocktail (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid) and loaded with the UVB-irradiated bladder cancer cell line, T24. Antigen-loaded αDC1s were evaluated by morphological and functional assays, and the bladder cancer-specific CTL response was analyzed by cytotoxic assay. Results The αDC1s significantly increased the expression of several molecules pertaining to DC maturation, regardless of whether or not the αDC1s were loaded with tumor antigens, relative to sDCs. The αDC1s demonstrated increased production of interleukin-12 both during maturation and after subsequent stimulation with CD40L that was not significantly affected by loading with tumor antigens as compared to that of sDCs. Bladder cancer-specific CTLs targeting autologous bladder cancer cells were successfully induced by αDC1s loaded with dying T24 cells. Conclusion Autologous αDC1s loaded with an allogeneic bladder cancer cell line resulted in increased bladder cancer-specific CTL responses as compared to that with sDCs, and therefore, may provide a novel source of DC-based vaccines that canbe used in immunotherapy for male patients with NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eu Chang Hwang
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Department of Urology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Il Jung
- Department of Urology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Vaxcell- Bio Therapeutics, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,The Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Deuk Kwon
- Department of Urology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
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5
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Morelli AE, Larregina AT. Concise Review: Mechanisms Behind Apoptotic Cell-Based Therapies Against Transplant Rejection and Graft versus Host Disease. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1142-50. [PMID: 26865545 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main limitations to the success of transplantation are the antigraft response developed by the recipient immune system, and the adverse side effects of chronic immunosuppression. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) triggered by donor-derived T lymphocytes against the recipient tissues is another serious obstacle in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Several laboratories have tested the possibility of promoting antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance for therapy of graft rejection, GVHD, and autoimmune disorders, by developing methodologies that mimic the mechanisms by which the immune system maintains peripheral tolerance in the steady state. It has been long recognized that the silent clearance of cells undergoing apoptosis exerts potent immune-regulatory effects and provides apoptotic cell-derived Ags to those Ag-presenting cells (APCs) that internalize them, in particular macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, in situ-targeting of recipient APCs by systemic administration of leukocytes in early apoptosis and bearing donor Ags represents a relatively simple approach to control the antidonor response against allografts. Here, we review the mechanisms by which apoptotic cells are silently cleared by phagocytes, and how such phenomenon leads to down-regulation of the innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss the evolution of apoptotic cell-based therapies from murine models of organ/tissue transplantation and GVHD, to clinical trials. We make emphasis on potential limitations and areas of concern of apoptotic cell-based therapies, and on how other immune-suppressive therapies used in the clinics or tested experimentally likely also function through the silent clearance of apoptotic cells by the immune system. Stem Cells 2016;34:1142-1150.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Morelli
- T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery.,Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Adriana T Larregina
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
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6
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Cicchelero L, Denies S, Devriendt B, de Rooster H, Sanders NN. Can dendritic cells improve whole cancer cell vaccines based on immunogenically killed cancer cells? Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1048413. [PMID: 26587315 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1048413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) offers interesting opportunities in cancer cell (CC) vaccine manufacture, as it increases the immunogenicity of the dead CC. Furthermore, fusion of CCs with dendritic cells (DCs) is considered a superior method for generating whole CC vaccines. Therefore, in this work, we determined in naive mice whether immunogenically killed CCs per se (CC vaccine) elicit an antitumoral immune response different from the response observed when immunogenically killed CCs are associated with DCs through fusion (fusion vaccine) or through co-incubation (co-incubation vaccine). After tumor inoculation, the type of immune response in the prophylactically vaccinated mice differed between the groups. In more detail, fusion vaccines elicited a humoral anticancer response, whereas the co-incubation and CC vaccine mainly induced a cellular response. Despite these differences, all three approaches offered a prophylactic protection against tumor development in the murine mammary carcinoma model. In summary, it can be concluded that whole CC vaccines based on immunogenically killed CCs may not necessarily require association with DCs to elicit a protective anticancer immune response. If this finding can be endorsed in other cancer models, the manufacture of CC vaccines would greatly benefit from this new insight, as production of DC-based vaccines is laborious, time-consuming and expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University ; Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Denies
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University ; Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Small Animal Hospital, Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University ; Merelbeke, Belgium
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Mac Keon S, Ruiz MS, Gazzaniga S, Wainstok R. Dendritic cell-based vaccination in cancer: therapeutic implications emerging from murine models. Front Immunol 2015; 6:243. [PMID: 26042126 PMCID: PMC4438595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the orchestration of immune responses, and are thus key targets in cancer vaccine design. Since the 2010 FDA approval of the first cancer DC-based vaccine (Sipuleucel-T), there has been a surge of interest in exploiting these cells as a therapeutic option for the treatment of tumors of diverse origin. In spite of the encouraging results obtained in the clinic, many elements of DC-based vaccination strategies need to be optimized. In this context, the use of experimental cancer models can help direct efforts toward an effective vaccine design. This paper reviews recent findings in murine models regarding the antitumoral mechanisms of DC-based vaccination, covering issues related to antigen sources, the use of adjuvants and maturing agents, and the role of DC subsets and their interaction in the initiation of antitumoral immune responses. The summary of such diverse aspects will highlight advantages and drawbacks in the use of murine models, and contribute to the design of successful DC-based translational approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Mac Keon
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires IIBBA-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Sol Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación para la Investigación, Docencia y Prevención del Cáncer (FUCA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Silvina Gazzaniga
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Rosa Wainstok
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires IIBBA-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina ; Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Notley CA, Brown MA, McGovern JL, Jordan CK, Ehrenstein MR. Engulfment of activated apoptotic cells abolishes TGF-β-mediated immunoregulation via the induction of IL-6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1621-7. [PMID: 25601923 PMCID: PMC4319310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (ACs) is usually a potent immunoregulatory signal but can also promote inflammation. In this article, we show that administration of apoptotic dendritic cells (DCs) inhibited inflammation in vivo through increasing production of TGF-β from intrinsic DCs and B cells. However, ACs derived from LPS-activated DCs failed to restrain inflammation because of a short-lived but marked IL-6 response, which abolished the increase in TGF-β. Inhibition of IL-6 restored the protective anti-inflammatory properties of aACs and the TGF-β response. DCs isolated from mice that had received resting but not activated ACs could transfer the suppression of inflammation to recipient mice. These transferred DCs stimulated B cell TGF-β production and relied on an intact B cell compartment to limit inflammation. These results highlight how the activation state of AC governs their ability to control inflammation through reciprocal regulation of IL-6 and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare A Notley
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Brown
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L McGovern
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Christine K Jordan
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Ehrenstein
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
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Newton MR, Askeland EJ, Andresen ED, Chehval VA, Wang X, Askeland RW, O'Donnell MA, Luo Y. Anti-interleukin-10R1 monoclonal antibody in combination with bacillus Calmette--Guérin is protective against bladder cancer metastasis in a murine orthotopic tumour model and demonstrates systemic specific anti-tumour immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:261-8. [PMID: 24593764 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment of bladder cancer with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) depends on the induction of a T helper type (Th) 1 immune response. Interleukin (IL)-10 down-regulates the Th1 response and is associated with BCG failure. In this study, we investigated whether blocking IL-10 signalling could enhance the BCG-induced Th1 response and anti-tumour immunity in a murine orthotopic tumour model. Treatment with BCG and anti-IL-10 receptor 1 monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-10R1 mAb) increased the interferon (IFN)-γ to IL-10 ratio in both splenocyte cultures and urine. Mice bearing luciferase-expressing MB49 (MB49-Luc) tumours were treated and followed for tumour growth by bioluminescent imaging, bladder weight and histology. Mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (group 1), BCG plus control immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 (group 2) or BCG plus anti-IL-10R1 mAb (group 3) showed 0, 6 and 22% tumour regression, respectively. The mean bladder weight of group 3 mice was substantially lower than those of groups 1 and 2 mice. Remarkably, 36% of group 1 and 53% of group 2 mice but no group 3 mice developed lung metastasis (P = 0·02). To investigate the mechanisms underlying the effect of combination therapy, splenocytes were stimulated with S12 peptide (serine mutation at codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene) known to be expressed in MB49-Luc cells. Induction of ras mutation-specific IFN-γ and cytotoxicity was observed in mice treated with combination therapy. These observations indicate that BCG, in combination with anti-IL-10R1 mAb, induces enhanced anti-tumour immunity that is protective against lung metastasis. Anti-IL-10R1 mAb demonstrates systemic effects and may prove useful in clinical practice for treating bladder cancer in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Newton
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Cicchelero L, de Rooster H, Sanders NN. Various ways to improve whole cancer cell vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:721-35. [PMID: 24758597 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.911093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on whole cancer cell vaccines is regarded as a promising avenue for cancer treatment. However, limited efficacy in the first human clinical trials calls for more optimized whole cancer cell vaccines and better patient selection. It is suggested that whole cancer cell vaccines consist preferably of immunogenically killed autologous cancer stem cells associated with dendritic cells. Adjuvants should stimulate both immune effector cells and memory cells, which could be achieved through their correct dosage and timing of administration. There are indications that whole cancer cell vaccination is less effective in patients who are immunocompromised, who have specific genetic defects in their immune or cancer cells, as well as in patients in an advanced cancer stage. However, such patients form the bulk of enrolled patients in clinical trials, prohibiting an objective evaluation of the true potential of whole cancer cell immunotherapy. Each key point will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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A pan inhibitor of DASH family enzymes induces immunogenic modulation and sensitizes murine and human carcinoma cells to antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing: implications for combination therapy with cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:3223-31. [PMID: 24731809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that pan inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity and/or structure homologs (DASH), including ARI-4175, can mediate tumor regression by immune-mediated mechanisms. This study assessed the potential of combining ARI-4175 with cancer vaccines. We evaluated ARI-4175's effect on immunogenic modulation, ability to sensitize tumor cells to antigen-specific CTL killing, effect on immune-cell subsets and function, and antitumor activity in 2 tumor models, both as a monotherapy and in combination with a recombinant viral or dendritic cell (DC)-based tumor-cell vaccine. ARI-4175's effects on the growth, surface phenotype, and antigen-specific CTL-mediated lysis of murine and human carcinoma cell lines were assessed in vitro. In vivo, C57BL-6 mice were treated orally with ARI-4175, after which splenocytes were assessed by flow cytometry and functional assays. Antitumor studies were performed in murine models of colon carcinoma (MC38-CEA(+) in CEA-transgenic C57BL-6 mice) and rhabdomyosarcoma (M3-9-M in C57BL-6 mice). Mice received oral ARI-4175 alone or in combination with a vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox CEA-TRICOM (colon model) or a DC-based tumor-cell vaccine (rhabdomyosarcoma model). Exposure to ARI-4175 had no effect on the proliferation or viability of carcinoma cells in vitro; however, it did alter tumor phenotype, making murine and human tumor cells more sensitive to antigen-specific CTL killing. Assessment of immune-cell subsets and function indicated that ARI-4175 increased levels of natural killer cells and DCs. Detrimental immune effects, including reduced T effector cells and increased immunosuppressive cells (Tregs, MDSCs), were normalized when treatment stopped, suggesting that scheduling is critical when combining this agent with vaccine. As a monotherapy, ARI-4175 had potent antitumor activity in both tumor models, and had even greater effects when combined with a vaccine (either DC-based or poxviral vector based). These findings provide the rationale for the combined use of cancer immunotherapy with DASH enzyme inhibitors such as ARI-4175.
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Ghasemi M, Erturk M, Buruk K, Sonmez M. Induction of potent protection against acute and latent herpes simplex virus infection in mice vaccinated with dendritic cells. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:352-61. [PMID: 23579060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells of the immune system and have been under intense study with regard to their use in immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease agents. In the present study, DCs were employed to assess their value in protection against live virus challenge in an experimental model using lethal and latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in Balb/c mice. METHODS DCs obtained ex vivo in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 were loaded with HSV-1 proteins (DC/HSV-1 vaccine). Groups of mice were vaccinated twice, 7 days apart, via subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular routes with DC/HSV-1 and with mock (DC without virus protein) and positive (alum adjuvanted HSV-1 proteins [HSV-1/ALH]) control vaccines. After measuring anti-HSV-1 antibody levels in blood samples, mice were given live HSV-1 intraperitoneally or via ear pinna to assess the protection level of the vaccines with respect to lethal or latent infection challenge. RESULTS Intramuscular, but not subcutaneous or intraperitoneal, administration of DC/HSV-1 vaccine provided complete protection against lethal challenge and establishment of latent infection as assessed by death and virus recovery from the trigeminal ganglia. It was also shown that the immunity was not associated with antibody production because DC/HSV-1 vaccine, as opposed to HSV-1/ALH vaccine, produced very little, if any, HSV-1-specific antibody. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results may have some impact on the design of vaccines against genital HSV as well as chronic viral infections such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghasemi
- Medical Microbiology Department, Medical School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
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13
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Shand JC, Qin H, Nasholm N, Capitini CM, Fry TJ. Minor antigen distribution predicts site-specific graft-versus-tumor activity of adoptively transferred, minor antigen-specific CD8 T Cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 20:26-36. [PMID: 24141010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of allogeneic T cell therapy for cancer relies on the selection of antigens that can effectively elicit antitumor responses with minimal toxicity toward nonmalignant tissues. Although minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA) represent promising targets, broad expression of these antigens has been associated with poor responses and T cell dysfunction that may not be prevented by targeting MiHA with limited expression. In this study, we hypothesized that antitumor activity of MiHA-specific CD8 T cells after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is determined by the distribution of antigen relative to the site of tumor growth. To test this hypothesis, we utilized the clinically relevant male-specific antigen HY and studied the fate of adoptively transferred, HY-CD8(+) T cells (HY-CD8) against a HY-expressing epithelial tumor (MB49) and pre-B cell leukemia (HY-E2APBX ALL) in BMT recipients. Transplants were designed to produce broad HY expression in nonhematopoietic tissues (female → male BMT, [F → M]), restricted HY expression in hematopoietic tissues (male → female BMT, [M → F]) tissues, and no HY tissue expression (female → female BMT, [F → F]). Broad HY expression induced poor responses to MB49 despite sublethal graft-versus-host disease and accumulation of HY-CD8 in secondary lymphoid tissues. Antileukemia responses, however, were preserved. In contrast, restriction of HY expression to hematopoietic tissues restored MB49 responses but resulted in a loss of antileukemia responses. We concluded that target alloantigen expression in the same compartment of tumor growth impairs CD8 responses to both solid and hematologic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Shand
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Haiying Qin
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicole Nasholm
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics and UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Terry J Fry
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Walsh MP, Duncan B, Larabee S, Krauss A, Davis JPE, Cui Y, Kim SY, Guimond M, Bachovchin W, Fry TJ. Val-boroPro accelerates T cell priming via modulation of dendritic cell trafficking resulting in complete regression of established murine tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58860. [PMID: 23554941 PMCID: PMC3595211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumors naturally prime adaptive immune responses, tolerance may limit the capacity to control progression and can compromise effectiveness of immune-based therapies for cancer. Post-proline cleaving enzymes (PPCE) modulate protein function through N-terminal dipeptide cleavage and inhibition of these enzymes has been shown to have anti-tumor activity. We investigated the mechanism by which Val-boroPro, a boronic dipeptide that inhibits post-proline cleaving enzymes, mediates tumor regression and tested whether this agent could serve as a novel immune adjuvant to dendritic cell vaccines in two different murine syngeneic murine tumors. In mice challenged with MB49, which expresses the HY antigen complex, T cell responses primed by the tumor with and without Val-boroPro were measured using interferon gamma ELISPOT. Antibody depletion and gene-deficient mice were used to establish the immune cell subsets required for tumor regression. We demonstrate that Val-boroPro mediates tumor eradication by accelerating the expansion of tumor-specific T cells. Interestingly, T cells primed by tumor during Val-boroPro treatment demonstrate increased capacity to reject tumors following adoptive transfer without further treatment of the recipient. Val-boroPro -mediated tumor regression requires dendritic cells and is associated with enhanced trafficking of dendritic cells to tumor draining lymph nodes. Finally, dendritic cell vaccination combined with Val-boroPro treatment results in complete regression of established tumors. Our findings demonstrate that Val-boroPro has antitumor activity and a novel mechanism of action that involves more robust DC trafficking with earlier priming of T cells. Finally, we show that Val-boroPro has potent adjuvant properties resulting in an effective therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghaan P Walsh
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Li W, Meng J, Li X, Hua H, Yiming M, Wang Q, Wang E, Shan F. Methionine enkephalin (MENK) improved the functions of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) loaded with antigen. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1236-42. [PMID: 22906944 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation is to look at whether MENK could improve antitumor effect of CD8+T cell elicited by BMDCs. We investigated the effects of MENK on the differentiation, maturation, and functions of murine BMDC loaded with Rac-1 antigens (RG) and CTL of tumor specific immune response elicited by the BMDC in vitro and in vivo. The production of cytokine IL-12 and TNF-α secreted by BMDCs in the presence of MENK was assayed with ELISA and key surface markers of CD40, CD86, CD83 and MHC-II on the BMDCs were analyzed with use of flow cytometry (FCM). In addition, the activities to induce CD8+ T cell proliferation, along with displayed cytotoxicity of the CD8+T cells(CTL) by the BMDCs after treatment with MENK were determined with use of FCM as well as MTS. Our results indicated that MENK induced phenotypic and functional maturation of BMDC loaded with RG antigen, as evidenced by higher level of expression of key surface markers and more production of cytokines. Subsequently, the BMDC activated by MENK intensified immune responses mounted by CTL, resulting in stronger antitumor activity. Our results suggest that MENK could be working as an effective immune adjuvant in vaccine preparation for cancer fight and other immune related diseases. We concluded that MENK could be a positive immune modulator in the improved functions of BMDCs loaded with antigen as well as in CD8+T cell mediated anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Meadors JL, Cui Y, Chen QR, Song YK, Khan J, Merlino G, Tsokos M, Orentas RJ, Mackall CL. Murine rhabdomyosarcoma is immunogenic and responsive to T-cell-based immunotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:921-9. [PMID: 21462302 PMCID: PMC7401311 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapies targeting cellular immunity are currently approved for treatment of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and prostate cancer. Studies on the immunogenicity and immune responsiveness of pediatric tumors are limited, therefore, it remains unclear to what extent T-cell-based immunotherapy holds promise for pediatric solid tumors. PROCEDURE A new rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (M3-9-M) was derived from an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) occurring in a C57BL/6 mouse transgenic for hepatocyte growth factor and heterozygous for mutated p53. Primary tumors and metastases derived from M3-9-M were studied for similarities to human ERMS, and for immunogenicity and immune responsiveness. RESULTS Primary and metastatic tumors develop after orthotopic injection of M3-9-M into immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice, which mirror human ERMS with regard to histology, gene expression, and metastatic behavior. Whole cell vaccination using irradiated M3-9-M cells or M3-9-M-pulsed dendritic cells (DC)-induced tumor-specific T-cell responses that prevent tumor growth following low-dose tumor injection, and slow tumor growth following higher doses. Administration of anti-CD25 moAbs to deplete CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells prior to tumor vaccination enhanced the potency of the ERMS tumor vaccine. Adoptive immunotherapy with M3-9-M primed T cells plus DC-based vaccination resulted in complete eradication of day 10 M3-9-M derived tumors. CONCLUSIONS M3-9-M derived murine ERMS is immunogenic and immunoresponsive; regulatory T cells contribute to immune evasion by murine rhabdomyosarcoma. Adoptive immunotherapy with DC vaccination can eradicate low tumor burdens. Future work will seek to identify the tumor-associated antigens that mediate protective and therapeutic immunity in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Meadors
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yonghzi Cui
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qing-Rong Chen
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Young K. Song
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Cancer Modeling Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Tsokos
- Laboratory of Pathology, Pediatric Tumor Biology and Ultrastructural Pathology Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rimas J. Orentas
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland;,Correspondence to: Crystal L. Mackall, MD, 10-CRC 1W-3750, 10 Center Dr MSC 1104, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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Capitini CM, Gottschalk S, Brenner M, Cooper LJN, Handgretinger R, Mackall CL. Highlights of the second international conference on "Immunotherapy in Pediatric Oncology". Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2011; 28:459-60. [PMID: 21854215 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2011.596615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Second International Conference on Immunotherapy in Pediatric Oncology was held in Houston, Texas, USA, October 11-12, 2010, to discuss the progress and challenges that have occurred in cutting edge immunotherapeutic strategies currently being developed for pediatric oncology. Major topics included immune targeting of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and pediatric solid tumors, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, enhancing graft-versus-leukemia for pediatric cancers, overcoming hurdles of immunotherapy, strategies to active the innate immune system, and moving immunotherapy beyond phase I studies. Significant progress has been made in the last 2 years both in the development of novel immunobiologics such as CARs, and in establishing survival benefits of an anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody in randomized studies. Although there is much excitement going forward, a great deal of laboratory and regulatory challenges lie ahead in improving the efficacy of each of these modalities as well as getting them to patients in a timely and cost-effective fashion. The resulting discussions will hopefully lead to new collaborations and insight for further translational and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Capitini
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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18
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Dillman RO, Fogel GB, Cornforth AN, Selvan SR, Schiltz PM, DePriest C. Features associated with survival in metastatic melanoma patients treated with patient-specific dendritic cell vaccines. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:407-15. [PMID: 21812653 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.0973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, a 54% 5-year survival was reported for metastatic melanoma patients treated with patient-specific vaccines consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded with antigens from autologous proliferating tumor cells. This study attempted to determine which clinical and laboratory factors best explained long-term survival in this group of patients. Univariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with continuous survival after initiating vaccine therapy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent factors to classify survival at 3.5 years. Survivors were followed a minimum of 3.7 years (median: 5.7). Univariate analyses identified eight features associated with improved survival: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 0, no measurable disease at study entry, receiving 8 vaccinations, age <50 years, normal baseline lactate dehydrogenase, no history of visceral metastases, anergy to standard skin tests, and failure of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) to induce apoptosis in autologous tumor cells. After examining 54 variables for which complete information was available over all patients, the best multivariate regression for survival at 3.5 years utilized six features: prior radiation therapy, younger age, male gender, ECOG PS 0, higher numbers of cells administered during the first 3 injections, and lower numbers of viable cells administered during the first 3 injections. This model correctly classified survival for 28 of 32 patients (87%) and death for 20 of 22 (91%). When features with incomplete information were included in the analysis, addition of IFN-γ-induced apoptosis (n=49) improved predictive accuracy to 27 of 29 (93%) for survival and 19 of 20 (95%) for death. Dependencies between variables were common, but these multivariate linear models yielded high classification accuracy for survival at 3.5 years and identified two features of the vaccine itself as being of independent significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Dillman
- Hoag Cancer Institute; One Hoag Drive, Newport Beach, CA 92658, USA.
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19
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Wen CC, Chen HM, Chen SS, Huang LT, Chang WT, Wei WC, Chou LC, Arulselvan P, Wu JB, Kuo SC, Yang NS. Specific microtubule-depolymerizing agents augment efficacy of dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:44. [PMID: 21689407 PMCID: PMC3141632 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are associated with immunogenic cell death and have the ability to enhance maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs). Specific microtubule-depolymerizing agents (MDAs) such as colchicine have been shown to confer anti-cancer activity and also trigger activation of DCs. Methods In this study, we evaluated the ability of three MDAs (colchicine and two 2-phenyl-4-quinolone analogues) to induce immunogenic cell death in test tumor cells, activate DCs, and augment T-cell proliferation activity. These MDAs were further evaluated for use as an adjuvant in a tumor cell lysate-pulsed DC vaccine. Results The three test phytochemicals considerably increased the expression of DAMPs including HSP70, HSP90 and HMGB1, but had no effect on expression of calreticulin (CRT). DC vaccines pulsed with MDA-treated tumor cell lysates had a significant effect on tumor growth, showed cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity against tumors, and increased the survival rate of test mice. In vivo antibody depletion experiments suggested that CD8+ and NK cells, but not CD4+ cells, were the main effector cells responsible for the observed anti-tumor activity. In addition, culture of DCs with GM-CSF and IL-4 during the pulsing and stimulation period significantly increased the production of IL-12 and decreased production of IL-10. MDAs also induced phenotypic maturation of DCs and augmented CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation when co-cultured with DCs. Conclusions Specific MDAs including the clinical drug, colchicine, can induce immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, and DCs pulsed with MDA-treated tumor cell lysates (TCLs) can generate potent anti-tumor immunity in mice. This approach may warrant future clinical evaluation as a cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Wen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lion E, Anguille S, Berneman ZN, Smits ELJM, Van Tendeloo VFI. Poly(I:C) enhances the susceptibility of leukemic cells to NK cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis by DC. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20952. [PMID: 21698118 PMCID: PMC3117863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α Active specific immunotherapy aims at stimulating the host's immune system to recognize and eradicate malignant cells. The concomitant activation of dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer (NK) cells is an attractive modality for immune-based therapies. Inducing immunogenic cell death to facilitate tumor cell recognition and phagocytosis by neighbouring immune cells is of utmost importance for guiding the outcome of the immune response. We previously reported that acute myeloid leukemic (AML) cells in response to electroporation with the synthetic dsRNA analogue poly(I:C) exert improved immunogenicity, demonstrated by enhanced DC-activating and NK cell interferon-γ-inducing capacities. To further invigorate the potential of these immunogenic tumor cells, we explored their effect on the phagocytic and cytotoxic capacity of DC and NK cells, respectively. Using single-cell analysis, we assessed these functionalities in two- and three-party cocultures. Following poly(I:C) electroporation AML cells become highly susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing and phagocytosis by DC. Moreover, the enhanced killing and the improved uptake are strongly correlated. Interestingly, tumor cell killing, but not phagocytosis, is further enhanced in three-party cocultures provided that these tumor cells were upfront electroporated with poly(I:C). Altogether, poly(I:C)-electroporated AML cells potently activate DC and NK cell functions and stimulate NK-DC cross-talk in terms of tumor cell killing. These data strongly support the use of poly(I:C) as a cancer vaccine component, providing a way to overcome immune evasion by leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lion
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Extracorporeal photopheresis attenuates murine graft-versus-host disease via bone marrow-derived interleukin-10 and preserves responses to dendritic cell vaccination. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:790-9. [PMID: 21216299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.12.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is emerging as a therapy for graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), but the full mechanism of action and the impact on immunity have not been fully established. After murine minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched bone marrow (BM) transplantation (allo-BMT), coinfusion of ECP-treated splenocytes with T cell-replete BM attenuated GVHD irrespective of the donor strain of the ECP-treated splenocytes, and was associated with increased numbers of regulatory T cells. Coculture of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) with ECP-treated splenocytes resulted in increased interleukin (IL)-10 production after submaximal stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, male myeloid DCs exposed to ECP-treated splenocytes were less potent at inducing CD8(+) HY responses when used as a vaccine in vivo. The efficacy of ECP-treated splenocytes was enhanced when administered just before delayed donor lymphocyte infusion following T cell-depleted allo-BMT, allowing for the administration of sufficient numbers of T cells to respond to myeloid DC vaccination in the absence of a thymus. Finally, the therapeutic effect of ECP-treated splenocytes was lost in recipients of IL-10-deficient BM. We demonstrate that ECP-treated splenocytes attenuate GVHD irrespective of the source of ECP-treated cells via a mechanism that likely involves modulation of DCs and requires IL-10 produced by BM-derived cells. Importantly, the attenuation of GVHD by ECP-treated splenocytes permits donor lymphocyte infusion-dependent responses to DC vaccines after allo-BMT.
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22
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Cornforth AN, Fowler AW, Carbonell DJ, Dillman RO. Resistance to the proapoptotic effects of interferon-gamma on melanoma cells used in patient-specific dendritic cell immunotherapy is associated with improved overall survival. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:123-31. [PMID: 20960187 PMCID: PMC11029524 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of whole cell tumor vaccines and various means of loading antigen onto dendritic cells have been under investigation for over a decade. Induction of apoptosis and the exposure of immune-stimulating proteins are thought to be beneficial for the use in immunotherapy protocols, but conclusive evidence in the clinical setting has been lacking. Incubation of melanoma cell lines with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) increased phosphatidylserine and calreticulin exposure, but not in the IFN-γ-resistant cell line Lu-1205. Short-term autologous melanoma cell lines used for loading dendritic cells for immunotherapy showed differential response to the pro-apoptotic effects of IFN-γ. These IFN-γ-treated tumor cells (TCs) were irradiated and used for loading antigen for dendritic cell therapy. A log-rank comparison of survival for patients whose TCs were found to be either sensitive (upregulated phosphatidylserine and calreticulin) or insensitive to IFN-γ revealed a strongly significant correlation to progression-free (p = 0.003) and overall survival (p = 0.002) favorably in those patients whose cell lines were resistant to the proapoptotic effect of IFN-γ. These results suggest that the use of IFN-γ in anti-melanoma dendritic cell-based immunotherapy may only be beneficial when the cells do not undergo apoptosis in response to IFN-γ and support the contention that the use of some apoptotic cells in vaccines may be detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Cornforth
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Hoag Cancer Center, 1 Hoag Drive Bldg 41, 92663, Newport Beach, CA, USA.
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Extracorporeal photopheresis-induced immune tolerance: a focus on modulation of antigen-presenting cells and induction of regulatory T cells by apoptotic cells. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14:338-43. [PMID: 19444106 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32832ce943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review is intended to introduce recent advances in the research surrounding extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) with a focus on how apoptotic cells modulate antigen-presenting cells and induce regulatory T cells, given that ECP therapy induces apoptosis of leukocytes collected through leukapheresis. RECENT FINDINGS It has been suggested that ECP therapy, unlike other immunosuppressive regimens, does not cause global immunosuppression, but induces immune tolerance. Recent clinical and animal studies demonstrate that ECP therapy induces antigen-specific regulatory T cells, including CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells and IL-10-producing Tr1 cells, that may arise secondarily to the induction of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by infusion of apoptotic cells. It has also been suggested that ECP therapy may induce IL-10-producing regulatory B cells and regulatory CD8+ T cells. Finally, several recent studies, which examined the cellular elements involved in the uptake of apoptotic cells, demonstrated that apoptotic cells modulate APCs through binding to specific receptors, particularly TAM receptors that provide inhibitory signals that block APC activation. SUMMARY ECP therapy induces immune tolerance through modulation of antigen-presenting cells as well as induction of regulatory T cells. ECP therapy has great potential in the management of allogeneic transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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Capitini CM, Herby S, Milliron M, Anver MR, Mackall CL, Fry TJ. Bone marrow deficient in IFN-{gamma} signaling selectively reverses GVHD-associated immunosuppression and enhances a tumor-specific GVT effect. Blood 2009; 113:5002-9. [PMID: 19258593 PMCID: PMC2686147 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-11-187385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-based expansion of T cells is one approach to enhance the graft-versus-tumor effect of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but the complex immunobiology of the allogeneic environment on responses to tumor vaccines has not been well characterized. We hypothesized that subclinical graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) impairs immunity, but modulation of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) signaling could reverse this effect. Dendritic cell vaccines and donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) were incorporated into a minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched, T cell-depleted, allogeneic BMT mouse model. Animals were then challenged with H-Y expressing tumors. CD4(+) and CD8(+) responses to H-Y were diminished in vaccinated allogeneic versus syngeneic BMT recipients with DLI doses below the threshold for clinical GVHD, especially in thymectomized hosts. IFN-gamma receptor 1-deficient (IFN-gammaR1(-/-)) T cells cannot cause GVHD but also have diminished vaccine responses. Remarkably, IFN-gammaR1(-/-) bone marrow abrogates GVHD, allowing higher DLI doses to be tolerated, but improves vaccine responses and tumor protection. We conclude that tumor vaccines administered after allogeneic BMT can augment graft-versus-tumor if GVHD is avoided and that prevention of IFN-gamma signaling on donor bone marrow is an effective approach to preventing GVHD while preserving immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Capitini
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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