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Wang Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Tang Y, Long W, Xin H, Huang X, Zhou S, Wang L, Liang B, Li Z, Xu M. Establishment of a novel lysosomal signature for the diagnosis of gastric cancer with in-vitro and in-situ validation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182277. [PMID: 37215115 PMCID: PMC10196375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) represents a malignancy with a multi-factorial combination of genetic, environmental, and microbial factors. Targeting lysosomes presents significant potential in the treatment of numerous diseases, while lysosome-related genetic markers for early GC detection have not yet been established, despite implementing this process by assembling artificial intelligence algorithms would greatly break through its value in translational medicine, particularly for immunotherapy. Methods To this end, this study, by utilizing the transcriptomic as well as single cell data and integrating 20 mainstream machine-learning (ML) algorithms. We optimized an AI-based predictor for GC diagnosis. Then, the reliability of the model was initially confirmed by the results of enrichment analyses currently in use. And the immunological implications of the genes comprising the predictor was explored and response of GC patients were evaluated to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Further, we performed systematic laboratory work to evaluate the build-up of the central genes, both at the expression stage and at the functional aspect, by which we could also demonstrate the reliability of the model to guide cancer immunotherapy. Results Eight lysosomal-related genes were selected for predictive model construction based on the inclusion of RMSE as a reference standard and RF algorithm for ranking, namely ADRB2, KCNE2, MYO7A, IFI30, LAMP3, TPP1, HPS4, and NEU4. Taking into account accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 measurements, a preliminary determination of our study was carried out by means of applying the extra tree and random forest algorithms, incorporating the ROC-AUC value as a consideration, the Extra Tree model seems to be the optimal option with the AUC value of 0.92. The superiority of diagnostic signature is also reflected in the analysis of immune features. Conclusion In summary, this study is the first to integrate around 20 mainstream ML algorithms to construct an AI-based diagnostic predictor for gastric cancer based on lysosomal-related genes. This model will facilitate the accurate prediction of early gastric cancer incidence and the subsequent risk assessment or precise individualized immunotherapy, thus improving the survival prognosis of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sixth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangzuo Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yidan Tang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Weiguo Long
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaiyu Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Shujing Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Longbin Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bochuan Liang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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2
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López C, Bosch R, Korzynska A, García-Rojo M, Bueno G, García-Fontgivell JF, Martínez González S, Gras Navarro A, Sauras Colón E, Casanova Ribes J, Roszkowiak L, Mata D, Arenas M, Gómez J, Roso A, Berenguer M, Reverté-Villarroya S, Llobera M, Baucells J, Lejeune M. CD68 and CD83 immune populations in non-metastatic axillary lymph nodes are of prognostic value for the survival and relapse of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer 2022; 29:618-635. [PMID: 35137329 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The foremost cause of death of breast cancer (BC) patients is metastasis, and the first site to which BC predominantly metastasizes is the axillary lymph node (ALN). Thus, ALN status is a key prognostic indicator at diagnosis. The immune system has an essential role in cancer progression and dissemination, so its evaluation in ALNs could have significant applications. In the present study we aimed to investigate the association of clinical-pathological and immune variables in the primary tumour and non-metastatic ALNs (ALNs-) of a cohort of luminal A and triple-negative BC (TNBC) patients with cancer-specific survival (CSS) and time to progression (TTP). METHODS We analysed the differences in the variables between patients with different outcomes, created univariate and multivariate Cox regression models, validated them by bootstrapping and multiple imputation of missing data techniques, and used Kaplan-Meier survival curves for a 10-years follow-up. RESULTS We found some clinical-pathological variables at diagnosis (tumour diameter, TNBC molecular profile and presence of ALN metastasis), and the levels of several immune markers in the two studied sites, to be associated with worse CSS and TTP. Nevertheless, only CD68 and CD83 in ALNs- were confirmed as independent prognostic factors for TTP. CONCLUSIONS The study identified the importance of macrophage and dendritic cell markers as prognostic factors of relapse for BC. We highlight the importance of studying the immune response in ALNs-, which could be relevant to the prediction of BC patients' outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain. .,Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) - Campus Terres de l'Ebre, Avinguda Remolins no 13-15, 43500, Tortosa, Spain.
| | - Ramón Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Anna Korzynska
- Laboratory of Processing and Analysis of Microscopic Images, Polish Academy of Sciences (IBIB PAN), Nalęcz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Ks. Trojdena 4 St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcial García-Rojo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Avda. Ana de Viya, 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Gloria Bueno
- VISILAB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Salomé Martínez González
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, C/Dr. Mallafrè Guasch, 4, 43005, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Andrea Gras Navarro
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) - Campus Terres de l'Ebre, Avinguda Remolins no 13-15, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Esther Sauras Colón
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain.
| | - Júlia Casanova Ribes
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Lukasz Roszkowiak
- Laboratory of Processing and Analysis of Microscopic Images, Polish Academy of Sciences (IBIB PAN), Nalęcz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Ks. Trojdena 4 St., 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Mata
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Meritxell Arenas
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Radiation Oncology Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Junior Gómez
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Radiation Oncology Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Albert Roso
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Gran Via Corts Catalanes, 587, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Berenguer
- Knowledge Management Department, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Silvia Reverté-Villarroya
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) - Campus Terres de l'Ebre, Avinguda Remolins no 13-15, 43500, Tortosa, Spain.,Knowledge Management Department, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Montserrat Llobera
- Department of Oncology, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Jordi Baucells
- Informatics Department, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Marylène Lejeune
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, ICS, IISPV, C/Esplanetes no 14, 43500, Tortosa, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) - Campus Terres de l'Ebre, Avinguda Remolins no 13-15, 43500, Tortosa, Spain
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Senovilla L, Vacchelli E, Galon J, Adjemian S, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Sautès-Fridman C, Ma Y, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Prognostic and predictive value of the immune infiltrate in cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1323-1343. [PMID: 23243596 PMCID: PMC3518505 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are constituted of a variety of cellular components, including bona fide malignant cells as well as endothelial, structural and immune cells. On one hand, the tumor stroma exerts major pro-tumorigenic and immunosuppressive functions, reflecting the capacity of cancer cells to shape the microenvironment to satisfy their own metabolic and immunological needs. On the other hand, there is a component of tumor-infiltrating leucocytes (TILs) that has been specifically recruited in the attempt to control tumor growth. Along with the recognition of the critical role played by the immune system in oncogenesis, tumor progression and response to therapy, increasing attention has been attracted by the potential prognostic and/or predictive role of the immune infiltrate in this setting. Data from large clinical studies demonstrate indeed that a robust infiltration of neoplastic lesions by specific immune cell populations, including (but not limited to) CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and M1 macrophages constitutes an independent prognostic indicator in several types of cancer. Conversely, high levels of intratumoral CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells, Th2 CD4+ T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, M2 macrophages and neutrophils have frequently been associated with dismal prognosis. So far, only a few studies have addressed the true predictive potential of TILs in cancer patients, generally comforting the notion that—at least in some clinical settings—the immune infiltrate can reliably predict if a specific patient will respond to therapy or not. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating the prognostic and predictive value of the immune infiltrate in the context of solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Senovilla
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Orsay, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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4
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Kai K, Tanaka T, Ide T, Kawaguchi A, Noshiro H, Aishima S. Immunohistochemical analysis of the aggregation of CD1a-positive dendritic cells in resected specimens and its association with surgical outcomes for patients with gallbladder cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100923. [PMID: 33129106 PMCID: PMC7590585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined CD1a-positive dendritic cell (CD1a-DC) infiltration in gallbladder cancer. The group with high CD1a-DC infiltration had fewer patients with distant metastasis. A high level of CD1a-DC infiltration was associated with longer overall survival. High CD1a-DC infiltration was also associated with longer disease-specific survival. S100-DC and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte statuses were without effect on survival.
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in antitumor immunity. DCs expressing CD1a (CD1a-DCs) are considered immature DCs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical impact of CD1a-DC infiltration into GBC tissue. Seventy-five patients with GBC (excluding non-invasive and intramucosal cancer) were enrolled. Immunohistochemistry for CD1a, S100 and CD8 was performed using representative surgically resected specimens. The cases were divided into a high CD1a-DC group (27 cases, 36%) and low CD1a-DC group (48 cases, 64%) according to the degree of CD1a-DC infiltration/aggregation. The high CD1a-DC group contained fewer patients with distant metastasis (P = 0.039) and more patients given postoperative chemotherapy (P = 0.038). The high CD1a-DC group had significantly longer overall survival (P = 0.001) and disease-specific survival (P = 0.002) than the low CD1a-DC group. In contrast, S100-DC and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte statuses were without effect on OS or DSS. The results of multivariate analyses indicated that the degree of infiltration/aggregation of CD1a-DCs was an independent prognostic factor associated with a favorable prognosis after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Takao Ide
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Noshiro
- Department of Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan; Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
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5
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Verneau J, Sautés-Fridman C, Sun CM. Dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment: prognostic and theranostic impact. Semin Immunol 2020; 48:101410. [PMID: 33011065 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among all immune cells, dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent APCs in the immune system and are central players of the adaptive immune response. There are phenotypically and functionally distinct DC populations derived from blood and lymphoid organ including plasmacytoid DC (pDC), conventional DC (cDC1 and cDC2) and monocyte-derived DC (moDC). The interaction between these different DCs and tumors is a dynamic process where DC-mediated cross-priming of tumor specific T cells is critical in initiating and sustaining anti-tumor immunity. Their presence within the tumor tends to induce T cell responses and to reduce cancer progression and is associated with improved patient survival. This review will focus on the distinct tumor-associated DCs (TADC) subsets in the tumor microenvironment (TME), their roles in tumor immunology and their prognostic and/or predictive impact in human cancers. The development of therapeutic immunity strategies targeting TADC is promising to enhance their immune-stimulatory capacity in cancers and improve the efficacy of current immunotherapies including immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) blockade and DC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Verneau
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautés-Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Cheng-Ming Sun
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.
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6
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Nishimura J, Tanaka H, Yamakoshi Y, Hiramatsu S, Tamura T, Toyokawa T, Muguruma K, Maeda K, Hirakawa K, Ohira M. Impact of tumor-infiltrating LAMP-3 dendritic cells on the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2019; 16:333-344. [PMID: 30968254 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-019-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor environment. After acquiring antigens, DCs undergo maturation and their expression of MHC and co-stimulation molecules are enhanced, along with lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 3 (LAMP-3), which is a specific marker of mature DCs. In general, mature DCs are usually considered to be immunostimulatory in the cancer microenvironment. In addition, it is known that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with a good prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, few studies have targeted the interaction between DCs and TILs in the local immunity of ESCC. We investigated the localization of mature DCs within ESCC tissue and their relationship to TILs as well as the clinical outcome. METHODS We evaluated 80 ESCC patients who underwent surgical treatment without preoperative treatment, using immunohistochemistry with LAMP-3 and CD8. RESULTS The results showed that LAMP-3 DCs were predominantly observed in the peritumoral area. Intratumoral CD8 T cells were found to be associated with a favorable prognosis, and the number of infiltrating LAMP-3 DCs was correlated with the number of intratumoral CD8 T cells. CONCLUSION At the local tumor site, mature LAMP-3 DCs might be associated with increasing tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Nishimura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Yamakoshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Soichiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tamura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toyokawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Muguruma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Maeda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
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Hubert M, Gobbini E, Bendriss-Vermare N, Caux C, Valladeau-Guilemond J. Human Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells: From in Situ Visualization to High-Dimensional Analyses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1082. [PMID: 31366174 PMCID: PMC6721288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between tumor cells and the immune system is considered to be a dynamic process. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity owing to their outstanding T cell activation ability. Their functions and activities are broad ranged, triggering different mechanisms and responses to the DC subset. Several studies identified in situ human tumor-infiltrating DCs by immunostaining using a limited number of markers. However, considering the heterogeneity of DC subsets, the identification of each subtype present in the immune infiltrate is essential. To achieve this, studies initially relied on flow cytometry analyses to provide a precise characterization of tumor-associated DC subsets based on a combination of multiple markers. The concomitant development of advanced technologies, such as mass cytometry or complete transcriptome sequencing of a cell population or at a single cell level, has provided further details on previously identified populations, has unveiled previously unknown populations, and has finally led to the standardization of the DCs classification across tissues and species. Here, we review the evolution of tumor-associated DC description, from in situ visualization to their characterization with high-dimensional technologies, and the clinical use of these findings specifically focusing on the prognostic impact of DCs in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Hubert
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Elisa Gobbini
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon, France
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8
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Lee H, Lee HJ, Song IH, Bang WS, Heo SH, Gong G, Park IA. CD11c-Positive Dendritic Cells in Triple-negative Breast Cancer. In Vivo 2019; 32:1561-1569. [PMID: 30348717 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Our study analyzed the relationship between cluster of differentiation (CD)11c-positive dendritic cells (DCs) and TILs and TLSs to elucidate mechanisms of TIL influx. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for CD4, CD8, and CD11c in tissue microarrays from 681 patients with TNBC was performed. The proportions of TILs and TLSs were reviewed. Two additional TNBC gene expression datasets were used. RESULTS CD11c expression showed a significantly positive correlation with the level of TILs and the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, as well as an abundance of TLSs. CD11C gene expression was also significantly correlated with expression of CD4, CD8, and genes related to TLSs in both datasets. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a strong correlation of CD11c expression, which represents DCs, with TILs and TLSs in TNBC. Further investigation is warranted to identify therapeutic modalities that facilitate recruitment and activation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejae Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery - Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Song
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seon Bang
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery - Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Heo
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery - Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungyub Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ah Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Malaguarnera L, Marsullo A, Zorena K, Musumeci G, Di Rosa M. Vitamin D 3 regulates LAMP3 expression in monocyte derived dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2017; 311:13-21. [PMID: 27697285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The family of lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) encompassing LAMP1, LAMP2 and DC-LAMP (LAMP3) are the major constituents of the glycoconjugates coat present on the inside of the lysosomal membrane. LAMP3 is highly expressed only in certain cell types and during the differentiation stages. Its expression is linked the maturation of dendritic cells, inflammation, poor prognosis of certain tumors, and the locus where it is encoded was identified as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigated the capacity of Vitamin D3 to modulate the expression of LAMP3 during the dendritic cells differentiation and maturation. Our results demonstrated that the Vitamin D3 reduce the LAMP3 mRNA/protein expression during the dendritic cells differentiation and maturation, via NFκB pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Vitamin D3 was able to modulate the expression of LAMP3 likewise to in vitro tolerogenic dendritic cells. In summary, these data showed that the decrease of LAMP3 expression by Vitamin D3could enhance the tolerogenic characteristic of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - A Marsullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - K Zorena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - G Musumeci
- Departments of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine Division, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
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Becht E, Giraldo NA, Germain C, de Reyniès A, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Immune Contexture, Immunoscore, and Malignant Cell Molecular Subgroups for Prognostic and Theranostic Classifications of Cancers. Adv Immunol 2016; 130:95-190. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Wang Y, Xu B, Hu WW, Chen LJ, Wu CP, Lu BF, Shen YP, Jiang JT. High expression of CD11c indicates favorable prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9403-9412. [PMID: 26309367 PMCID: PMC4541393 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the relationship between CD11c expression level and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer (GC).
METHODS: This retrospective survival study was performed from July 31, 2008 to June 30, 2014. Our study inclusion criteria included all the patients with GC who underwent surgical resection between January 1998 and December 2009 in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. CD11c expression levels in 140 patients with GC at different UICC stages were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, and GC tissues from 16 cases were further verified by qRT-PCR. The χ2 test was used to compare the patient- and disease-related factors between the low CD11c expression group and the high expression group. Univariate probabilities of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log rank test was used to compare survival curves. Different multivariate COX models were used to estimate the association between CD11c expression and both death and recurrence risk in GC patients.
RESULTS: The average CD11c expression level was 5.1 ± 1.8/high power field (HPF) in 10 gastritis samples, 4.5 ± 2.3/HPF in 10 gastric polyp samples and 9.7 ± 6.3/HPF in 140 gastric cancer samples, respectively. The CD11c expression level was significantly decreased from UICC stage I to stage IV (stage I: 16.0 ± 7.4, stage II: 10.4 ± 5.5, stage III: 9.4 ± 6.1, stage IV: 5.3 ± 3.2, P < 0.001). Patients in the high CD11c expression group had a greater 3- and 5-year OS probability and longer median survival time compared with the low CD11c expression group, (67.7% vs 39.2%; 51.4% vs 29.0%; 67.0 mo vs 28.0 mo; χ2 = 6.80, P = 0.009), and had a greater 3- and 5-year DFS probability and longer median DFS time (63.7% vs 24.0%; 49.1% vs 11.9%; 64.0 mo vs 18.0 mo; χ2 = 15.39, P < 0.001). Patients with high CD11c high expression had a reduced risk of death (HR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.33-0.98, P < 0.05) and relapse (HR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.23-0.67, P < 0.01) compared with patients with low CD11c expression after adjustment of potential confounders, with the exception of tumor size. However, the protective effect related to death (HR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.49-1.67, P = 0.749) and relapse (HR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.36-1.19, P = 0.160) disappeared when tumor size was incorporated into the model.
CONCLUSION: High expression of CD11c decreased the risk of death and relapse, and may be regarded as an alternative indicator of favorable prognosis in patients with GC.
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Hennequin A, Derangère V, Boidot R, Apetoh L, Vincent J, Orry D, Fraisse J, Causeret S, Martin F, Arnould L, Beltjens F, Ghiringhelli F, Ladoire S. Tumor infiltration by Tbet+ effector T cells and CD20+ B cells is associated with survival in gastric cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1054598. [PMID: 27057426 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1054598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating T and B lymphocytes could have the potential to affect cancer prognosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of tumor infiltration by CD8 and CD4 T cells, and B lymphocytes in patients with localized gastric cancer. In a retrospective cohort of 82 patients with localized gastric cancer and treated by surgery we quantitatively assessed by immunohistochemistry on surgical specimen, immune infiltrates of IL-17+, CD8+, Foxp3+, Tbet+ T cells and CD20+ B cells both in the tumor core and at the invasive margin via immunohistochemical analyses of surgical specimens. We observed that CD8+ and IL17+ T-cell densities were not significantly associated with gastric cancer prognosis. In contrast, high infiltration of Tbet+ T cells, high numbers of CD20+ B-cell follicles, and low infiltration of Foxp3+ T cells, were associated with better relapse-free survival. Interestingly, treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or histological tumor type (diffuse versus intestinal) did not influence type and density of immune infiltrates or their prognostic value. Immunohistochemical analysis of the gastric cancer stromal microenvironment revealed organized T and B cell aggregates, with strong structural analogies to normal secondary lymphoid organs and which could be considered as tertiary lymphoid structures. Using transcriptomic data from an independent cohort of 365 localized gastric cancer, we confirmed that a coordinated Th1, and B cell stromal gene signature is associated with better outcome. Altogether, these data suggest that tumor infiltration by B and Th1 T cells could affect gastric cancer prognosis and may be used to better define the outcome of patients with localized gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Hennequin
- Department of Medical Oncology Center Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France; Faculté des Sciences de Santé; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France
| | - Valentin Derangère
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 866; Dijon, France; Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors. Plateform of Genetic; Immunology and Histology of Solid Tumors; Centre Georges-François Leclerc; Dijon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 866; Dijon, France; Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors. Plateform of Genetic; Immunology and Histology of Solid Tumors; Centre Georges-François Leclerc; Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Department of Medical Oncology Center Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 866; Dijon, France; Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors. Plateform of Genetic; Immunology and Histology of Solid Tumors; Centre Georges-François Leclerc; Dijon, France
| | - Julie Vincent
- Department of Medical Oncology Center Georges François Leclerc ; Dijon, France
| | - David Orry
- Department of Surgical Oncology. Center Georges François Leclerc ; Dijon, France
| | - Jean Fraisse
- Department of Surgical Oncology. Center Georges François Leclerc ; Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Causeret
- Department of Surgical Oncology. Center Georges François Leclerc ; Dijon, France
| | - François Martin
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 866; Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Arnould
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors. Plateform of Genetic; Immunology and Histology of Solid Tumors; Centre Georges-François Leclerc ; Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Beltjens
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors. Plateform of Genetic; Immunology and Histology of Solid Tumors; Centre Georges-François Leclerc ; Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Department of Medical Oncology Center Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France; Faculté des Sciences de Santé; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 866; Dijon, France; Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors. Plateform of Genetic; Immunology and Histology of Solid Tumors; Centre Georges-François Leclerc; Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Ladoire
- Department of Medical Oncology Center Georges François Leclerc; Dijon, France; Faculté des Sciences de Santé; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 866; Dijon, France; Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors. Plateform of Genetic; Immunology and Histology of Solid Tumors; Centre Georges-François Leclerc; Dijon, France; Faculté des Sciences de Santé; Université de Bourgogne; Dijon, France
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Bloy N, Pol J, Aranda F, Eggermont A, Cremer I, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Galon J, Tartour E, Spisek R, Dhodapkar MV, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based anticancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e963424. [PMID: 25941593 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.963424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of patient-derived dendritic cells (DCs) as a means to elicit therapeutically relevant immune responses in cancer patients has been extensively investigated throughout the past decade. In this context, DCs are generally expanded, exposed to autologous tumor cell lysates or loaded with specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and then reintroduced into patients, often in combination with one or more immunostimulatory agents. As an alternative, TAAs are targeted to DCs in vivo by means of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate moieties or viral vectors specific for DC receptors. All these approaches have been shown to (re)activate tumor-specific immune responses in mice, often mediating robust therapeutic effects. In 2010, the first DC-based preparation (sipuleucel-T, also known as Provenge®) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans. Reflecting the central position occupied by DCs in the regulation of immunological tolerance and adaptive immunity, the interest in harnessing them for the development of novel immunotherapeutic anticancer regimens remains high. Here, we summarize recent advances in the preclinical and clinical development of DC-based anticancer therapeutics.
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Key Words
- DC, dendritic cell
- DC-based vaccination
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- IFN, interferon
- MRC1, mannose receptor, C type 1
- MUC1, mucin 1
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- Toll-like receptor agonists
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- WT1, Wilms tumor 1
- antigen cross-presentation
- autophagy
- iDC, immature DC
- immunogenic cell death
- mDC, mature DC
- pDC, plasmacytoid DC
- regulatory T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Bloy
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI ; Orsay, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France
| | | | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Department of Immunology; 2nd Medical School Charles University and University Hospital Motol ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Sotio a.s. ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France ; INSERM , U970; Paris France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP ; Paris France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology; 2nd Medical School Charles University and University Hospital Motol ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Sotio a.s. ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Medicine; Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center; Yale University ; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507 ; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP ; Paris France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France
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Sun R, Wang X, Zhu H, Mei H, Wang W, Zhang S, Huang J. Prognostic value of LAMP3 and TP53 overexpression in benign and malignant gastrointestinal tissues. Oncotarget 2014; 5:12398-409. [PMID: 25362357 PMCID: PMC4322976 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3) is a newly identified tumor-specific protein. It is a downstream target gene of tumor suppressor TP53 and its expression has been associated with hypoxia-induced metastasis and poor overall survival in cervical and breast cancers. However, little is known of LAMP3 protein expression in gastrointestinal cancer and its prognostic value. We determined protein expression of LAMP3 and TP53 in both gastric (n=750) and colorectal (n=479) tissues by immunohistochemistry analysis on tissue microarray (TMA), their expression was correlated with patients' clinical parameters. LAMP3 and TP53 protein expression was significantly higher in cancerous tissues compared to normal and benign tissues. In both gastric and colorectal cancers, high LAMP3 protein expression (LAMP3+) was significantly associated with tumor stage (P=0.014 and P<0.001). No correlation between LAMP3 and TP53 expression was observed. Patients with high LAMP3 expression but not high TP53 expression had a poor overall survival (for gastric cancer P<0.001, CI: 1.762-4.567; for colorectal cancer P=0.036, CI: 1.062-5.980). Our data suggest that epithelial LAMP3 expression is an independent prognostic marker for gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongwei Sun
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haijun Mei
- Department of General Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Omatsu M, Kunimura T, Mikogami T, Shiokawa A, Nagai T, Masunaga A, Kitami A, Suzuki T, Kadokura M. Difference in distribution profiles between CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages and S100+ dendritic cells in thymic epithelial tumors. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:215. [PMID: 25499804 PMCID: PMC4302590 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a number of human malignancies, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are closely involved in tumor progression. On the other hand, dendritic cells (DCs) that infiltrate tumor tissues are involved in tumor suppression. However, there have been very few reports on the distribution profiles of TAMs and DCs in thymic epithelial tumors. We examined the difference in the distribution profiles between TAMs and DCs in thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Methods We examined 69 samples of surgically resected thymic epithelial tumors, namely, 16 thymic carcinomas and 53 thymomas, in which we immunohistochemically evaluated the presence of TAMs using CD68 and CD163 as markers and DCs using S100 as the marker in tumor tissue samples in comparison with normal thymic tissues. Results The percentage of samples with a large number of CD68+ TAMs was not significantly different between thymic carcinoma and thymoma (7/16 versus 16/53, p = 0.904). However, the percentage of sample with a large number of CD163+ TAMs was significantly higher in thymic carcinoma than in thymoma (15/16 versus 34/53, p = 0.024). In contrast, the percentage of samples with a large number of S100+ DCs was significantly lower in thymic carcinoma than in thymoma (2/16 versus 23/53, p = 0.021). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to show a high percentage of CD163+ TAMs and a low percentage of S100+ DCs in thymic carcinoma samples, and our findings may provide an idea for future targeted therapeutic strategies for thymic carcinoma using antibodies that inhibit monocyte differentiation to TAMs, thereby skewing TAMs differentiation toward DCs. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_215
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Omatsu
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Kunimura
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Mikogami
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Akira Shiokawa
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Nagai
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Masunaga
- Respiratory Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kitami
- Respiratory Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Respiratory Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Mitsutaka Kadokura
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Ni YH, Huang XF, Ding L, Wang ZY, Hu QG, Hou YY. Accumulation of CD208⁺ mature dendritic cells does not correlate with survival time in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 72:2178-85. [PMID: 25149675 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the distribution and clinical outcomes of tumor-infiltrating CD208(+) mature dendritic cells (mDCs) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using immunohistochemical analysis, the distribution of CD208(+) mDCs in adjacent non-neoplastic tissues (NTs) and tumor tissue, including the tumor stroma (TS) and tumor nest (TN), of 79 patients with OSCC was evaluated. The analysis was quantitative, and the number of positive cells was counted in 5 microscopic high-power fields (×400). At the gene expression level, CD208 expression also was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Kaplan Meier analyses were used to analyze the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating CD208(+) mDCs. RESULTS The number of tumor-infiltrating CD208(+) mDCs was larger in the TS and TN than in the NTs (P < .0001) and the number of CD208(+) mDCs in the TS was larger in patients with OSCC and lymph node positivity (P < .05). At the gene expression level, CD208 also was upregulated in patients with lymph node positivity (P < .05). The number of infiltrating CD208(+) mDCs was not associated with a patient's survival time. CONCLUSIONS The number of tumor-infiltrating CD208(+) mDCs in the TS was larger in patients with OSCC and lymph node positivity, but the accumulation of CD208(+) mDCs did not correlate with survival time in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Ni
- Professor, Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Medical Doctor, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Ding
- Student, Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Medical Doctor, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin-Gang Hu
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ya-Yi Hou
- Professor, Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Chang WJ, Du Y, Zhao X, Ma LY, Cao GW. Inflammation-related factors predicting prognosis of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4586-4596. [PMID: 24782611 PMCID: PMC4000495 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i16.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), which is mainly induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the developing world. Active inflammation initiated by H. pylori infection and maintained by inherent immune disorders promotes carcinogenesis and postoperative recurrence. However, the presence with H. pylori in tumors has been linked to a better prognosis, possibly due to the induction of antitumor immunity. Tumor infiltrations of tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, neutrophils, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are correlated with poor prognosis. Tumor infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and CD45RO T cells are generally associated with good prognosis of GC, although some subsets of these immune cells have inverse prognosis prediction values. High ratios of Foxp3+/CD4+ and Foxp3+/CD8+ in tumors are associated with a poor prognosis; whereas high Th1/Th2 ratio in tumors predicts a good prognosis. High levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-32, and chemokine C-C motif ligands (CCL)7 and CCL21 in circulation, high expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4, chemokine C-C motif receptor (CCR)3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR7, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, signal transducer activator of transcription-3, cyclooxygenase-2, and orphan nuclear receptor 4A2 in tumors are associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Increased serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3, MMP-7, and MMP-11 and increased levels of MMP-9, MMP-12, and MMP-21 in tumors are consistently associated with poor survival of GC. Further emphasis should be put on the integration of these biomarkers and validation in large cohorts for personalized prediction of GC postoperative prognosis.
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18
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Trowbridge R, Kizer RT, Mittal SK, Agrawal DK. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:517-33. [PMID: 23730883 DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of reflux-related esophageal disease - Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma - is rising, and the prognosis remains poor. Evidence exists that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D may augment the course of colon, breast and prostate cancer but little knowledge exists regarding its impact on disease of the esophagus. Important immune cells involved in reflux-related esophageal disease include CD4(+) T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, and key signaling pathways include Wnt, Hedgehog, NFκ-B and IL-6-JAK-STAT. There is an inter-relationship between these entities and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which has been described in animal models and some human tissue. Despite this, there is an incomplete understanding of how the immune cell population and signaling pathways contribute to the course and prognosis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. More investigation with a focus on the clinical outcomes of patients with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and the immune cell population and cell signaling activity in the diseased esophagus is necessary to determine the immunomodulatory role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of esophageal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Trowbridge
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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19
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Vacchelli E, Vitale I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Cremer I, Galon J, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based interventions for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25771. [PMID: 24286020 PMCID: PMC3841205 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) occupy a privileged position at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, orchestrating a large panel of responses to both physiological and pathological cues. In particular, whereas the presentation of antigens by immature DCs generally results in the development of immunological tolerance, mature DCs are capable of priming robust, and hence therapeutically relevant, adaptive immune responses. In line with this notion, functional defects in the DC compartment have been shown to etiologically contribute to pathological conditions including (but perhaps not limited to) infectious diseases, allergic and autoimmune disorders, graft rejection and cancer. Thus, the possibility of harnessing the elevated immunological potential of DCs for anticancer therapy has attracted considerable interest from both researchers and clinicians over the last decade. Alongside, several methods have been developed not only to isolate DCs from cancer patients, expand them, load them with tumor-associated antigens and hence generate highly immunogenic clinical grade infusion products, but also to directly target DCs in vivo. This intense experimental effort has culminated in 2010 with the approval by the US FDA of a DC-based preparation (sipuleucel-T, Provenge®) for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. As an update to the latest Trial Watch dealing with this exciting field of research (October 2012), here we summarize recent advances in DC-based anticancer regimens, covering both high-impact studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials that have been launched in the same period to assess the antineoplastic potential of this variant of cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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Okita Y, Tanaka H, Ohira M, Muguruma K, Kubo N, Watanabe M, Fukushima W, Hirakawa K. Role of tumor-infiltrating CD11b+ antigen-presenting cells in the progression of gastric cancer. J Surg Res 2013; 186:192-200. [PMID: 24120241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating antigen-presenting cells (APCs), involving tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells, play an important role in tumor immunity and immune escape. The aim of this study was to determine whether tumor infiltrating CD11b(+) APCs may affect tumor progression and clinical outcome. METHODS The immunohistochemical analysis was used to evaluate the expression of CD11b, FOXP3, and CD8 in 214 gastric cancer tissues. Concentrations of immunosuppressive cytokines in medium conditioned by gastric cancer cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Effects of addition of tumor-conditioned media on CD11c(+) cells were examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Almost all tumor-infiltrating CD11b(+) cell expressed CD11c and was considered to be APCs. High CD11b(+) cell infiltration was significantly correlated with huge tumor, positive venous invasion, lymph node metastasis, and tumor, node, metastasis stage. Patients with high CD11b(+) cell infiltration had a poorer surgical outcome than those with low CD11b infiltration. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD11b(+) cell infiltration was one of the independent prognostic factors. Tumor-conditioned medium obtained from several gastric cancer cell lines contained immunosuppressive cytokines, transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor. The addition of tumor-conditioned medium decreased the expression of major histocompatibility complex-II and increased the expression of CD11b and programmed death ligand 2 on CD11c(+) APCs. Infiltration of CD11b(+) cells significantly correlate with the degree of FOXP3(+) cell infiltration but not with CD8(+) cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Tumor-infiltrating CD11b(+) APCs affected local tumor cell-immune cell interactions and correlated to the poor prognosis of the patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Okita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Remark R, Alifano M, Cremer I, Lupo A, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Riquet M, Crozet L, Ouakrim H, Goc J, Cazes A, Fléjou JF, Gibault L, Verkarre V, Régnard JF, Pagès ON, Oudard S, Mlecnik B, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH, Damotte D. Characteristics and clinical impacts of the immune environments in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma lung metastases: influence of tumor origin. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4079-91. [PMID: 23785047 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE If immune cells are involved in tumor surveillance and have a prognostic impact in most primary tumors, little is known about their significance in metastases. Because patients' survival is heterogeneous, even at metastatic stages, we hypothesized that immune cells may be involved in the control of metastases. We therefore characterized the tumor immune microenvironment and its prognostic value in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastases, and compared it to primary tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed by immunohistochemistry (n = 192) and qPCR (n = 32) the immune environments of colorectal carcinoma and RCC lung metastases. RESULTS Metastases from colorectal carcinoma and RCC have different immune infiltrates. Higher densities of DC-LAMP(+) mature dendritic cells (P < 0.0001) and lower densities of NKp46(+) NK cells (P < 0.0001) were observed in colorectal carcinoma as compared to RCC metastases, whereas densities of T cells were similar. High densities of CD8(+) and DC-LAMP(+) cells correlated with longer overall survival (OS) in colorectal carcinoma (P = 0.008) and shorter OS in RCC (P < 0.0001). High NK-cell densities were associated with improved survival in RCC (P = 0.002) but not in colorectal carcinoma. Densities of immune cells correlated significantly from primary to relapsing metastases for the same patient. A TH1 orientation was found in colorectal carcinoma metastases, whereas a heterogeneous immune gene expression was found in RCC metastases. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a major prognostic value of the immune pattern (CD8(+)/DC-LAMP(+) cell densities) in colorectal carcinoma and RCC, reproducible from primary to metastatic tumors, although with opposite clinical impacts, and highlight the role of the tumor cell in shaping its immune environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Remark
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, France
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Tian WY, Chen WC, Li R, Liu L. Markers CD40, VEGF, AKT, PI3K, and S100 correlate with tumor stage in gastric cancer. Oncol Res Treat 2013; 36:26-31. [PMID: 23429328 DOI: 10.1159/000346675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better understand gastric cancer occurrence and prognosis, we explored the expression of molecules in the CD40 pathway and their correlation with gastric cancer prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured the expression of CD40, VEGF, AKT, PI3K, and S100 in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues from 128 patients by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of CD40, VEGF, AKT, and PI3K were significantly higher in tumor tissue than in normal tissue, while S100 expression in dendritic cells (DC) was lower. Expression of CD40, VEGF, AKT, and PI3K significantly increased with T stage, while S100 expression decreased with T stage. Lymph node metastasis was associated with low or negative S100 expression. PI3K expression increased with clinical stage, while negative S100 expression was associated with higher clinical stages. Multivariate analysis did not indicate significant associations between any of these markers and recurrence or mortality. CONCLUSION The correlation between T stage of gastric cancer and the higher expression of CD40, VEGF, AKT, and PI3K, along with lower S100 expression in DC, may provide insights into future targets for more effective immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Tian
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Karthaus N, Torensma R, Tel J. Deciphering the message broadcast by tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:733-42. [PMID: 22796439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human dendritic cells (DCs) infiltrate solid tumors, but this infiltration occurs in favorable and unfavorable disease prognoses. The statistical inference is that tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) play no conclusive role in predicting disease progression. This is remarkable because DCs are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. DCs either boost the immune system (enhancing immunity) or dampen it (leading to tolerance). This dual effect explains the dual outcomes of cancer progression. The reverse functional characteristics of DCs depend on their maturation status. This review elaborates on the markers used to detect DCs in tumors. In many cases, the identification of DCs in human cancers relies on staining for S-100 and CD1a. These two markers are mainly expressed by Langerhans cells, which are one of several functionally different DC subsets. The activation status of DCs is based on the expression of CD83, DC-SIGN, and DC-LAMP, which are nonspecific markers of DC maturation. The detection of TIDCs has not kept pace with the increased knowledge about the identification of DC subsets and their maturation status. Therefore, it is difficult to draw a conclusion about the performance of DCs in tumors. We suggest a novel selection of markers to distinguish human DC subsets and maturation states. The use of these biomarkers will be of pivotal importance to scrutinize the prognostic significance of TIDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Karthaus
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Gulubova MV, Ananiev JR, Vlaykova TI, Yovchev Y, Tsoneva V, Manolova IM. Role of dendritic cells in progression and clinical outcome of colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:159-69. [PMID: 22065108 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in the initiation and regulation of immune responses including antitumor immunity. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the role of different subtypes of DCs infiltrating the tumor stroma and invasive margin for tumor progression and survival of patients with colon cancer. METHODS The presence of immature (CD1a- and S100 protein+) and mature (CD83- and HLA-DR+) DCs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from 145 patients with colon cancer. Patients were dichotomized according to the number of DCs in the tumor stroma and invasive margin, and clinical, histological, and survival data were compared between the two groups of patients. RESULTS The number of the mature CD83+ DCs in the tumor stroma and in the invasive margin significantly correlated with the tumor stage: the lower level of infiltration was found in patients that have advanced tumor stage. The frequency of distant metastases was higher in patients who had lower numbers of immature CD1a+ DCs in tumor stroma and of CD83+ DCs in invasive margin. Patients showing a relatively high number of S100+ DCs in the tumor stroma and HLA-DR+ DCs in the invasive margin had a longer overall survival (p < 0.05). Patients with lower CD83+ DCs infiltration in invasive margin had worse prognosis after surgical therapy compared with those with higher CD83+ DCs infiltration (p = 0.0397). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the infiltration of colon cancer with DCs is related with tumor progression and patient prognosis, suggesting a central role for DCs in controlling local antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya V Gulubova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Armeiska str. 11, Stara Zagora, 6000, Bulgaria.
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Oosterhoff D, Sluijter BJR, Hangalapura BN, de Gruijl TD. The dermis as a portal for dendritic cell-targeted immunotherapy of cutaneous melanoma. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 351:181-220. [PMID: 21681685 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Complete surgical excision at an early stage remains the only curative treatment for cutaneous melanoma with few available adjuvant therapy options. Nevertheless, melanoma is a relatively immunogenic tumor type and particularly amenable to immunotherapeutic approaches. A dense network of cutaneous dendritic cells (DC) may account for the reported efficacy of vaccination through the skin and provide an attractive target for the immunotherapy of melanoma. Several phenotypically distinct DC subsets are discernable in the skin, among others, epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal DC. Upon appropriate activation both subsets can efficiently migrate to melanoma-draining lymph nodes (LN) to prime T cell-mediated responses. Unfortunately, from an early stage, melanoma development is characterized by strong immune suppression, facilitating unchecked tumor growth and spread. Particularly the primary tumor site and the first-line tumor-draining LN, the so-called sentinel LN, bear the brunt of this melanoma-induced immune suppression-and these are exactly the sites where anti-melanoma effector T cell responses should be primed by DC in order to prevent early metastasis. Through local immunopotentiation or through DC-targeted vaccination, the dermis may be utilized as a portal to activate DC and kick-start or boost effective T cell-mediated anti-melanoma immunity, even in the face of this immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oosterhoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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