1
|
Yang W, Sun Q, Zhang X, Zheng L, Yang X, He N, Pang Y, Wang X, Lai Z, Zheng W, Zheng S, Wang W. A novel doxorubicin/CTLA-4 blocker co-loaded drug delivery system improves efficacy and safety in antitumor therapy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:386. [PMID: 38824143 PMCID: PMC11144200 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin's antitumor effectiveness may be constrained with ineffective tumor penetration, systemic adverse effects, as well as drug resistance. The co-loading of immune checkpoint inhibitors and doxorubicin into liposomes can produce synergistic benefits and address problems, including quick drug clearance, toxicity, and low drug penetration efficiency. In our previous study, we modified a nanobody targeting CTLA-4 onto liposomes (LPS-Nb36) to be an extremely potent CTLA-4 signal blocker which improve the CD8+ T-cell activity against tumors under physiological conditions. In this study, we designed a drug delivery system (LPS-RGD-Nb36-DOX) based on LPS-Nb36 that realized the doxorubicin and anti-CTLA-4 Nb co-loaded and RGD modification, and was applied to antitumor therapy. We tested whether LPS-RGD-Nb36-DOX could targets the tumor by in vivo animal photography, and more importantly, promote cytotoxic T cells proliferation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and cytotoxicity. Our findings demonstrated that the combination of activated CD8+ T cells with doxorubicin/anti-CTLA-4 Nb co-loaded liposomes can effectively eradicate tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro. This combination therapy is anticipated to have synergistic antitumor effects. More importantly, it has the potential to reduce the dose of chemotherapeutic drugs and improve safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Yang
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qinghui Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan MedicalUniversity, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaodian Zhang
- Hainan Cancer Medical Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Engineering Research Center for Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Na He
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan MedicalUniversity, Haikou, China
| | - Yanyang Pang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Haikou Third People's Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiheng Lai
- Department of Anorectal, Hainan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Wuping Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
| | - Shaoping Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wu Wang
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma M, Xie Y, Liu J, Wu L, Liu Y, Qin X. Biological effects of IL-21 on immune cells and its potential for cancer treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111154. [PMID: 37977064 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, is one of the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune system. Produced by various immune cells, IL-21 has pleiotropic effects on innate and adaptive immune responses via regulation of natural killer, T, and B cells. An anti-tumor role of IL-21 has also been reported in the literature, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the tumor cell. Anti-tumor effect of IL-21 enhances when combined with other agents that target tumor cells, immune regulatory circuits, or other immune-enhancing molecules. Therefore, understanding the biology of IL-21 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and reducing its systemic toxic and side effects is crucial to ensure the maximum benefits of anti-tumor treatment strategies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the biological functions, roles in tumors, and the recent advances in preclinical and clinical research of IL-21 in tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fathi-Karkan S, Arshad R, Rahdar A, Ramezani A, Behzadmehr R, Ghotekar S, Pandey S. Recent advancements in the targeted delivery of etoposide nanomedicine for cancer therapy: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115676. [PMID: 37499287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide (ETO), a popular anticancer drug that inhibits topoisomerase II enzymes, may be administered more effectively and efficiently due to nanomedicine. The therapeutic application of ETO is constrained by its limited solubility, weak absorption, and severe side effects. This article summarizes substantial progress made in the development of ETO nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer. It discusses various organic and inorganic nanostructures used to load or affix ETOs, such as lipids, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, micelles, gold NPs, iron oxide NPs, and silica NPs. In addition, it evaluates the structural properties of these nanostructures, such as their size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release mechanism, as well as their in vitro or in vivo performance. The article also emphasizes the co-delivery of ETO with other medications or agents to produce synergistic effects or combat drug resistance in the treatment of cancer. It concludes with a discussion of the challenges and potential avenues for clinical translation of ETO nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 9414974877, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 94531-55166, Iran.
| | - Rabia Arshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - Aghdas Ramezani
- Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares, University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Behzadmehr
- Department of Radiology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Suresh Ghotekar
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheng B, Li D, Li C, Zhuang Z, Wang P, Liu G. The Application of Biomedicine in Chemodynamic Therapy: From Material Design to Improved Strategies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:925. [PMID: 37627810 PMCID: PMC10451538 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has garnered significant interest as an innovative approach for cancer treatment, owing to its notable tumor specificity and selectivity, minimal systemic toxicity and side effects, and absence of the requirement for field stimulation during treatment. This treatment utilizes nanocatalytic medicines containing transitional metals to release metal ions within tumor cells, subsequently initiating Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. These reactions convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into hydroxyl radical (•OH) specifically within the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. However, insufficient endogenous H2O2, the overexpressed reducing substances in the TME, and the weak acidity of solid tumors limit the performance of CDT and restrict its application in vivo. Therefore, a variety of nanozymes and strategies have been designed and developed in order to potentiate CDT against tumors, including the application of various nanozymes and different strategies to remodel TME for enhanced CDT (e.g., increasing the H2O2 level in situ, depleting reductive substances, and lowering the pH value). This review presents an overview of the design and development of various nanocatalysts and the corresponding strategies employed to enhance catalytic drug targeting in recent years. Additionally, it delves into the prospects and obstacles that lie ahead for the future advancement of CDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Dong Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Ziqi Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Peiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Revising the Landscape of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Therapy in Lung Cancer: Focus on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065626. [PMID: 36982701 PMCID: PMC10054817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Undeniably, immunotherapy has markedly improved the survival rate of cancer patients. The scenario is no different in lung cancer, where multiple treatment options are now available and the inclusion of immunotherapy yields better clinical benefits than previously used chemotherapeutic strategies. Of interest, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapy has also taken a central role in clinical trials for the treatment of lung cancer. Herein, we describe the relative success of CIK cell therapy (alone and combined with dendritic cells as DC/CIKs) in lung cancer clinical trials and discuss its combination with known immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1). Additionally, we provide insights into the findings of several preclinical in vitro/in vivo studies linked to lung cancer. In our opinion, CIK cell therapy, which recently completed 30 years and has been approved in many countries, including Germany, offers tremendous potential for lung cancer. Foremost, when it is optimized on a patient-by-patient basis with special attention to the patient-specific genomic signature.
Collapse
|
6
|
Recent advances in augmenting Fenton chemistry of nanoplatforms for enhanced chemodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
7
|
Alshaebi F, Safi M, Algabri YA, Al-Azab M, Aldanakh A, Alradhi M, Reem A, Zhang C. Interleukin-34 and immune checkpoint inhibitors: Unified weapons against cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1099696. [PMID: 36798830 PMCID: PMC9927403 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1099696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a cytokine that is involved in the regulation of immune cells, including macrophages, in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Macrophages are a type of immune cell that can be found in large numbers within the TME and have been shown to have a role in the suppression of immune responses in cancer. This mmune suppression can contribute to cancer development and tumors' ability to evade the immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a type of cancer treatment that target proteins on immune cells that act as "checkpoints," regulating the activity of the immune system. Examples of these proteins include programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). ICIs work by blocking the activity of these proteins, allowing the immune system to mount a stronger response against cancer cells. The combination of IL-34 inhibition with ICIs has been proposed as a potential treatment option for cancer due to the role of IL-34 in the TME and its potential involvement in resistance to ICIs. Inhibiting the activity of IL-34 or targeting its signaling pathways may help to overcome resistance to ICIs and improve the effectiveness of these therapies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of IL-34-mediated regulation of TME and the promotion of ICI resistance. Besides, this work may shed light on whether targeting IL-34 might be exploited as a potential treatment option for cancer patients in the future. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the role of IL-34 in TME and to determine the safety and efficacy of this approach in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadhl Alshaebi
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mohammed Safi
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Mohammed Safi, ; Caiqing Zhang,
| | - Yousif A. Algabri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mahmoud Al-Azab
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abdullah Aldanakh
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Mohammed Alradhi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Alariqi Reem
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Amran University, Amran, Yemen
| | - Caiqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Mohammed Safi, ; Caiqing Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tumor immunology. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
9
|
Principe N, Aston WJ, Hope DE, Tilsed CM, Fisher SA, Boon L, Dick IM, Chin WL, McDonnell AM, Nowak AK, Lake RA, Chee J, Lesterhuis WJ. Comprehensive Testing of Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Preclinical Cancer Models Identifies Additive Combinations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872295. [PMID: 35634282 PMCID: PMC9132586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target immune checkpoints such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) and the programmed cell death protein 1/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) are now a treatment option for multiple cancer types. However, as a monotherapy, objective responses only occur in a minority of patients. Chemotherapy is widely used in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Although a variety of isolated immunostimulatory effects have been reported for several classes of chemotherapeutics, it is unclear which chemotherapeutics provide the most benefit when combined with ICB. We investigated 10 chemotherapies from the main canonical classes dosed at the clinically relevant maximum tolerated dose in combination with anti‐CTLA-4/anti-PD-L1 ICB. We screened these chemo-immunotherapy combinations in two murine mesothelioma models from two different genetic backgrounds, and identified chemotherapies that produced additive, neutral or antagonistic effects when combined with ICB. Using flow cytometry and bulk RNAseq, we characterized the tumor immune milieu in additive chemo-immunotherapy combinations. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or cisplatin were additive when combined with ICB while vinorelbine and etoposide provided no additional benefit when combined with ICB. The combination of 5-FU with ICB augmented an inflammatory tumor microenvironment with markedly increased CD8+ T cell activation and upregulation of IFNγ, TNFα and IL-1β signaling. The effective anti‐tumor immune response of 5-FU chemo-immunotherapy was dependent on CD8+ T cells but was unaffected when TNFα or IL-1β cytokine signaling pathways were blocked. Our study identified additive and non-additive chemotherapy/ICB combinations and suggests a possible role for increased inflammation in the tumor microenvironment as a basis for effective combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principe
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wayne J Aston
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Danika E Hope
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Caitlin M Tilsed
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Scott A Fisher
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Ian M Dick
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wee Loong Chin
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Anna K Nowak
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Richard A Lake
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Willem Joost Lesterhuis
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Takahashi M, Watanabe S, Suzuki R, Arita M, Sato K, Sato M, Sekiya Y, Abe Y, Fujisaki T, Ohtsubo A, Shoji S, Nozaki K, Ichikawa K, Kondo R, Saida Y, Hokari S, Aoki N, Hayashi M, Ohshima Y, Koya T, Kikuchi T. PD-1 blockade therapy augments the antitumor effects of lymphodepletion and adoptive T cell transfer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1357-1369. [PMID: 34657194 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphodepleting cytotoxic regimens enhance the antitumor effects of adoptively transferred effector and naïve T cells. Although the mechanisms of antitumor immunity augmentation by lymphodepletion have been intensively investigated, the effects of lymphodepletion followed by T cell transfer on immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment remain unclear. The current study demonstrated that the expression of immune checkpoint molecules on transferred donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was significantly decreased in lymphodepleted tumor-bearing mice. In contrast, lymphodepletion did not reduce immune checkpoint molecule levels on recipient CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Administration of anti-PD-1 antibodies after lymphodepletion and adoptive transfer of T cells significantly inhibited tumor progression. Further analysis revealed that transfer of both donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was responsible for the antitumor effects of a combination therapy consisting of lymphodepletion, T cell transfer and anti-PD-1 treatment. Our findings indicate that a possible mechanism underlying the antitumor effects of lymphodepletion followed by T cell transfer is the prevention of donor T cell exhaustion and dysfunction. PD-1 blockade may reinvigorate exhausted recipient T cells and augment the antitumor effects of lymphodepletion and adoptive T cell transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masashi Arita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ko Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuki Sekiya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiya Fujisaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Aya Ohtsubo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shoji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nozaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ichikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Rie Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yu Saida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hokari
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Aoki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masachika Hayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ohshima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Koya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer: Challenges and Future Prospects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091075. [PMID: 34572263 PMCID: PMC8467932 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a new pillar of cancer therapy that provides novel opportunities to treat solid tumors. In this context, the development of new drugs targeting immune checkpoints is considered a promising approach in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment because it can be induce specific and durable anti-cancer effects. Despite many advances in the immunotherapy of CRC, there are still limitations and obstacles to successful treatment. The immunosuppressive function of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is one of the causes of poor response to treatment in CRC patients. For this reason, checkpoint-blocking antibodies have shown promising outcomes in CRC patients by blocking inhibitory immune checkpoints and enhancing immune responses against tumors. This review summarizes recent advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 in CRC, and it discusses various therapeutic strategies with ICIs, including the double blockade of ICIs, combination therapy of ICIs with other immunotherapies, and conventional treatments. This review also delineates a new hopeful path in the combination of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 with other ICIs such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-LAG-3, and anti-TIM-3 for CRC treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Kaveh V, Abolghasemi H, Ghaffari SH, Momeny M, Bashash D. Recent advances in immune checkpoint therapy in non-small cell lung cancer and opportunities for nanoparticle-based therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174404. [PMID: 34363829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer with the highest mortality rate and a poor 5-year survival rate. The majority of the cases are diagnosed in advanced stages when the disease has spread, which makes the tumor inoperable. Due to the antigenic essence of lung tumor cells, immunotherapy is a novel area and has exhibited remarkable results in this malignancy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are inhibitory molecules that disrupt immune checkpoint signaling pathways whether in the immune cells or tumor cells. Tremelimumab and ipilimumab (CTLA-4 blockers), pembrolizumab and nivolumab (PD-1 blockers), and durvalumab, avelumab, and atezolizumab (PD-L1 blockers) are FDA-approved and improve the survival and objective response of NSCLC patients. Despite this, over-stimulation of the immune system via the immune checkpoint therapy is a double-edged sword that causes a spectrum of adverse events from moderate to life-threatening. Nanomedicine considerably impacts the way of diagnosis and treatment of tumors to overcome treatment-related challenges. Accordingly, nanoparticle-based immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy increases the local concentration of immune checkpoint inhibitors while reduces the side effects, which result in boosting the anti-tumor immunity against various types of malignancies, including NSCLC. The current review provides comprehensive information about immune checkpoint therapy in NSCLC, their efficacy, and their safety profile. Besides, recent advances in nanoparticle-based immune checkpoint therapy and its limitation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Kaveh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolghasemi
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Mofid Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Momeny
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abdel‐Bar HM, Walters AA, Wang JT, Al‐Jamal KT. Combinatory Delivery of Etoposide and siCD47 in a Lipid Polymer Hybrid Delays Lung Tumor Growth in an Experimental Melanoma Lung Metastatic Model. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001853. [PMID: 33661553 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPH) as a platform for the combinatorial delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and etoposide (Eto). Different Eto loaded LPH formulations (LPH Eto ) are prepared. The optimized cationic LPH Eto with a particle size of 109.66 ± 5.17 nm and Eto entrapment efficiency (EE %) of 80.33 ± 2.55 is used to incorporate siRNA targeting CD47 (siCD47), a do not eat me marker on the surface of cancer cells. The siRNA-encapsulating LPH (LPH siNEG-Eto ) has a particle size of 115.9 ± 4.11 nm and siRNA EE % of 63.54 ± 4.36 %. LPHs improved the cellular uptake of siRNA in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. Enhanced cytotoxicity (3.8-fold higher than Eto solution) and high siRNA transfection efficiency (≈50 %) are obtained. An in vivo biodistribution study showed a preferential uptake of the nanosystem into lung, liver, and spleen. In an experimental pseudo-metastatic B16F10 lung tumor model, a superior therapeutic outcome can be observed in mice treated with combinatory therapy. Immunological studies revealed elevated CD4+, CD8+ cells, and macrophages in the lung following combinatory treatment. The study suggests the potential of the current system for combinatory chemotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer or lung metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hend Mohamed Abdel‐Bar
- Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy University of Sadat City Sadat City 32958 Egypt
| | - Adam A. Walters
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH United Kingdom
| | - Julie Tzu‐Wen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH United Kingdom
| | - Khuloud T. Al‐Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Accogli T, Bruchard M, Végran F. Modulation of CD4 T Cell Response According to Tumor Cytokine Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030373. [PMID: 33498483 PMCID: PMC7864169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of knowledge on tumor biology over the past decades has demonstrated a close link between tumor cells and cells of the immune system. In this context, cytokines have a major role because they act as intermediaries in the communication into the tumor bed. Cytokines play an important role in the homeostasis of innate and adaptive immunity. In particular, they participate in the differentiation of CD4 T lymphocytes. These cells play essential functions in the anti-tumor immune response but can also be corrupted by tumors. The differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells depends on the cytokine environment in which they are activated. Additionally, at the tumor site, their activity can also be modulated according to the cytokines of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, polarized CD4 T lymphocytes can see their phenotype evolve, demonstrating functional plasticity. Knowledge of the impact of these cytokines on the functions of CD4 T cells is currently a source of innovation, for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we discuss the impact of the major cytokines present in tumors on CD4 T cells. In addition, we summarize the main therapeutic strategies that can modulate the CD4 response through their impact on cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Accogli
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.A.); (M.B.)
- Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, Dijon 21000, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Bruchard
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.A.); (M.B.)
- Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, Dijon 21000, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Végran
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.A.); (M.B.)
- Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, Dijon 21000, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McKernan P, Virani NA, Faria GNF, Karch CG, Prada Silvy R, Resasco DE, Thompson LF, Harrison RG. Targeted Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Photothermal Therapy Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:9. [PMID: 33411055 PMCID: PMC7790975 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The greatest contributors to cancer mortality are metastasis and the consequences of its treatment. Here, we present a novel treatment of metastatic breast cancer that combines photothermal therapy with targeted single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and immunostimulation with a checkpoint inhibitor. We find that the selective near-infrared photothermal ablation of primary orthotopic EMT6 breast tumors in syngeneic BALB/cJ mice using an annexin A5 (ANXA5) functionalized SWCNT bioconjugate synergistically enhances an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4)-dependent abscopal response, resulting in an increased survival (55%) at 100 days after tumor inoculation. In comparison, there was no survival at 100 days for either photothermal therapy by itself or immunostimulation by itself. Prior to photothermal therapy, the SWCNT-ANXA5 bioconjugate was administered systemically at a relatively low dose of 1.2 mg/kg, where it then accumulated in tumor vasculature via ANXA5-dependent binding. During photothermal therapy, the average maximum temperature in the tumor reached 54 °C (duration 175 s). The mechanism of prolonged survival resulting from combinatorial photothermal ablation and immune stimulation was evaluated by flow cytometric quantification of splenic antitumoral immune effector cells and serum cytokine quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McKernan
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Needa A Virani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela N F Faria
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Clément G Karch
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Ricardo Prada Silvy
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Daniel E Resasco
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Linda F Thompson
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Roger G Harrison
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Topin-Ruiz S, Mellinger A, Lepeltier E, Bourreau C, Fouillet J, Riou J, Jaouen G, Martin L, Passirani C, Clere N. p722 ferrocifen loaded lipid nanocapsules improve survival of murine xenografted-melanoma via a potentiation of apoptosis and an activation of CD8 + T lymphocytes. Int J Pharm 2020; 593:120111. [PMID: 33246045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. Recent new therapeutics improved the survival of patients at a metastatic stage. However, the low response rate to immunotherapy, explained in part by resistance to apoptosis, needs to develop new strategies. The ferrocifen family represents promising bioorganometallic molecules for melanoma treatment since they show potent anticancer properties. The aim of this study is (i) to evaluate the benefits of a strategy involving encapsulated p722 in lipid nanocapsules (LNC) in B16F10 melanoma mice models and (ii) to compare the beneficial effects with an existing therapy such as anti-CTLA4 mAb. Interestingly, LNC-p722 induces a significant decrease of melanoma cell viability. In vivo data shows a significant improvement in the survival rate and a slower tumor growth with p722-loaded LNC in comparison with anti-CTLA4 mAb. Western blots confirm that LNC-p722 potentiates intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Treatment with LNC-p722 significantly activates CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to treatment with anti-CTLA4 mAb. This study uncovers a new therapeutic strategy with encapsulated p722 to prevent B16F10 melanoma growth and to improve survival of treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solène Topin-Ruiz
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, service de dermatologie, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Adélie Mellinger
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Clara Bourreau
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Juliette Fouillet
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Jérémie Riou
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Gérard Jaouen
- PSL, Chimie ParisTech, Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM, UMR 8232), Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ludovic Martin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, service de dermatologie, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Catherine Passirani
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Nicolas Clere
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hama N, Kobayashi T, Han N, Kitagawa F, Kajihara N, Otsuka R, Wada H, Lee HK, Rhee H, Hasegawa Y, Yagita H, Baghdadi M, Seino KI. Interleukin-34 Limits the Therapeutic Effects of Immune Checkpoint Blockade. iScience 2020; 23:101584. [PMID: 33205010 PMCID: PMC7648133 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is an alternative ligand to colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) for the CSF-1 receptor that acts as a key regulator of monocyte/macrophage lineage. In this study, we show that tumor-derived IL-34 mediates resistance to immune checkpoint blockade regardless of CSF-1 existence in various murine cancer models. Consistent with its immunosuppressive characteristics, the expression of IL-34 in tumors correlates with decreased frequencies of cellular (such as CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and M1-biased macrophages) and molecular (including various cytokines and chemokines) effectors at the tumor microenvironment. Then, a neutralizing antibody against IL-34 improved the therapeutic effects of the immune checkpoint blockade in combinatorial therapeutic models, including a patient-derived xenograft model. Collectively, we revealed that tumor-derived IL-34 inhibits the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade and proposed the utility of IL-34 blockade as a new strategy for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hama
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takuto Kobayashi
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Nanumi Han
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Fumihito Kitagawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Nabeel Kajihara
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Ryo Otsuka
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Haruka Wada
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hee-kyung Lee
- DNA Link, Inc., Biomedical Science Building 117, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Hwanseok Rhee
- DNA Link, Inc., Biomedical Science Building 117, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Omics Research, Depertment of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Muhammad Baghdadi
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Seino
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim J, Sestito LF, Im S, Kim WJ, Thomas SN. Poly(cyclodextrin)-Polydrug Nanocomplexes as Synthetic Oncolytic Virus for Locoregional Melanoma Chemoimmunotherapy. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1908788. [PMID: 33071710 PMCID: PMC7566879 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201908788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the approval of oncolytic virus therapy for advanced melanoma, its intrinsic limitations that include the risk of persistent viral infection and cost-intensive manufacturing motivate the development of analogous approaches that are free from the disadvantages of virus-based therapies. Herein, we report a nanoassembly comprised of multivalent host-guest interactions between polymerized paclitaxel (pPTX) and nitric oxide incorporated polymerized β-cyclodextrin (pCD-pSNO) that through its bioactive components and when used locoregionally recapitulates the therapeutic effects of oncolytic virus. The resultant pPTX/pCD-pSNO exhibits significantly enhanced cytotoxicity, immunogenic cell death, dendritic cell activation and T cell expansion in vitro compared to free agents alone or in combination. In vivo, intratumoral administration of pPTX/pCD-pSNO results in activation and expansion of dendritic cells systemically, but with a corresponding expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and suppression of CD8+ T cell expansion. When combined with antibody targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 that blunts this molecule's signaling effects on T cells, intratumoral pPTX/pCD-pSNO treatment elicits potent anticancer effects that significantly prolong animal survival. This formulation thus leverages the chemo- and immunotherapeutic synergies of paclitaxel and nitric oxide and suggests the potential for virus-free nanoformulations to mimic the therapeutic action and benefits of oncolytic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Lauren F Sestito
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA and Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sooseok Im
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA and Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Astragalus membranaceus-Derived Anti-Programmed Death-1 Monoclonal Antibodies with Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Effects against Tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3415471. [PMID: 32190660 PMCID: PMC7073506 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3415471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide (APS) components are main ingredients of TCM and have proven efficacy to activate T cells and B cells, enhancing immunity in humans. In this study, elevated cytokine and anti-PD-1 antibody titers were found in mice after immunization with APS. Therefore, phage-display technology was utilized to isolate specific anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibodies from mice stimulated by APS and to confirm whether the isolated anti-PD-1 antibody could inhibit the interaction of PD-1 with the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), resulting in tumor growth inhibition. The isolated single-chain fragment variable (scFv) S12 exhibited the highest binding affinity of 20 nM to PD-1, completed the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1, and blocked the effect of PD-L1-induced T cell exhaustion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. In the animal model, the tumor growth inhibition effect after scFv S12 treatment was approximately 48%. However, meaningful synergistic effects were not observed when scFv S12 was used as a cotreatment with ixabepilone. Moreover, this treatment caused a reduction in the number of tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor tissue. These experimental results indirectly indicate the ability of APS to induce specific antibodies associated with the immune checkpoint system and the potential benefits for improving immunity in humans.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abdel-Aziz AK, Saadeldin MK, D'Amico P, Orecchioni S, Bertolini F, Curigliano G, Minucci S. Preclinical models of breast cancer: Two-way shuttles for immune checkpoint inhibitors from and to patient bedside. Eur J Cancer 2019; 122:22-41. [PMID: 31606656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration has lately approved atezolizumab, anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), to be used together with nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel in treating patients with triple negative breast cancer (BC) expressing PD-L1. Nonetheless, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are still challenged by the resistance and immune-related adverse effects evident in a considerable subset of treated patients without conclusive comprehension of the underlying molecular basis, biomarkers and tolerable therapeutic regimens capable of unleashing the anti-tumour immune responses. Stepping back to preclinical models is thus inevitable to address these inquiries. Herein, we comprehensively review diverse preclinical models of BC exploited in investigating ICIs underscoring their pros and cons as well as the learnt and awaited lessons to allow full exploitation of ICIs in BC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Kamal Saadeldin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 6th October City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Paolo D'Amico
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Orecchioni
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kamoun WS, Dugast AS, Suchy JJ, Grabow S, Fulton RB, Sampson JF, Luus L, Santiago M, Koshkaryev A, Sun G, Askoxylakis V, Tam E, Huang ZR, Drummond DC, Sawyer AJ. Synergy between EphA2-ILs-DTXp, a Novel EphA2-Targeted Nanoliposomal Taxane, and PD-1 Inhibitors in Preclinical Tumor Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:270-281. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Gelsomino F, Lamberti G, Parisi C, Casolari L, Melotti B, Sperandi F, Ardizzoni A. The evolving landscape of immunotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: A focus on predictive biomarkers. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 79:101887. [PMID: 31491661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was defined as a "recalcitrant cancer" because of its dismal prognosis and lack of outcome improvements in the last 30 years. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors revolutionized treatment in many cancer types and results from the IMpower133 study, a double-blind placebo-controlled phase III trial, showed overall survival benefit for atezolizumab when added to standard platinum-etoposide chemotherapy in first-line SCLC setting for the first time since years. Trials with other checkpoint inhibitors, e.g. pembrolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab and ipilimumab, are ongoing in various settings, but, to date, there are no defined factors to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from such treatments. This review summarizes results of immunotherapy trials in SCLC for first-line, maintenance and further-line therapies for single-agents and combinations with checkpoint inhibitors. Predictive factors from these trials are reviewed in order to identify their clinical value, with particular emphasis on PD-L1 expression on both tumor cells and in stroma, especially in pembrolizumab-treated patients, and tumor mutational burden, for patients treated with the ipilimumab and nivolumab combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gelsomino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudia Parisi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Casolari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Melotti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sperandi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yan YF, Zheng YF, Ming PP, Deng XX, Ge W, Wu YG. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer: current status and future directions. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 18:147-156. [PMID: 30247518 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, immunotherapies, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have made great breakthroughs in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Among them, nivolumab, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab have been granted US Food and Drug Administration approval for NSCLC. It is imperative to combine ICIs with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, antivascular therapy and targeted therapy. But in the bright future, there are two problems. One is how to use biomarkers to select the beneficiaries. The other is how to achieve a balance between drug effectiveness and safety. There are now seven drugs targeting the programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) pathways that have been or are expected to enter clinical treatment. This review focuses on these drugs and summarizes clinical trials that have been reported or that ongoing ones have already entered the recruiting state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Ge
- Center of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Gui Wu
- Center of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Immunological consequences of chemotherapy: Single drugs, combination therapies and nanoparticle-based treatments. J Control Release 2019; 305:130-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
25
|
Luo Q, Zhang L, Luo C, Jiang M. Emerging strategies in cancer therapy combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:191-203. [PMID: 30998963 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy holds great potential to battle cancer by exerting a durable immunity effect. However, this process might be limited by various constraints existing in the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as the lack of available neoantigen, insufficient T cells from the naive repertoire, or immunosuppressive networks in which immunogenic tissue is protected from immune attacks. Certain chemotherapeutic drugs could elicit immune-potentiating effects by either inducing immunogenicity or relieving tumor-induced immunosuppression. Some also leave tumors directly susceptible to cytotoxic T cell attacks. Mounting evidence accumulated from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that these two treatment modalities might be mutually reinforcing as an effective "chemo-immunotherapy" strategy. Herein, we reviewed the latest advances in cancer immunotherapy and related mechanisms involved in chemotherapeutic-mediated immune activation. The emerging combination strategies and synergistic effects in response to chemo-immunotherapy are highlighted. We also discuss the challenges and critical considerations in its future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing South Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 155 Nanjing South Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing South Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing South Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 155 Nanjing South Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
van den Bulk J, Verdegaal EM, de Miranda NF. Cancer immunotherapy: broadening the scope of targetable tumours. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180037. [PMID: 29875199 PMCID: PMC6030119 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has experienced remarkable advances in recent years. Striking clinical responses have been achieved for several types of solid cancers (e.g. melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer and mismatch repair-deficient cancers) after treatment of patients with T-cell checkpoint blockade therapies. These have been shown to be particularly effective in the treatment of cancers with high mutation burden, which places tumour-mutated antigens (neo-antigens) centre stage as targets of tumour immunity and cancer immunotherapy. With current technologies, neo-antigens can be identified in a short period of time, which may support the development of complementary, personalized approaches that increase the number of tumours amenable to immunotherapeutic intervention. In addition to reviewing the state of the art in cancer immunotherapy, we discuss potential avenues that can bring the immunotherapy revolution to a broader patient group including cancers with low mutation burden.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen R, Hou X, Yang L, Zhao D. Comparative efficacy and safety of first-line treatments for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:607-623. [PMID: 30734504 PMCID: PMC6449246 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the predominant type of lung cancer, and most clinically curable patients are diagnosed with locally advanced disease. Although the efficacy of standard platinum‐based chemotherapy doublets is relatively limited. The effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remains controversial, and its role in the first‐line treatment of advanced NSCLC is obscure. Thus, we carried out a systematic review and meta‐analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of ICIs for advanced NSCLC. Methods The PubMed, Cochrane Central Register Trial, and American Society of Clinical Oncology databases were searched from inception to 30 April 2018. We searched for randomized controlled trials comparing single‐agent programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death‐ligand 1 inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or atezolizumab) or cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 inhibitor (ipilimumab) with chemotherapy in NSCLC patients. Progression‐free survival, overall survival, objective response rate, and adverse events were pooled for meta‐analysis by Review Manager (RevMan version 5.3) software. Results After exclusion of ineligible studies, 12 eligible randomized controlled trials were included. Data showed that ICIs significantly improved progression‐free survival (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.57–0.77, P < 0.00001), overall survival (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64–0.91, P = 0.003), and but not objective response rate (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.25–3.13, P = 0.004) in all unselected NSCLC populations. However, they failed to increase the OS of programmed death‐ligand 1 = 1–49% subgroup (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.51–1.19, P = 0.25) and PFS of programmed death‐ligand 1<1% subgroup (HR 0.85; 95%CI 0.70 to 1.03, P=0.09) in ICIs+chemotherapy over chemotherapy. Meanwhile, OS of programmed death‐ligand =1‐49% subgroup (HR 0.92; 95%CI 0.77 to 1.10, P=0.36) and PFS of programmed death‐ligand 1≥50% subgroup (HR 0.76; 95%CI 0.52 to 1.11, P=0.15) showed no significant differences in ICIs over chemotherapy. Furthermore, fewer adverse events were observed in the ICIs groups than control groups. Conclusion ICIs are overall better tolerated than chemotherapy. Our results provide further evidence supporting the favorable risk/benefit ratio for ICIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Da Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, metabolic dysregulation, poor memory recall and homeostatic self-renewal, and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs. The ability to reinvigorate Tex cells through inhibitory receptor blockade, such as αPD-1, highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting this population. Emerging insights into the mechanisms of exhaustion are informing immunotherapies for cancer and chronic infections. However, like other immune cells, Tex cells are heterogeneous and include progenitor and terminal subsets with unique characteristics and responses to checkpoint blockade. Here, we review our current understanding of Tex cell biology, including the developmental paths, transcriptional and epigenetic features, and cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to exhaustion and how this knowledge may inform therapeutic targeting of Tex cells in chronic infections, autoimmunity, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McLane
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang H, Shen J, Yi L, Zhang W, Luo P, Zhang J. Efficacy and Safety of Ipilimumab plus Chemotherapy for Advanced Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cancer 2018; 9:4556-4567. [PMID: 30519362 PMCID: PMC6277638 DOI: 10.7150/jca.27368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with poor prognosis in advanced lung cancer patients. Platinum-based chemotherapy has always been a first-line treatment for the majority of advanced lung cancer patients, but its long-term survival benefit is limited. Ipilimumab is an immune drug that targets the CTLA-4 protein in T cells. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of adding ipilimumab to simple chemotherapy for patients with advanced lung cancer. We searched literatures in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and cliniclatrials.gov. The primary end points of this assessment were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and immune-related PFS(irPFS) of lung cancer patients. Other end points were objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and safety. The results of this study will be presented by the risk ratio (RR) of the endpoints and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the various effect sizes. And when the p value is less than 0.05, we think there is a statistical difference. Finally, 6 RCTs and 2,037 patients including 953 with advanced or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 1084 with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) were identified. Among them, 1089 received immunochemotherapy, and 948 patients received chemotherapy alone. Immunochemotherapy can't improve OS (6months: risk ratio (RR)=0.97 P=0.11; 1year: RR=1.05 P=0.36), ORR (RR=1.00 P=0.95) and DCR (RR=0.92, 95%CI 0.85-1.00, P=0.04) of patients with lung cancer compared to pure chemotherapy, but it can improve the PFS (6months: RR=1.16 P=0.02; 1year: RR=1.39 P=0.02) and 6months-irPFS(RR=1.60 P=0.004). However, due to the addition of ipilimumab, the immune-related toxicities are more apparent in immunochemotherapy group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Peng M, Li X, Lei G, Weng YM, Hu MX, Song QB. The efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy in lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:7369-7383. [PMID: 30425525 PMCID: PMC6204847 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s177318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The value of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) combination therapy for patients with lung cancer remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis using PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that might provide a reference for clinical practice. The selection criteria were defined according to the population, intervention, comparison, outcome and study design (PICOS) framework. In all, 12 RCTs with 5,989 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Our results showed that ICI combination therapy was significantly associated with the improvement of overall response rate (ORR) (RR =1.44 [95% CI 1.19, 1.74], P=0.0002), progression-free survival (PFS) (HR =0.67 [95% CI 0.59, 0.77], P<0.00001), and OS (HR =0.81 [95% CI 0.70, 0.95], P=0.008) in lung cancer. In subgroup analyses, combination ICI therapy significantly prolonged OS in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (HR =0.80 [95% CI 0.73, 0.88], P<0.00001) but not in SCLC (HR =0.94 [95% CI 0.82, 1.08], P=0.40) patients. Data suggested that PD-1 inhibitors had higher efficacy and safety profiles than PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in combination ICI therapy for lung cancer patients. Furthermore, tolerability analysis revealed higher incidences of grade ≥3 AEs, fatigue, and increased transaminases from combination ICI therapy. In conclusion, our meta-analysis indicated that combination ICI therapy should be considered in clinical practice and future study designs for NSCLC patients. However, the current data do not support the large-scale clinical application of combination ICI therapy in SCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Peng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China,
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gu Lei
- Department of Pathology, Huangshi Central Hospital of Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi 435000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi Ming Weng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China,
| | - Meng Xue Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China,
| | - Qi Bin Song
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li XT, Yang JJ, Wu YL, Hou J. Toward innovative combinational immunotherapy: A systems biology perspective. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 68:1-8. [PMID: 29775845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has advanced significantly in the last decades. Especially immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown inconceivable effect on enhancing host anti-tumor activity in NSCLC. However, the limitation of checkpoint blockade monotherapy seems unavoidable in most of the NSCLC patients and only ∼20% of them achieved response to monotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thus combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other agents with different action mechanisms holds a promise to revitalize NSCLC treatment, such as the combination of checkpoint inhibitors with angiogenesis inhibitors, or with chemotherapy, as well as the combination of two checkpoint inhibitors. Recently, various combinational strategies have been explored to setup promising combination regimens and to understand the action mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the suspected synergistic mechanisms of several combinational approaches by reviewing the available preclinical and clinical data. Then we discuss in light of the current knowledge of cancer biology and systems biology the important facets to be examined when setting up a framework for developing immunotherapy-based combination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tao Li
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jin-Ji Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jun Hou
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Redfern AD, Spalding LJ, Thompson EW. The Kraken Wakes: induced EMT as a driver of tumour aggression and poor outcome. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:285-308. [PMID: 29948647 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the shift of cells from an epithelial form to a contact independent, migratory, mesenchymal form. In cancer the change is linked to invasion and metastasis. Tumour conditions, including hypoxia, acidosis and a range of treatments can trigger EMT, which is implicated in the subsequent development of resistance to those same treatments. Consequently, the degree to which EMT occurs may underpin the entire course of tumour progression and treatment response in a patient. In this review we look past the protective effect of EMT against the initial treatment, to the role of the mesenchymal state, once triggered, in promoting disease growth, spread and future treatment insensitivity. In patients a correlation was found between the propensity of a treatment to induce EMT and failure of that treatment to provide a survival benefit, implicating EMT induction in accelerated tumour progression after treatment cessation. Looking to the mechanisms driving this detrimental effect; increased proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, stem cell induction, augmented angiogenesis, enhanced metastatic dissemination, and immune tolerance, can all result from treatment-induced EMT and could worsen outcome. Evidence also suggests EMT induction with earlier therapies attenuates benefits of later treatments. Looking beyond epithelial tumours, de-differentiation also has therapy-attenuating effects and reversal thereof may yield similar rewards. A range of potential therapies are in development that may address the diverse mechanisms and molecular control systems involved in EMT-induced accelerated progression. Considering the broad reaching effects of mesenchymal shift identified, successful deployment of such treatments could substantially improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redfern
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (UWA), Harry Perkins Building, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Lisa J Spalding
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (UWA), Harry Perkins Building, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune checkpoint blockade results in durable responses in a subset of patients with advanced urologic tumors. However, the majority of patients do not respond to single agent therapy raising the hypothesis that combination regimens may extend the benefits of immune checkpoint blockade to an even broader patient population. Preclinical data support combining immunotherapy with various classes of anticancer agents including standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. Herein, we provide an overview of the preclinical and clinical efforts to combine chemotherapy with immunotherapeutic approaches focusing on immune checkpoint blockade. RECENT FINDINGS Immune checkpoint blockade has achieved regulatory approval for the treatment of renal cancer and urothelial cancer. Preclinical and clinical studies have begun to explore these immunotherapeutic approaches in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy though clinical proof-of-concept has not yet been fully established. SUMMARY There are several arguments in favor, and against, combining immunotherapeutic approaches with standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. Ultimately, clinical trials carefully considering the particular drugs, doses, and schedules will be needed to determine if such approaches become part of our standard treatment armamentarium.
Collapse
|
34
|
Schaer DA, Beckmann RP, Dempsey JA, Huber L, Forest A, Amaladas N, Li Y, Wang YC, Rasmussen ER, Chin D, Capen A, Carpenito C, Staschke KA, Chung LA, Litchfield LM, Merzoug FF, Gong X, Iversen PW, Buchanan S, de Dios A, Novosiadly RD, Kalos M. The CDK4/6 Inhibitor Abemaciclib Induces a T Cell Inflamed Tumor Microenvironment and Enhances the Efficacy of PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade. Cell Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
35
|
Brown JS, Sundar R, Lopez J. Combining DNA damaging therapeutics with immunotherapy: more haste, less speed. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:312-324. [PMID: 29123260 PMCID: PMC5808021 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that chemotherapy can be used in combination with immunotherapy may seem somewhat counterproductive, as it can theoretically eliminate the immune cells needed for antitumour immunity. However, much preclinical work has now demonstrated that in addition to direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, a proportion of DNA damaging agents may actually promote immunogenic cell death, alter the inflammatory milieu of the tumour microenvironment and/or stimulate neoantigen production, thereby activating an antitumour immune response. Some notable combinations have now moved forward into the clinic, showing promise in phase I-III trials, whereas others have proven toxic, and challenging to deliver. In this review, we discuss the emerging data of how DNA damaging agents can enhance the immunogenic properties of malignant cells, focussing especially on immunogenic cell death, and the expansion of neoantigen repertoires. We discuss how best to strategically combine DNA damaging therapeutics with immunotherapy, and the challenges of successfully delivering these combination regimens to patients. With an overwhelming number of chemotherapy/immunotherapy combination trials in process, clear hypothesis-driven trials are needed to refine the choice of combinations, and determine the timing and sequencing of agents in order to stimulate antitumour immunological memory and improve maintained durable response rates, with minimal toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Brown
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Raghav Sundar
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Juanita Lopez
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer – Current status. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 63:122-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
37
|
Reck M, Luft A, Szczesna A, Havel L, Kim SW, Akerley W, Pietanza MC, Wu YL, Zielinski C, Thomas M, Felip E, Gold K, Horn L, Aerts J, Nakagawa K, Lorigan P, Pieters A, Kong Sanchez T, Fairchild J, Spigel D. Phase III Randomized Trial of Ipilimumab Plus Etoposide and Platinum Versus Placebo Plus Etoposide and Platinum in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017; 34:3740-3748. [PMID: 27458307 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.67.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with extensive-stage disease small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) have poor survival outcomes despite first-line chemotherapy with etoposide and platinum. This randomized, double-blind phase III study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ipilimumab or placebo plus etoposide and platinum in patients with newly diagnosed extensive-stage disease SCLC. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned at a ratio of one to one to receive chemotherapy with etoposide and platinum (cisplatin or carboplatin) plus ipilimumab 10 mg/kg or placebo every 3 weeks for a total of four doses each in a phased induction schedule (chemotherapy in cycles one to four; ipilimumab or placebo beginning in cycle three up to cycle six), followed by ipilimumab or placebo maintenance every 12 weeks. Primary end point was overall survival (OS) among patients receiving at least one dose of blinded study therapy. Results Of 1,132 patients randomly assigned, 954 received at least one dose of study therapy (chemotherapy plus ipilimumab, n = 478; chemotherapy plus placebo, n = 476). Median OS was 11.0 months for chemotherapy plus ipilimumab versus 10.9 months for chemotherapy plus placebo (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.09; P = .3775). Median progression-free survival was 4.6 months for chemotherapy plus ipilimumab versus 4.4 months for chemotherapy plus placebo (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.97). Rates and severity of treatment-related adverse events were similar between arms, except for diarrhea, rash, and colitis, which were more frequent with chemotherapy plus ipilimumab. Rate of treatment-related discontinuation was higher with chemotherapy plus ipilimumab (18% v 2% with chemotherapy plus placebo). Five treatment-related deaths occurred with chemotherapy plus ipilimumab and two with chemotherapy plus placebo. Conclusion Addition of ipilimumab to chemotherapy did not prolong OS versus chemotherapy alone in patients with newly diagnosed extensive-stage disease SCLC. No new or unexpected adverse events were observed with chemotherapy plus ipilimumab. Several ongoing studies are evaluating ipilimumab in combination with programmed death-1 inhibitors in SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reck
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Luft
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Szczesna
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Libor Havel
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sang-We Kim
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wallace Akerley
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Catherine Pietanza
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Thomas
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Enriqueta Felip
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gold
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leora Horn
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Aerts
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiko Nakagawa
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Lorigan
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Pieters
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Kong Sanchez
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Fairchild
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Spigel
- Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, Grosshansdorf; Michael Thomas, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik im Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alexander Luft, Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, Leningrad, Russia; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy w Otwocku, Otwocku, Poland; Libor Havel, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic; Sang-We Kim, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Wallace Akerley, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Maria Catherine Pietanza, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kathryn Gold, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Leora Horn, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; David Spigel, Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN; Anne Pieters, Teresa Kong Sanchez, and Justin Fairchild, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ; Yi-long Wu, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Christoph Zielinski, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Enriqueta Felip, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Joachim Aerts, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; and Paul Lorigan, the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Galsky MD, Wang H, Hahn NM, Twardowski P, Pal SK, Albany C, Fleming MT, Starodub A, Hauke RJ, Yu M, Zhao Q, Sonpavde G, Donovan MJ, Patel VG, Sfakianos JP, Domingo-Domenech J, Oh WK, Akers N, Losic B, Gnjatic S, Schadt EE, Chen R, Kim-Schulze S, Bhardwaj N, Uzilov AV. Phase 2 Trial of Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, plus Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Urothelial Cancer and Impact of DNA Damage Response Gene Mutations on Outcomes. Eur Urol 2017; 73:751-759. [PMID: 29248319 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy may exert immunomodulatory effects, thereby combining favorably with the immune checkpoint blockade. The pharmacodynamic effects of such combinations, and potential predictive biomarkers, remain unexplored. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety, efficacy, and immunomodulatory effects of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) plus ipilimumab and explore the impact of somatic DNA damage response gene alterations on antitumor activity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multicenter single arm phase 2 study enrolling 36 chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. Peripheral blood flow cytometry was performed serially on all patients and whole exome sequencing of archival tumor tissue was performed on 28/36 patients. INTERVENTION Two cycles of GC followed by four cycles of GC plus ipilimumab. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary endpoint was 1-yr overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included safety, objective response rate, and progression-free survival. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 81% of patients, the majority of which were hematologic. The objective response rate was 69% and 1-yr OS was 61% (lower bound 90% confidence interval: 51%). On exploratory analysis, there were no significant changes in the composition and frequency of circulating immune cells after GC alone. However, there was a significant expansion of circulating CD4 cells with the addition of ipilimumab which correlated with improved survival. The response rate was significantly higher in patients with deleterious somatic DNA damage response mutations (sensitivity=47.6%, specificity=100%, positive predictive value=100%, and negative predictive value=38.9%). Limitations are related to the sample size and single-arm design. CONCLUSIONS GC+ipilimumab did not achieve the primary endpoint of a lower bound of the 90% confidence interval for 1-yr OS of >60%. However, within the context of a small single-arm trial, the results may inform current approaches combining chemotherapy plus immunotherapy from the standpoint of feasibility, appropriate cytotoxic backbones, and potential predictive biomarkers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01524991. PATIENT SUMMARY Combining chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer is feasible. Further studies are needed to refine optimal combinations and evaluate tests that might identify patients most likely to benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Galsky
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Huan Wang
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Noah M Hahn
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sumanta K Pal
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Costantine Albany
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark T Fleming
- US Oncology Research, Virginia Oncology Associates, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Alexander Starodub
- Indiana University Health Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Goshen, IN, USA
| | | | - Menggang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael J Donovan
- Department of Pathology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vaibhav G Patel
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John P Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Department of Pathology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - William K Oh
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Akers
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bojan Losic
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew V Uzilov
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
DeFalco J, Harbell M, Manning-Bog A, Baia G, Scholz A, Millare B, Sumi M, Zhang D, Chu F, Dowd C, Zuno-Mitchell P, Kim D, Leung Y, Jiang S, Tang X, Williamson KS, Chen X, Carroll SM, Espiritu Santo G, Haaser N, Nguyen N, Giladi E, Minor D, Tan YC, Sokolove JB, Steinman L, Serafini TA, Cavet G, Greenberg NM, Glanville J, Volkmuth W, Emerling DE, Robinson WH. Non-progressing cancer patients have persistent B cell responses expressing shared antibody paratopes that target public tumor antigens. Clin Immunol 2017; 187:37-45. [PMID: 29031828 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is significant debate regarding whether B cells and their antibodies contribute to effective anti-cancer immune responses. Here we show that patients with metastatic but non-progressing melanoma, lung adenocarcinoma, or renal cell carcinoma exhibited increased levels of blood plasmablasts. We used a cell-barcoding technology to sequence their plasmablast antibody repertoires, revealing clonal families of affinity matured B cells that exhibit progressive class switching and persistence over time. Anti-CTLA4 and other treatments were associated with further increases in somatic hypermutation and clonal family size. Recombinant antibodies from clonal families bound non-autologous tumor tissue and cell lines, and families possessing immunoglobulin paratope sequence motifs shared across patients exhibited increased rates of binding. We identified antibodies that caused regression of, and durable immunity toward, heterologous syngeneic tumors in mice. Our findings demonstrate convergent functional anti-tumor antibody responses targeting public tumor antigens, and provide an approach to identify antibodies with diagnostic or therapeutic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff DeFalco
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | | | - Gilson Baia
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | | | - May Sumi
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Danhui Zhang
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Felix Chu
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Christine Dowd
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Dongkyoon Kim
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Yvonne Leung
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Shuwei Jiang
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Xiaobin Tang
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Xiaomu Chen
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Sean M Carroll
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Nicole Haaser
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Ngan Nguyen
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Eldar Giladi
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - David Minor
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 2200 Webster St., San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Yann Chong Tan
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy B Sokolove
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Pediatrics, Stanford University, 279 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Guy Cavet
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Jacob Glanville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, 279 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wayne Volkmuth
- Atreca, Inc., 500 Saginaw Dr., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Govindan R, Szczesna A, Ahn MJ, Schneider CP, Gonzalez Mella PF, Barlesi F, Han B, Ganea DE, Von Pawel J, Vladimirov V, Fadeeva N, Lee KH, Kurata T, Zhang L, Tamura T, Postmus PE, Jassem J, O'Byrne K, Kopit J, Li M, Tschaika M, Reck M. Phase III Trial of Ipilimumab Combined With Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in Advanced Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:3449-3457. [PMID: 28854067 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.71.7629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have poor prognosis and limited treatment options. This randomized, double-blind, phase III study investigated the efficacy and safety of first-line ipilimumab or placebo plus paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced squamous NSCLC. Patients and Methods Patients with stage IV or recurrent chemotherapy-naïve squamous NSCLC were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive paclitaxel and carboplatin plus blinded ipilimumab 10 mg/kg or placebo every 3 weeks on a phased induction schedule comprising six chemotherapy cycles, with ipilimumab or placebo from cycles 3 to 6 and then, after induction treatment, ipilimumab or placebo maintenance every 12 weeks for patients with stable disease or better. The primary end point was overall survival (OS) in patients receiving at least one dose of blinded study therapy. Results Of 956 randomly assigned patients, 749 received at least one dose of blinded study therapy (chemotherapy plus ipilimumab, n = 388; chemotherapy plus placebo, n = 361). Median OS was 13.4 months for chemotherapy plus ipilimumab and 12.4 months for chemotherapy plus placebo (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.07; P = .25). Median progression-free survival was 5.6 months for both groups (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.01). Rates of grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), any-grade serious TRAEs, and TRAEs leading to discontinuation were numerically higher with chemotherapy plus ipilimumab (51%, 33%, and 28%, respectively) than with chemotherapy plus placebo (35%, 10%, and 7%, respectively). Seven treatment-related deaths occurred with chemotherapy plus ipilimumab, and one occurred with chemotherapy plus placebo. Conclusion The addition of ipilimumab to first-line chemotherapy did not prolong OS compared with chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced squamous NSCLC. The safety profile of chemotherapy plus ipilimumab was consistent with that observed in previous lung and melanoma studies. Ongoing studies are evaluating ipilimumab in combination with nivolumab in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Govindan
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Aleksandra Szczesna
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Claus-Peter Schneider
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Baohui Han
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Doina Elena Ganea
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Joachim Von Pawel
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Vladimir Vladimirov
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Natalia Fadeeva
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Ki Hyeong Lee
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Takayasu Kurata
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Li Zhang
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Tomohide Tamura
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Pieter E Postmus
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Jacek Jassem
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Justin Kopit
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Mingshun Li
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Marina Tschaika
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - Martin Reck
- Ramaswamy Govindan, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Aleksandra Szczesna, Mazowieckie Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy, Otwock; Jacek Jassem, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Myung-Ju Ahn, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul; Ki Hyeong Lee, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea; Claus-Peter Schneider, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka; Joachim Von Pawel, Asklepius Fachkliniken, Gauting; Martin Reck, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany; Pablo Fernando Gonzalez Mella, Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad de Valparaíso and Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile; Fabrice Barlesi, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Baohui Han, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai; Li Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Doina Elena Ganea, Spitalul Judetean De Urgenta Suceava, Sfântul loan cel Nou, Suceava, Romania; Vladimir Vladimirov, State Healthcare Institute, Pyatigorsk Oncology Dispensary, Pyatigorsk; Natalia Fadeeva, Chelyabinsk Regional Oncology Dispensary, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Takayasu Kurata, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Osaka; Tomohide Tamura, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Pieter E. Postmus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kenneth O'Byrne, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Kopit, Mingshun Li, and Marina Tschaika, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Iida Y, Harashima N, Motoshima T, Komohara Y, Eto M, Harada M. Contrasting effects of cyclophosphamide on anti-CTL-associated protein 4 blockade therapy in two mouse tumor models. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1974-1984. [PMID: 28787548 PMCID: PMC5623733 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade is a promising anticancer therapy, but must be used in combination with other anticancer therapies to increase its therapeutic efficacy. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a chemotherapeutic drug that shows immune‐modulating effects. In this study, we examined the effect of CP on anti‐CTL‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4) blockade therapy in two mouse tumor models. Drastic tumor regression was observed in the CT26 colon carcinoma model after i.p. injection of CP (100 mg/kg) followed by anti‐CTLA‐4 antibody. However, administration in the reverse order increased apoptosis in tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells. In the RENCA renal carcinoma model, the antitumor effect of combination therapy was marginal and the tumor‐bearing state reduced body weight with an increased serum level of interleukin‐6. Interestingly, although CP monotherapy increased myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the spleens of both models, subsequent anti‐CTLA‐4 therapy increased MDSCs only in RENCA‐bearing mice. Additionally, the serum levels of chemokine ligand 2 and C‐X‐C motif chemokine 10 were increased by the combination therapy only in RENCA‐bearing mice and in vivo depletion of Gr‐1+ cells augmented the antitumor effect to some degree. These results reveal a contrasting effect of CP on anti‐CTLA‐4 therapy between the two mouse tumor models. Cyclophosphamide augments the antitumor effect of anti‐CTLA‐4 therapy in CT26‐bearing hosts, whereas CP after anti‐CTLA‐4 therapy attenuates this effect through induction of apoptosis in tumor‐reactive T cells. Alternatively, CP‐induced MDSCs can be increased by anti‐CTLA‐4 therapy only in RENCA‐bearing hosts with an elevated level of interleukin‐6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Iida
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Nanae Harashima
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan.,Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takanobu Motoshima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The survival rate for patients with advanced stages of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) remains poor despite multimodal treatment options. Cetuximab, an anti-EGFR inhibitor, is the only FDA-approved targeted agent for this disease. Recent findings have implicated modifications of the microenvironment and, consequently, phenotypical modifications of the cancer cell, in treatment resistance mechanisms. For many years, cancer research has focused mainly on targetable sites on or inside the cancer cell. Nowadays, in preclinical and clinical studies, a greater emphasis is being placed on drugs that target the tumor microenvironment. Potential targets relate to tumor vascularization, immunology, extracellular matrix components, or cancer-associated fibroblasts. The combination of these new agents with standard treatment options is of particular interest to overcome resistance mechanisms and/or to increase treatment efficacy. Whereas antiangiogenic agents show poor clinical activity, immunotherapy seems to be a more promising tool with an objective response rate (ORR) of 20 % in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (R/M SCC). Other targets, located inside the extracellular matrix or on cancer associated fibroblasts, are under preclinical investigation. These new agents all need to be tested in clinical trials alone, or in combination with standard treatment modalities, based on preclinical data. To increase our knowledge of the complex network between the cancer cell and its environment, preclinical studies should consider co-culture models, and clinical studies should incorporate a translational research objective.
Collapse
|
44
|
Paul B, O'Neil BH, McRee AJ. Checkpoint inhibition for colorectal cancer: progress and possibilities. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:693-704. [PMID: 27197538 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cause of cancer death in the USA. Despite an increase in the repertoire of treatment options available for CRC, median overall survival has plateaued at approximately 2.5 years. Strategies that engage the patient's native immune system to overcome checkpoint inhibition have proven to be promising in subsets of CRCs, specifically those with mismatch repair deficiency. Further studies are required to determine combinations of standard therapies with immunotherapy drugs and to discover the best biomarkers to predict response. This review provides insight into the progress made in treating patients with advanced CRC with immunotherapeutics and the areas that demand further research to make these drugs more effective in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Paul
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bert H O'Neil
- Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Autumn J McRee
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao X, Li L, Starr TK, Subramanian S. Tumor location impacts immune response in mouse models of colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54775-54787. [PMID: 28903381 PMCID: PMC5589620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing preclinical models of human colorectal cancer (CRC) that rely on syngeneic subcutaneous grafts are problematic, because of increasing evidence that the immune microenvironment in subcutaneous tissue is significantly different from the gastrointestinal tract. Similarly, existing orthotopic models that use a laparotomy for establishing grafts are also problematic, because the surgical procedure results in extensive inflammation, thereby creating a nonphysiologic tumor microenvironment. To facilitate the bench-to-bedside translation of CRC immunotherapy strategies, we developed a novel orthotopic model in mice that uses endoscopy-guided microinjection of syngeneic cancer cells. When we compared immune system infiltration, we found that tumors in the subcutaneous model had fewer T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, but more immunosuppressive myeloid cells; in contrast, tumors in our orthotopic model had a higher number of tumor-infiltrating T cells, B cells, and NK cells, with fewer immunosuppressive myeloid cells. The number of immune-stimulating cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and granzyme B, was also higher in tumors in our model, as compared with the subcutaneous model. Those differences resulted in heightened sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in our endoscopy-guided orthotopic CRC model. Our study indicates that tumor location affects immune response in CRC mouse models; choosing the appropriate preclinical model is important when testing immunotherapy in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianda Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy K Starr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shen M, Ren X. Highlights on immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695013. [PMID: 28349816 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of advanced or refractory non-small cell lung cancer has been historically difficult owing to the lack of studies on effective systemic cure. The progress in lung cancer treatment has plateaued, necessitating new options for additional benefits. Immune checkpoint proteins are co-inhibitory factors that can diminish the antigen-specific immune responses by attenuating the regulatory role of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, programmed cell death-1, lymphocyte-activation gene 3, and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3. The therapeutic strategies targeting immune checkpoints mainly focus on the monoclonal antibody of these regulatory factors, which may facilitate clinical decision making. An enhanced understanding of the drug-resistance mechanisms and the therapeutic efficacy regulation will provide opportunities to improve the clinical outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Preclinical and clinical trials on these key immune-regulatory agents, which has heralded a new era in immuno-oncology in non-small cell lung cancer treatment, are currently in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shen
- 1 Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,4 Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
West MA, Roman A, Sayan E, Primrose JN, Wedge SR, Underwood TJ, Mirnezami AH. A minimum core outcome dataset for the reporting of preclinical chemotherapeutic drug studies: Lessons learned from multiple discordant methodologies in the setting of colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 112:80-102. [PMID: 28325268 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo studies in animal models are critical tools necessary to study the fundamental complexity of carcinogenesis. A constant strive to improve animal models in cancer exists, especially those investigating the use of chemotherapeutic effectiveness. In the present systematic review, colorectal cancer (CRC) is used as an example to highlight and critically evaluate the range of reporting strategies used when investigating chemotherapeutic agents in the preclinical setting. A systematic review examining the methodology and reporting of preclinical chemotherapeutic drug studies using CRC murine models was conducted. A total of 45 studies were included in this systematic review. The literature was found to be highly heterogeneous with various cell lines, animal strains, animal ages and chemotherapeutic compounds/regimens tested, proving difficult to compare outcomes between similar studies or indeed gain any significant insight into which chemotherapeutic regimen caused adverse events. From this analysis we propose a minimum core outcome dataset that could be regarded as a standardised way of reporting results from in vivo experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A West
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - A Roman
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| | - E Sayan
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| | - J N Primrose
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| | - S R Wedge
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T J Underwood
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| | - A H Mirnezami
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Parra K, Valenzuela P, Lerma N, Gallegos A, Reza LC, Rodriguez G, Emmenegger U, Di Desidero T, Bocci G, Felder MS, Manciu M, Kirken RA, Francia G. Impact of CTLA-4 blockade in conjunction with metronomic chemotherapy on preclinical breast cancer growth. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:324-334. [PMID: 28056464 PMCID: PMC5294484 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although there are reports that metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX) can be immune stimulating, the impact of its combination with anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer remains to be evaluated. Methods: Murine EMT-6/P breast cancer, or its cisplatin or CTX-resistant variants, or CT-26 colon, were implanted into Balb/c mice. Established tumours were monitored for relative growth following treatment with anti-CTLA-4 antibody alone or in combination with; (a) metronomic CTX (ldCTX; 20 mg kg−1 day−1), b) bolus (150 mg kg−1) plus ldCTX, or (c) sequential treatment with gemcitabine (160 mg kg−1 every 3 days). Results: EMT-6/P tumours responded to anti-CTLA-4 therapy, but this response was less effective when combined with bolus plus ldCTX. Anti-CTLA-4 could be effectively combined with either ldCTX (without a bolus), or with regimens of either sequential or concomitant gemcitabine, including in orthotopic EMT-6 tumours, and independently of the schedule of drug administration. Tumour responses were confirmed with CT-26 tumours but were less pronounced in drug-resistant EMT-6/CTX or EMT-6/DDP tumour models than in the parent tumour. A number of tumour bearing mice developed spontaneous metastases under continuous therapy. The majority of cured mice rejected tumour re-challenges. Conclusions: Metronomic CTX can be combined with anti-CTLA-4 therapy, but this therapy is impaired by concomitant bolus CTX. Sequential therapy of anti-CTLA-4 followed by gemcitabine is effective in chemotherapy-naive tumours, although tumour relapses can occur, in some cases accompanied by the development of spontaneous metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Parra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Paloma Valenzuela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Natzidielly Lerma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Alejandra Gallegos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luis C Reza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Georgialina Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Urban Emmenegger
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Teresa Di Desidero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mitchell S Felder
- William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Department of Neurology, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert A Kirken
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Giulio Francia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Heng YJ, Lester SC, Tse GM, Factor RE, Allison KH, Collins LC, Chen YY, Jensen KC, Johnson NB, Jeong JC, Punjabi R, Shin SJ, Singh K, Krings G, Eberhard DA, Tan PH, Korski K, Waldman FM, Gutman DA, Sanders M, Reis-Filho JS, Flanagan SR, Gendoo DM, Chen GM, Haibe-Kains B, Ciriello G, Hoadley KA, Perou CM, Beck AH. The molecular basis of breast cancer pathological phenotypes. J Pathol 2016; 241:375-391. [PMID: 27861902 DOI: 10.1002/path.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological evaluation of morphological features in breast tumours provides prognostic information to guide therapy. Adjunct molecular analyses provide further diagnostic, prognostic and predictive information. However, there is limited knowledge of the molecular basis of morphological phenotypes in invasive breast cancer. This study integrated genomic, transcriptomic and protein data to provide a comprehensive molecular profiling of morphological features in breast cancer. Fifteen pathologists assessed 850 invasive breast cancer cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Morphological features were significantly associated with genomic alteration, DNA methylation subtype, PAM50 and microRNA subtypes, proliferation scores, gene expression and/or reverse-phase protein assay subtype. Marked nuclear pleomorphism, necrosis, inflammation and a high mitotic count were associated with the basal-like subtype, and had a similar molecular basis. Omics-based signatures were constructed to predict morphological features. The association of morphology transcriptome signatures with overall survival in oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancer was first assessed by use of the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) dataset; signatures that remained prognostic in the METABRIC multivariate analysis were further evaluated in five additional datasets. The transcriptomic signature of poorly differentiated epithelial tubules was prognostic in ER-positive breast cancer. No signature was prognostic in ER-negative breast cancer. This study provided new insights into the molecular basis of breast cancer morphological phenotypes. The integration of morphological with molecular data has the potential to refine breast cancer classification, predict response to therapy, enhance our understanding of breast cancer biology, and improve clinical management. This work is publicly accessible at www.dx.ai/tcga_breast. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing J Heng
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan C Lester
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Mk Tse
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel E Factor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kimberly H Allison
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura C Collins
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunn-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin C Jensen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nicole B Johnson
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rahi Punjabi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra J Shin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kamaljeet Singh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gregor Krings
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Eberhard
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Department of Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Frederic M Waldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Gutman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sydney R Flanagan
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deena Ma Gendoo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory M Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Huang X, Cui S, Shu Y. Cisplatin selectively downregulated the frequency and immunoinhibitory function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a murine B16 melanoma model. Immunol Res 2016; 64:160-70. [PMID: 26590944 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of cisplatin (DDP) on the frequency, phenotype and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in a murine B16 melanoma model. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with B16 cells to establish the murine melanoma model and randomly received treatment with different doses of DDP. The percentages and phenotype of MDSC after DDP treatment were detected by flow cytometry. The immunoinhibitory function of MDSC was analyzed by assessing the immune responses of cocultured effector cells through CFSE-labeling assay, detection of interferon-γ production and MTT cytotoxic assay, respectively. Tumor growth and mice survival were monitored to evaluate the antitumor effect of combined DDP and adoptive cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy. DDP treatment selectively decreased the percentages, modulated the surface molecules and attenuated the immunoinhibitory effects of MDSC in murine melanoma model. The combination of DDP treatment and CIK therapy exerted synergistic antitumor effect against B16 melanoma. DDP treatment selectively downregulated the frequency and immunoinhibitory function of MDSC in B16 melanoma model, indicating the potential mechanisms mediating its immunomodulatory effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiyun Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|