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Shurin MR, Wheeler SE, Shurin GV, Zhong H, Zhou Y. Schwann cells in the normal and pathological lung microenvironment. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1365760. [PMID: 38638689 PMCID: PMC11024312 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1365760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The lungs are a key organ in the respiratory system. They are regulated by a complex network of nerves that control their development, structure, function, and response to various pathological stimuli. Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of a neural mechanism in different pathophysiological conditions in the lungs and the development and progression of common respiratory diseases. Lung diseases are the chief source of death globally. For instance, lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy, after prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women, and is the most lethal cancer worldwide. However, although airway nerves are accepted as a mechanistically and therapeutically important feature that demands appropriate emphasizing in the context of many respiratory diseases, significantly less is known about the role of the neuroglial cells in lung physiology and pathophysiology, including lung cancer. New data have uncovered some cellular and molecular mechanisms of how Schwann cells, as fundamental components of the peripheral nervous system, may regulate lung cancer cells' survival, spreading, and invasiveness in vitro and in vivo. Schwann cells control the formation and maintenance of the lung cancer microenvironment and support metastasis formation. It was also reported that the number of lung cancer-associated Schwann cells correlates with patients' survival. Different factors secreted by Schwann cells, including microRNA, are known to sharpen the lung cancer environment by regulating the tumor-neuro-immune axis. Further clinical and experimental studies are required to elucidate the detailed role of Schwann cells in creating and maintaining pulmonary tumor-neuro-immune axis, which will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of lung cancer and may inform therapeutic hypotheses aiming neoplasms and metastases in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sarah E. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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García-Reyes B, Kuzmanov I, Schneider R, Schneiker B, Efferz P, Kalff JC, Wehner S. Glial cell-derived soluble factors increase the metastatic potential of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells and induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:14315-14327. [PMID: 37572121 PMCID: PMC10590291 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer, characterized by the spreading of highly metastatic cancer cells, including invasion into surrounding nerves and perineural spaces. Nerves, in turn, can invade the tumor tissue and, through the secretion of neurotrophic factors, chemokines, and cytokines, contribute to PDAC progression. However, the contribution of the nerve-associated glial cells to PDAC progression is not well characterized. METHODS Two murine PDAC cell lines were cultured with the conditioned media (CM) of primary enteric glial cells or IMS32 Schwann cells (SCs). Different properties of PDAC cells, such as invasiveness, migratory capacity, and resistance to gemcitabine, were measured by RT-qPCR, microscopy, and MTT assays. Using a neuronal cell line, the observed effects were confirmed to be specific to the glial lineage. RESULTS Compared to the control medium, PDAC cells in the glial cell-conditioned medium showed increased invasiveness and migratory capacity. These cells showed reduced E-cadherin and increased N-cadherin and Vimentin levels, all markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Primary enteric glial cell CM inhibited the proliferation of PDAC cells but preserved their viability, upregulated transcription factor Snail, and increased their resistance to gemcitabine. The conditioned medium generated from the IMS32 SCs produced comparable results. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that glial cells can increase the metastatic potential of PDAC cells by increasing their migratory capacity and inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a re-programming that many solid tumors use to undergo metastasis. Glial cell-conditioned medium also increased the chemoresistance of PDAC cells. These findings may have implications for future therapeutic strategies, such as targeting glial cell-derived factor signaling in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (MSSO ABCD), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ivan Kuzmanov
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Reiner Schneider
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bianca Schneiker
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrik Efferz
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg C Kalff
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Xue M, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Han L, Shi M, Su R, Wang L, Xiong C, Wang C, Wang T, Deng S, Wu D, Cao Y, Dong L, Bai F, Zhao S, Deng X, Peng C, Li H, Chen J, Shen B, Jiang L, Chen H. Schwann cells regulate tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma microenvironment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4600. [PMID: 37524695 PMCID: PMC10390497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathy is a feature more frequently observed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) than other tumors. Schwann cells, the most prevalent cell type in peripheral nerves, migrate toward tumor cells and associate with poor prognosis in PDAC. To unveil the effects of Schwann cells on the neuro-stroma niche, here we perform single-cell RNA-sequencing and microarray-based spatial transcriptome analysis of PDAC tissues. Results suggest that Schwann cells may drive tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to more malignant subtypes: basal-like and inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs), respectively. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrate that Schwann cells enhance the proliferation and migration of PDAC cells via Midkine signaling and promote the switch of CAFs to iCAFs via interleukin-1α. Culture of tumor cells and CAFs with Schwann cells conditioned medium accelerates PDAC progression. Thus, we reveal that Schwann cells induce malignant subtypes of tumor cells and CAFs in the PDAC milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Youwei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Han
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minmin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaofu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijie Deng
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Yizhi Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaxing Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghong Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Baiyong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang WJ, Li MY, Wang CY, Feng X, Hu DX, Wu LD, Hu JL. P2Y12 receptor involved in the development of chronic nociceptive pain as a sensory information mediator. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114975. [PMID: 37267639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct or indirect damage to the nervous system (such as inflammation or tumor invasion) can lead to dysfunction and pain. The generation of pain is mainly reflected in the activation of glial cells and the abnormal discharge of sensory neurons, which transmit stronger sensory information to the center. P2Y12 receptor plays important roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation and pain. P2Y12 receptor involved in the occurrence of pain as a sensory information mediator, which enhances the activation of microglia and the synaptic plasticity of primary sensory neurons, and reaches the higher center through the ascending conduction pathway (mainly spinothalamic tract) to produce pain. While the application of P2Y12 receptor antagonists (PBS-0739, AR-C69931MX and MRS2359) have better antagonistic activity and produce analgesic pharmacological properties. Therefore, in this article, we discussed the role of the P2Y12 receptor in different chronic pains and its use as a pharmacological target for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Mei-Yong Li
- Department of Laboratory medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
| | - Jia-Ling Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
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Kruglov O, Vats K, Soman V, Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Wang J, Williams L, Zhang J, Donahue Carey C, Jaklitsch E, Chandran UR, Bayir H, Kagan VE, Bunimovich YL. Melanoma-associated repair-like Schwann cells suppress anti-tumor T-cells via 12/15-LOX/COX2-associated eicosanoid production. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2192098. [PMID: 36998620 PMCID: PMC10044150 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2192098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral glia, specifically the Schwann cells (SCs), have been implicated in the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and in cancer progression. However, in vivo and ex vivo analyses of how cancers reprogram SC functions in different organs of tumor-bearing mice are lacking. We generated Plp1-CreERT/tdTomato mice which harbor fluorescently labeled myelinated and non-myelin forming SCs. We show that this model enables the isolation of the SCs with high purity from the skin and multiple other organs. We used this model to study phenotypic and functional reprogramming of the SCs in the skin adjacent to melanoma tumors. Transcriptomic analyses of the peritumoral skin SCs versus skin SCs from tumor-free mice revealed that the former existed in a repair-like state typically activated during nerve and tissue injury. Peritumoral skin SCs also downregulated pro-inflammatory genes and pathways related to protective anti-tumor responses. In vivo and ex vivo functional assays confirmed immunosuppressive activities of the peritumoral skin SCs. Specifically, melanoma-reprogrammed SCs upregulated 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and increased production of anti-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and lipoxins A4/B4. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX or COX2 in SCs, or EP4 receptor on lymphocytes reversed SC-dependent suppression of anti-tumor T-cell activation. Therefore, SCs within the skin adjacent to melanoma tumors demonstrate functional switching to repair-like immunosuppressive cells with dysregulated lipid oxidation. Our study suggests the involvement of the melanoma-associated repair-like peritumoral SCs in the modulation of locoregional and systemic anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kruglov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kavita Vats
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishal Soman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiefei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Li’an Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erik Jaklitsch
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uma R. Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuri L. Bunimovich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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6
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Cao S, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Ling X, Zhang L, Li J, Yang Y, Wang W, Shurin MR, Zhong H. A Novel Therapeutic Target for Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Tumor-Associated Repair-like Schwann Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246132. [PMID: 36551618 PMCID: PMC9776631 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), representing 15-20% of all lung cancers, is an aggressive malignancy with a distinct natural history, poor prognosis, and limited treatment options. We have previously identified Schwann cells (SCs), the main glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, in tumor tissues and demonstrated that they may support tumor spreading and metastasis formation in the in vitro and in vivo models. However, the role of SCs in the progression of SCLC has not been investigated. To clarify this issue, the cell proliferation assay, the annexin V apoptosis assay, and the transwell migration and invasion assay were conducted to elucidate the roles in SCLC of tumor-associated SCs (TA-SCs) in the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of SCLC cells in vitro, compared to control group. In addition, the animal models to assess SC action's effects on SCLC in vivo were also developed. The result confirmed that TA-SCs have a well-established and significant role in facilitating SCLC cell cancer migration and invasion of SCLC in vitro, and we also observed that SC promotes tumor growth of SCLC in vivo and that TA-SCs exhibited an advantage and show a repair-like phenotype, which allowed defining them as tumor-associated repair SCs (TAR-SCs). Potential molecular mechanisms of pro-tumorigenic activity of TAR-SCs were investigated by the screening of differentially expressed genes and constructing networks of messenger-, micro-, and long- non-coding RNA (mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA) using DMS114 cells, a human SCLC, stimulated with media from DMS114-activated SCs, non-stimulated SCs, and appropriate controls. This study improves our understanding of how SCs, especially tumor-activated SCs, may promote SCLC progression. Our results highlight a new functional phenotype of SCs in cancer and bring new insights into the characterization of the nervous system-tumor crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Cao
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xuxinyi Ling
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-180-1732-1320 (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (M.R.S.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-180-1732-1320 (H.Z.)
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7
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Berner J, Weiss T, Sorger H, Rifatbegovic F, Kauer M, Windhager R, Dohnal A, Ambros PF, Ambros IM, Boztug K, Steinberger P, Taschner‐Mandl S. Human repair-related Schwann cells adopt functions of antigen-presenting cells in vitro. Glia 2022; 70:2361-2377. [PMID: 36054432 PMCID: PMC9804420 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The plastic potential of Schwann cells (SCs) is increasingly recognized to play a role after nerve injury and in diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Reports on the interaction between immune cells and SCs indicate their involvement in inflammatory processes. However, the immunocompetence of human SCs has been primarily deduced from neuropathies, but whether after nerve injury SCs directly regulate an adaptive immune response is unknown. Here, we performed comprehensive analysis of immunomodulatory capacities of human repair-related SCs (hrSCs), which recapitulate SC response to nerve injury in vitro. We used our well-established culture model of primary hrSCs from human peripheral nerves and analyzed the transcriptome, secretome, and cell surface proteins for pathways and markers relevant in innate and adaptive immunity, performed phagocytosis assays, and monitored T-cell subset activation in allogeneic co-cultures. Our findings show that hrSCs are phagocytic, which is in line with high MHCII expression. Furthermore, hrSCs express co-regulatory proteins, such as CD40, CD80, B7H3, CD58, CD86, and HVEM, release a plethora of chemoattractants, matrix remodeling proteins and pro- as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines, and upregulate the T-cell inhibiting PD-L1 molecule upon pro-inflammatory stimulation with IFNγ. In contrast to monocytes, hrSC alone are not sufficient to trigger allogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, but limit number and activation status of exogenously activated T-cells. This study demonstrates that hrSCs possess features and functions typical for professional antigen-presenting cells in vitro, and suggest a new role of these cells as negative regulators of T-cell immunity during nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Berner
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria,St. Anna Children's HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Tamara Weiss
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryMedical University of Vienna
| | - Helena Sorger
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria
| | | | - Max Kauer
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Dohnal
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria
| | - Peter F. Ambros
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria
| | - Inge M. Ambros
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria
| | - Kaan Boztug
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria,St. Anna Children's HospitalViennaAustria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI‐RUD)ViennaAustria,Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM)ViennaAustria
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8
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Shurin GV, Vats K, Kruglov O, Bunimovich YL, Shurin MR. Tumor-Induced T Cell Polarization by Schwann Cells. Cells 2022; 11:3541. [PMID: 36428970 PMCID: PMC9688729 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve-cancer crosstalk resulting in either tumor neurogenesis or intratumoral neurodegeneration is critically controlled by Schwann cells, the principal glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. Though the direct stimulating effect of Schwann cells on malignant cell proliferation, motility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the formation of metastases have been intensively investigated, the ability of Schwann cells to affect the effector and regulatory immune cells in the tumor environment is significantly less studied. Here, we demonstrated that tumor cells could stimulate Schwann cells to produce high levels of prostaglandin E, which could be blocked by COX-2 inhibitors. This effect was mediated by tumor-derived TGF-β as neutralization of this cytokine in the tumor-conditioned medium completely blocked the inducible prostaglandin E production by Schwann cells. Similar protective effects were also induced by the Schwann cell pretreatment with TGF-βR1/ALK4/5/7 and MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitors of the canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathways, respectively. Furthermore, prostaglandin E derived from tumor-activated Schwann cells blocked the proliferation of CD3/CD28-activated T cells and upregulated the expression of CD73 and PD-1 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting T cell polarization to the exhausted phenotype. This new pathway of tumor-induced T cell inhibition via the activation of neuroglial cells represents new evidence of the importance of nerve-cancer crosstalk in controlling tumor development and progression. A better understanding of the tumor-neuro-immune axis supports the development of efficient targets for harnessing this axis and improving the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kavita Vats
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Oleg Kruglov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yuri L. Bunimovich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Clinical Immunopathology UPMC, CLB, Room 4024, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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9
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Negro S, Pirazzini M, Rigoni M. Models and methods to study Schwann cells. J Anat 2022; 241:1235-1258. [PMID: 34988978 PMCID: PMC9558160 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are fundamental components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of all vertebrates and play essential roles in development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. There are distinct populations of SCs including: (1) myelinating SCs that ensheath axons by a specialized plasma membrane, called myelin, which enhances the conduction of electric impulses; (2) non-myelinating SCs, including Remak SCs, which wrap bundles of multiple axons of small caliber, and perysinaptic SCs (PSCs), associated with motor axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). All types of SCs contribute to PNS regeneration through striking morphological and functional changes in response to nerve injury, are affected in peripheral neuropathies and show abnormalities and a diminished plasticity during aging. Therefore, methodological approaches to study and manipulate SCs in physiological and pathophysiological conditions are crucial to expand the present knowledge on SC biology and to devise new therapeutic strategies to counteract neurodegenerative conditions and age-derived denervation. We present here an updated overview of traditional and emerging methodologies for the study of SCs for scientists approaching this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- CIR‐MyoCentro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di MiologiaUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- CIR‐MyoCentro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di MiologiaUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
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10
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Vats K, Kruglov O, Sahoo B, Soman V, Zhang J, Shurin GV, Chandran UR, Skums P, Shurin MR, Zelikovsky A, Storkus WJ, Bunimovich YL. Sensory nerves impede the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and development of protective anti-melanoma immune responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1141-1154. [PMID: 35834791 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neurons comprise a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The role of the autonomic innervation in cancer has been firmly established. However, the effect of the afferent (sensory) neurons on tumor progression remains unclear. Utilizing surgical and chemical skin sensory denervation methods, we showed that afferent neurons supported the growth of melanoma tumors in vivo and demonstrated that sensory innervation limited the activation of effective anti-tumor immune responses. Specifically, sensory ablation led to improved leukocyte recruitment into tumors, with decreased presence of lymphoid and myeloid immunosuppressive cells and increased activation of T-effector cells within the TME. Cutaneous sensory nerves hindered maturation of intratumoral high endothelial venules (HEVs) and limited formation of mature tertiary lymphoid-like structures containing organized clusters of CD4+ T cells and B cells. Denervation further increased T-cell clonality and expanded the B-cell repertoire in the TME. Importantly, CD8a depletion prevented denervation-dependent anti-tumor effects. Finally, we observed that gene signatures of inflammation and the content of neuron-associated transcripts inversely correlated in human primary cutaneous melanomas, with the latter representing a negative prognostic marker of patient overall survival. Our results suggest that tumor-associated sensory neurons negatively regulate the development of protective anti-tumor immune responses within the TME, thereby defining a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the melanoma setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg Kruglov
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Bikram Sahoo
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Jiying Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Galina V Shurin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Pavel Skums
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael R Shurin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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11
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Abstract
Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential for the support and myelination of axons, ensuring fast and accurate communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. Schwann cells and related glia accompany innervating axons in virtually all tissues in the body, where they exhibit remarkable plasticity and the ability to modulate pathology in extraordinary, and sometimes surprising, ways. Here, we provide a brief overview of the various glial cell types in the PNS and describe the cornerstone cellular and molecular processes that enable Schwann cells to perform their canonical functions. We then dive into discussing exciting noncanonical functions of Schwann cells and related PNS glia, which include their role in organizing the PNS, in regulating synaptic activity and pain, in modulating immunity, in providing a pool of stem cells for different organs, and, finally, in influencing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Taveggia
- Axo-Glial Interaction Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy;
| | - M. Laura Feltri
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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12
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Gundlach JP, Kerber J, Hendricks A, Bernsmeier A, Halske C, Röder C, Becker T, Röcken C, Braun F, Sebens S, Heits N. Paracrine Interaction of Cholangiocellular Carcinoma with Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Schwann Cells Impact Cell Migration. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102785. [PMID: 35628911 PMCID: PMC9145811 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is enriched in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), treatment with the multityrosine kinase-inhibitor Sorafenib is disappointing. While cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are known to contribute to treatment resistance in CCA, knowledge is lacking for Schwann cells (SC). We investigated the impact of stromal cells on CCA cells and whether this is affected by Sorafenib. Immunohistochemistry revealed elevated expression of CAF and SC markers significantly correlating with reduced tumor-free survival. In co-culture with CAF, CCA cells mostly migrated, which could be diminished by Sorafenib, while in SC co-cultures, SC predominantly migrated towards CCA cells, unaffected by Sorafenib. Moreover, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1, CXCL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 was determined in CAF mono- and co-cultures, which could be reduced by Sorafenib. Corresponding to migration results, an increased expression of phospho-AKT was measured in CAF co-cultured HuCCT-1 cells, although was unaffected by Sorafenib. Intriguingly, CAF co-cultured TFK-1 cells showed increased activation of STAT3, JNK, ERK and AKT pathways, which was partly reduced by Sorafenib. This study indicates that CAF and SC differentially impact CCA cells and Sorafenib partially reverts these stroma-mediated effects. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the paracrine interplay of CAF and SC with CCA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Paul Gundlach
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jannik Kerber
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Alexander Hendricks
- Department of General, Visceral-, Vascular-, and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Alexander Bernsmeier
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
| | - Christine Halske
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U33, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Christian Röder
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U33, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Felix Braun
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Nils Heits
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
- Gesundheitszentrum Kiel-Mitte, Prüner Gang 15, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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13
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Baraldi JH, Martyn GV, Shurin GV, Shurin MR. Tumor Innervation: History, Methodologies, and Significance. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081979. [PMID: 35454883 PMCID: PMC9029781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This comprehensive review of tumor innervation summarizes the literature from the earliest publications on the topic to the most recent. It addresses the positive and negative evidence of tumor innervation and the historical developments in thought and methodology that have led to the consensus that tumors are innervated. The role of the immune response is described, as are some important biochemical and physiological mechanisms relevant to regulation of cancer development. Abstract The role of the nervous system in cancer development and progression has been under experimental and clinical investigation since nineteenth-century observations in solid tumor anatomy and histology. For the first half of the twentieth century, methodological limitations and opaque mechanistic concepts resulted in ambiguous evidence of tumor innervation. Differential spatial distribution of viable or disintegrated nerve tissue colocalized with neoplastic tissue led investigators to conclude that solid tumors either are or are not innervated. Subsequent work in electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, pathway enrichment analysis, neuroimmunology, and neuroimmunooncology have bolstered the conclusion that solid tumors are innervated. Regulatory mechanisms for cancer-related neurogenesis, as well as specific operational definitions of perineural invasion and axonogenesis, have helped to explain the consensus observation of nerves at the periphery of the tumor signifying a functional role of nerves, neurons, neurites, and glia in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Baraldi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - German V. Martyn
- Biomedical Studies Program, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA;
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Immunopathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Schwann Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Need More Attention. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1058667. [PMID: 35186076 PMCID: PMC8853772 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1058667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), which is composed of various cell components and signaling molecules, plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of tumors and has become the central issue of current cancer research. In recent years, as a part of the TME, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has attracted increasing attention. Moreover, emerging evidence shows that Schwann cells (SCs), which are the most important glial cells in the PNS, are not simply spectators in the TME. In this review article, we focused on the up-to-date research progress on SCs in the TME and introduced our point of view. In detail, we described that under two main tumor-nerve interaction patterns, perineural invasion (PNI) and tumor innervation, SCs were reprogrammed and acted as important participants. We also investigated the newest mechanisms between the interactions of SCs and tumor cells. In addition, SCs can have profound impacts on other cellular components in the TME, such as immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), involving immune regulation, tumor-related pain, and nerve remodeling. Overall, these innovative statements can expand the scope of the TME, help fully understand the significant role of SCs in the tumor-nerve-immune axis, and propose enlightenments to innovate antitumor therapeutic methods and future research.
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15
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Perineural Invasion Should Be Regarded as an Intermediate-Risk Factor for Recurrence in Surgically Treated Cervical Cancer: A Propensity Score Matching Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:1375123. [PMID: 34394773 PMCID: PMC8357507 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1375123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Perineural invasion (PNI) is considered as a poor prognostic factor in cervical cancer, but there has been no postoperative adjuvant therapy for it, because whether it belongs to high- or intermediate-risk factors has not been determined, this study intends to provide evidences to solve this problem. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of cervical cancer patients who underwent radical surgery and be reported PNI from January 2012 to June 2017 at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. After 1 : 1 propensity score matching (PSM), a group of patients without PNI was matched according to the clinical pathological features. Postoperative pathological parameters and prognosis were evaluated between the PNI and the matched groups. Results 1836 patients were screened, of which 162 (8.8%) diagnosed as stages IB1 to IIB reported PNI. Comparing to the matched group, more PNI (+) patients had deep outer cervix stromal invasion, cervical tunica adventitia invasion, positive lymph nodes, and positive margins. Among patients without high-risk factors, PNI (+) patients had worse 3-year overall survival (90.8% vs. 98.1%, P = 0.02), PNI (+) patients with single intermediate-risk factor and PNI (-) patients who meet with SEDLIS criteria had similar progress free survival (P = 0.63) and overall survival (P = 0.63), even similar survival curves. Conclusion PNI is related to a worse overall survival among cervical cancer patients without high-risk factors and play the role as an intermediate-risk factor.
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16
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The Diagnosis of Perineural Invasion: A Crucial Factor in Novel Algorithm of Coexistence of Conventional and Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081308. [PMID: 34441243 PMCID: PMC8391994 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) was introduced to mitigate adverse effects associated with conventional radical hysterectomy (CRH) in cervical cancer. However, the introduction of NSRH was compromised by possible existence of perineural invasion (PNI). Additionally, the coexistence of NSRH and CRH is currently the fact. The aim of the study was to review the literature and attempt to construct a novel and preliminary PNI diagnostic algorithm that would establish the coexistence of NSRH and CRH in one system of early-stage cervical cancer (ESCC) surgical treatment. This algorithm takes into account the PNI risk factors and current and future diagnostic methods such as imaging and biopsy.
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17
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Glia and Orofacial Pain: Progress and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105345. [PMID: 34069553 PMCID: PMC8160907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain is a universal predicament, afflicting millions of individuals worldwide. Research on the molecular mechanisms of orofacial pain has predominately focused on the role of neurons underlying nociception. However, aside from neural mechanisms, non-neuronal cells, such as Schwann cells and satellite ganglion cells in the peripheral nervous system, and microglia and astrocytes in the central nervous system, are important players in both peripheral and central processing of pain in the orofacial region. This review highlights recent molecular and cellular findings of the glia involvement and glia–neuron interactions in four common orofacial pain conditions such as headache, dental pulp injury, temporomandibular joint dysfunction/inflammation, and head and neck cancer. We will discuss the remaining questions and future directions on glial involvement in these four orofacial pain conditions.
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18
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Pelosi A, Fiore PF, Di Matteo S, Veneziani I, Caruana I, Ebert S, Munari E, Moretta L, Maggi E, Azzarone B. Pediatric Tumors-Mediated Inhibitory Effect on NK Cells: The Case of Neuroblastoma and Wilms' Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102374. [PMID: 34069127 PMCID: PMC8156764 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroblastoma (NB) and Wilms’ tumor (WT) are the most common childhood solid extracranial tumors. The current treatments consist of a combination of surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy in high-risk patients. Such treatments are responsible for significant adverse events requiring long-term monitoring. Thus, a main challenge in NB and WT treatment is the development of novel therapeutic strategies to eliminate or minimize the adverse effects. The characterization of the immune environment could allow for the identification of new therapeutic targets. Herein, we described the interaction between these tumors and innate immune cells, in particular natural killer cells and monocytes. The detection of the immunosuppressive activity of specific NB and WT tumor cells on natural killer cells and on monocytes could offer novel cellular and molecular targets for an effective immunotherapy of NB and WT. Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in the control of cancer development, progression and metastatic dissemination. However, tumor cells develop an array of strategies capable of impairing the activation and function of the immune system, including NK cells. In this context, a major event is represented by the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of stromal cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T cells and cancer cells themselves. The different immunoregulatory cells infiltrating the TME, through the release of several immunosuppressive molecules or by cell-to-cell interactions, cause an impairment of the recruitment of NK cells and other lymphocytes with effector functions. The different mechanisms by which stromal and tumor cells impair NK cell function have been particularly explored in adult solid tumors and, in less depth, investigated and discussed in a pediatric setting. In this review, we will compare pediatric and adult solid malignancies concerning the respective mechanisms of NK cell inhibition, highlighting novel key data in neuroblastoma and Wilms’ tumor, two of the most frequent pediatric extracranial solid tumors. Indeed, both tumors are characterized by the presence of stromal cells acting through the release of immunosuppressive molecules. In addition, specific tumor cell subsets inhibit NK cell cytotoxic function by cell-to-cell contact mechanisms likely controlled by the transcriptional coactivator TAZ. These findings could lead to a more performant diagnostic approach and to the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies targeting the identified cellular and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pelosi
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (P.F.F.); (S.D.M.); (I.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Piera Filomena Fiore
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (P.F.F.); (S.D.M.); (I.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Sabina Di Matteo
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (P.F.F.); (S.D.M.); (I.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Irene Veneziani
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (P.F.F.); (S.D.M.); (I.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Ignazio Caruana
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.C.); (S.E.)
| | - Stefan Ebert
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.C.); (S.E.)
| | - Enrico Munari
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (P.F.F.); (S.D.M.); (I.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (P.F.F.); (S.D.M.); (I.V.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (B.A.)
| | - Bruno Azzarone
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (P.F.F.); (S.D.M.); (I.V.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (B.A.)
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19
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Dlamini Z, Mathabe K, Padayachy L, Marima R, Evangelou G, Syrigos KN, Bianchi A, Lolas G, Hull R. Many Voices in a Choir: Tumor-Induced Neurogenesis and Neuronal Driven Alternative Splicing Sound Like Suspects in Tumor Growth and Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092138. [PMID: 33946706 PMCID: PMC8125307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Significant progress has recently been made in understanding the role of the neuronal system in cancer biology, in many solid tumors such as prostate, breast, pancreatic, gastric and brain cancers. Solid tumors and the nervous system appear to influence each other’s development both directly and indirectly. A recurring element in such interactions is constituted by nerve-related substances such as neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, to which the first part of the current review is devoted. The second part of the review focuses on the potential role played by alternative splicing in cancer progression associated with neural signaling. Alternative splicing is the process where pre-mRNA is cut and re-ligated in different ways to give rise to multiple protein isoforms whose expression profile is often cancer specific. Alternative splicing is known to take place in the mRNA of genes that code for proteins involved in neuronal development and the creation of new nerve fibers. The change in alternative splicing patterns that occur as tumors develop and progress may make these splice variants potential targets for the development of drug treatments. They may also serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Abstract During development, as tissues expand and grow, they require circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous system expansion for proper function and support. Similarly, as tumors arise and develop, they also require the expansion of these systems to support them. While the contribution of blood and lymphatic systems to the development and progression of cancer is well known and is targeted with anticancer drugs, the contribution of the nervous system is less well studied and understood. Recent studies have shown that the interaction between neurons and a tumor are bilateral and promote metastasis on one hand, and the formation of new nerve structures (neoneurogenesis) on the other. Substances such as neurotransmitters and neurotrophins being the main actors in such interplay, it seems reasonable to expect that alternative splicing and the different populations of protein isoforms can affect tumor-derived neurogenesis. Here, we report the different, documented ways in which neurons contribute to the development and progression of cancer and investigate what is currently known regarding cancer-neuronal interaction in several specific cancer types. Furthermore, we discuss the incidence of alternative splicing that have been identified as playing a role in tumor-induced neoneurogenesis, cancer development and progression. Several examples of changes in alternative splicing that give rise to different isoforms in nerve tissue that support cancer progression, growth and development have also been investigated. Finally, we discuss the potential of our knowledge in alternative splicing to improve tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kgomotso Mathabe
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
- Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Llewellyn Padayachy
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Rahaba Marima
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
| | - George Evangelou
- 3rd Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.); (K.N.S.)
| | - Konstantinos N. Syrigos
- 3rd Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.); (K.N.S.)
| | | | - Georgios Lolas
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
- 3rd Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.); (K.N.S.)
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
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Neuroimmune Regulation of Surgery-Associated Metastases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020454. [PMID: 33672617 PMCID: PMC7924204 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery remains an essential therapeutic approach for most solid malignancies. Although for more than a century accumulating clinical and experimental data have indicated that surgical procedures themselves may promote the appearance and progression of recurrent and metastatic lesions, only in recent years has renewed interest been taken in the mechanism by which metastasizing of cancer occurs following operative procedures. It is well proven now that surgery constitutes a risk factor for the promotion of pre-existing, possibly dormant micrometastases and the acceleration of new metastases through several mechanisms, including the release of neuroendocrine and stress hormones and wound healing pathway-associated immunosuppression, neovascularization, and tissue remodeling. These postoperative consequences synergistically facilitate the establishment of new metastases and the development of pre-existing micrometastases. While only in recent years the role of the peripheral nervous system has been recognized as another contributor to cancer development and metastasis, little is known about the contribution of tumor-associated neuronal and neuroglial elements in the metastatic disease related to surgical trauma and wound healing. Specifically, although numerous clinical and experimental data suggest that biopsy- and surgery-induced wound healing can promote survival and metastatic spread of residual and dormant malignant cells, the involvement of the tumor-associated neuroglial cells in the formation of metastases following tissue injury has not been well understood. Understanding the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of neuroimmune regulation of surgery-associated metastasis will not only advance the field of neuro–immuno–oncology and contribute to basic science and translational oncology research but will also produce a strong foundation for developing novel mechanism-based therapeutic approaches that may protect patients against the oncologically adverse effects of primary tumor biopsy and excision.
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21
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TNFα promotes oral cancer growth, pain, and Schwann cell activation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1840. [PMID: 33469141 PMCID: PMC7815837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is very painful and impairs a patient's ability to eat, talk, and drink. Mediators secreted from oral cancer can excite and sensitize sensory neurons inducing pain. Cancer mediators can also activate Schwann cells, the peripheral glia that regulates neuronal function and repair. The contribution of Schwann cells to oral cancer pain is unclear. We hypothesize that the oral cancer mediator TNFα activates Schwann cells, which further promotes cancer progression and pain. We demonstrate that TNFα is overexpressed in human oral cancer tissues and correlates with increased self-reported pain in patients. Antagonizing TNFα reduces oral cancer proliferation, cytokine production, and nociception in mice with oral cancer. Oral cancer or TNFα alone increases Schwann cell activation (measured by Schwann cell proliferation, migration, and activation markers), which can be inhibited by neutralizing TNFα. Cancer- or TNFα-activated Schwann cells release pro-nociceptive mediators such as TNFα and nerve growth factor (NGF). Activated Schwann cells induce nociceptive behaviors in mice, which is alleviated by blocking TNFα. Our study suggests that TNFα promotes cancer proliferation, progression, and nociception at least partially by activating Schwann cells. Inhibiting TNFα or Schwann cell activation might serve as therapeutic approaches for the treatment of oral cancer and associated pain.
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22
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The Emerging Role of Nerves and Glia in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010152. [PMID: 33466373 PMCID: PMC7796331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The influence of nerves on different types of cancers, including colorectal cancer, is increasingly recognized. The intestines are highly innervated, both from outside the intestines (extrinsic innervation) and by a nervous system of their own; the enteric nervous system (intrinsic innervation). Nerves and cancer cells have been described to communicate with each other, although the exact mechanism in colorectal cancer is not yet explored. Nerves can enhance cancer progression by secreting signaling molecules, and cancer cells are capable of stimulating nerve growth. This review summarizes the innervation of the intestines and current knowledge on the role of the nervous system in colorectal cancer. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of these new insights is discussed. Abstract The role of the nervous system as a contributor in the tumor microenvironment has been recognized in different cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The gastrointestinal tract is a highly innervated organ system, which is not only innervated by the autonomic nervous system, but also contains an extensive nervous system of its own; the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is important for gut function and homeostasis by regulating processes such as fluid absorption, blood flow, and gut motility. Dysfunction of the ENS has been linked with multiple gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung disease and inflammatory bowel disease, and even with neurodegenerative disorders. How the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the gut contributes to CRC is not fully understood, although a mutual relationship between cancer cells and nerves has been described. Nerves enhance cancer progression through the secretion of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, and cancer cells are capable of stimulating nerve growth. This review summarizes and discusses the nervous system innervation of the gastrointestinal tract and how it can influence carcinogenesis, and vice versa. Lastly, the therapeutic potential of these novel insights is discussed.
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Reyes N, Figueroa S, Tiwari R, Geliebter J. CXCL3 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1302:15-24. [PMID: 34286438 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62658-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer progression is driven, to a large extent, by the action of immune cells that have been recruited to tumor sites through interactions between chemokines and their receptors. Chemokines of the CXC subfamily are secreted by both tumor and non-tumor cells within the microenvironment of the tumor, where they induce either antitumor or protumor activity that fosters either clearance or progression of the tumor, respectively. Understanding the nature of these interactions is important to envisage novel approaches targeting the essential components of the tumor microenvironment, increasing the odds for favorable patient outcomes. In this chapter we describe the involvement of the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) in the human tumor microenvironment and its effects on immune and non-immune cells. Because of the limited data on the CXCL3 signaling in the tumor microenvironment, we extend the review to other members of the CXC subfamily of chemokines. This review also addresses the future trends or directions for therapeutic interventions that target signaling pathways used by these molecules in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niradiz Reyes
- School of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Stephanie Figueroa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Raj Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Jan Geliebter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Digital Image Analysis Applied to Tumor Cell Proliferation, Aggressiveness, and Migration-Related Protein Synthesis in Neuroblastoma 3D Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228676. [PMID: 33212997 PMCID: PMC7698558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer 3D models are a promising tool that will revolutionize personalized cancer therapy but that require previous knowledge of optimal cell growth conditions and the most advantageous parameters to evaluate biomimetic relevance and monitor therapy efficacy. This study aims to establish general guidelines on 3D model characterization phenomena, focusing on neuroblastoma. We generated gelatin-based scaffolds with different stiffness and performed SK-N-BE(2) and SH-SY5Y aggressive neuroblastoma cell cultures, also performing co-cultures with mouse stromal Schwann cell line (SW10). Model characterization by digital image analysis at different time points revealed that cell proliferation, vitronectin production, and migration-related gene expression depend on growing conditions and are specific to the tumor cell line. Morphometric data show that 3D in vitro models can help generate optimal patient-derived cancer models, by creating, identifying, and choosing patterns of clinically relevant artificial microenvironments to predict patient tumor cell behavior and therapeutic responses.
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25
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Zhou Y, Li J, Han B, Zhong R, Zhong H. Schwann cells promote lung cancer proliferation by promoting the M2 polarization of macrophages. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104211. [PMID: 32977156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between immune cells and tumor cells determines the fate of tumorigenesis. Targeting the abnormal immune response of tumors has been recently achieved great success in some patients. Emerging evidence demonstrated the nervous system plays vital roles in immune regulation, but if the nervous system affects the immune-tumor response and the possible mechanism involved remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that Schwann cells, the major component of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), induce M2 polarization of macrophages by secreting cytokines and chemokines, and these polarized macrophages promote the proliferation of lung cancer cells. We cocultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with Schwann cells or treated PBMCs with the culture supernatant of Schwann cells. We found that both treatments induced M2 polarization of the macrophages in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. We performed a bioinformatic analysis of the transcriptome of Schwann cells and analyzed cytokines and chemokines by ELISAs. We found that Schwann cells secreted high levels of CCL2, CXCL5, CXCL12, and CXCL8. CCL2 promotes the M2 polarization of macrophages. Furthermore, we isolated CD14-positive macrophages that were cocultured with the Schwann cells and treated A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells with these macrophages. We found that the Schwann cell-polarized macrophages increased the proliferation of the lung cancer cells. Our study sheds new light on the involvement of the PNS in the regulation of tumor progression via a "Schwann cell"-"immune cell"-"tumor cell" axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runbo Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Shurin MR, Shurin GV, Zlotnikov SB, Bunimovich YL. The Neuroimmune Axis in the Tumor Microenvironment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:280-285. [PMID: 31907270 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex ecosystem and should be considered in the context of its cellular and molecular microenvironment, which includes the nerves. Peripheral nerves can modulate phenotype and behavior of the malignant cells and thus affect tumor growth and metastasis. Only recently has the role of neuroimmune cross-talk surfaced as a key contributor to cancer progression. However, little is known about the immunomodulatory role of the neuroglial cells in cancer progression and metastasis and the response to therapy. Schwann cells, the principal glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, are now considered to be important players in the tumor microenvironment. They can directly accelerate malignant cell migration and the formation of metastases. Better understanding of the neuroimmune circuits in the tumor milieu will be instrumental in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the malignancies known to be associated with inflammation and dysregulated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232; .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232; and
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Samuel B Zlotnikov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Yuri L Bunimovich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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Li H, Yang Z, Wang W, Wang J, Zhang J, Liu J, Yang T, Yang Y, Wei J, Lei D, Yang X. NT-3/TrkC Axis Contributes to the Perineural Invasion and the Poor Prognosis in Human Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:6065-6073. [PMID: 31762816 PMCID: PMC6856580 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and its specific receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC) in the perineural invasion (PNI) process of the salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). The co-cultured system between SACC cells and Schwann cells (SCs) was employed to detect the expression of NT-3 and TrkC. The results of ELISA, qRT-PCR and western blot showed that NT-3 was noticeably elevated in the co-cultured SACC-83 cells, while TrkC was increased in the co-cultured SCs. The results of scratch wound healing, migration, and 3D co-culture assays showed that the directional migration abilities of the co-cultured SACC-83 cells and SCs were significantly increased. Under the stimulation of NT-3, the directional motor ability of SACC-83 cells and SCs was significantly improved, and the apoptosis of SACC-83 cells and SCs were obviously inhibited. In addition, blocking TrkC by its specific inhibitor AZD7451 could significantly inhibit these effects. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that the positive expression of NT-3 (88.5%) and TrkC (92.3%) was significantly correlated with the PNI in SACC specimens (P < 0.05). Additionally, the high expression of NT-3 was significantly associated with the poor prognosis of SACC patients (P < 0.05). The present study indicated that NT-3/TrkC axis contributed to the PNI progression and the poor prognosis of SACC via regulating the interaction between SACC cells and SCs. Interruption of the interaction between SACC cells and SCs by blocking the NT-3/TrkC axis might be an effective strategy for anti-PNI therapy in SACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Junye Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yaowu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Delin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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28
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Zhang SH, Shurin GV, Khosravi H, Kazi R, Kruglov O, Shurin MR, Bunimovich YL. Immunomodulation by Schwann cells in disease. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 69:245-253. [PMID: 31676924 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells are the principal glial cells of the peripheral nervous system which maintain neuronal homeostasis. Schwann cells support peripheral nerve functions and play a critical role in many pathological processes including injury-induced nerve repair, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, neuropathic pain and cancer. Schwann cells are implicated in a wide range of diseases due, in part, to their ability to interact and modulate immune cells. We discuss the accumulating examples of how Schwann cell regulation of the immune system initiates and facilitates the progression of various diseases. Furthermore, we highlight how Schwann cells may orchestrate an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by polarizing and modulating the activity of the dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia H Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hasan Khosravi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E1157 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rashek Kazi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E1157 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Oleg Kruglov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E1157 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuri L Bunimovich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E1157 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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29
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Martyn GV, Shurin GV, Keskinov AA, Bunimovich YL, Shurin MR. Schwann cells shape the neuro-immune environs and control cancer progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1819-1829. [PMID: 30607548 PMCID: PMC11028256 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-02296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At present, significant experimental and clinical data confirm the active involvement of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in different phases of cancer development and progression. Most of the research effort focuses on the impact of distinct neuronal types, e.g., adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, etc. in carcinogenesis, generally ignoring neuroglia. The very fact that these cells far outnumber the other cellular types may also play an important role worthy of study in this context. The most prevalent neuroglia within the PNS consists of Schwann cells (SCs). These cells play a substantial role in maintaining homeostasis within the nervous system. They possess distinct immunomodulatory, inflammatory and regenerative capacities-also, one should consider their broad distribution throughout the body; this makes them a perfect target for malignant cells during the initial stages of cancer development and the very formation of the tumor microenvironment itself. We show that SCs in the tumor milieu attract different subsets of immune regulators and augment their ability to suppress effector T cells. SCs may also up-regulate invasiveness of tumor cells and support metastatic disease. We outline the interactive potential of SCs juxtaposed with cancerous cells, referring to data from various external sources alongside data of our own.
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Affiliation(s)
- German V Martyn
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anton A Keskinov
- Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri L Bunimovich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Clinical Immunopathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Clinical Lab Bldg, Room 4024, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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30
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Zhu Y, Zhang GN, Shi Y, Cui L, Leng XF, Huang JM. Perineural invasion in cervical cancer: pay attention to the indications of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:203. [PMID: 31205921 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.04.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) in early-stage cervical cancer, is associated with multiple high-risk factors and represents a poor outcome in the patients. For nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) to become a standard and widely used treatment for cervical cancer, we need to define its oncological safety, and to establish standardized surgical procedures and indications of NSRH. Here, we review the definition and mechanisms, and clinical significance of PNI in cervical cancer, and discuss the indications of NSRH. PNI should be regarded as one of the main pathological features of cervical cancer and a factor affecting prognosis. A deeper understanding of PNI in cervical cancer, hopefully, will provide clear indications of NSRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital affiliate to School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital affiliate to School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guo-Nan Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital affiliate to School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital affiliate to School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Cui
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital affiliate to School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Feng Leng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jian-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
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31
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Shurin GV, Kruglov O, Ding F, Lin Y, Hao X, Keskinov AA, You Z, Lokshin AE, LaFramboise WA, Falo LD, Shurin MR, Bunimovich YL. Melanoma-Induced Reprogramming of Schwann Cell Signaling Aids Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2736-2747. [PMID: 30914431 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has been compared with a nonhealing wound involving a complex interaction between multiple cell types. Schwann cells, the key regulators of peripheral nerve repair, have recently been shown to directly affect nonneural wound healing. Their role in cancer progression, however, has been largely limited to neuropathic pain and perineural invasion. In this study, we showed that melanoma activated otherwise dormant functions of Schwann cells aimed at nerve regeneration and wound healing. Such reprogramming of Schwann cells into repair-like cells occurred during the destruction and displacement of neurons as the tumor expanded and via direct signaling from melanoma cells to Schwann cells, resulting in activation of the nerve injury response. Melanoma-activated Schwann cells significantly altered the microenvironment through their modulation of the immune system and the extracellular matrix in a way that promoted melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Local inhibition of Schwann cell activity following cutaneous sensory nerve transection in melanoma orthotopic models significantly decreased the rate of tumor growth. Tumor-associated Schwann cells, therefore, can have a significant protumorigenic effect and may present a novel target for cancer therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings reveal a role of the nerve injury response, particularly through functions of activated Schwann cells, in promoting melanoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Oleg Kruglov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xingxing Hao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anton A Keskinov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhaoyang You
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna E Lokshin
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William A LaFramboise
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Hillman Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuri L Bunimovich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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32
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Noguera R, Burgos-Panadero R, Gamero-Sandemetrio E, de la Cruz-Merino L, Álvaro Naranjo T. [An integral view of cancer (I). The study, classification and reprogramming of the tumoral microclimate]. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE PATOLOGÍA : PUBLICACIÓN OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ANATOMÍA PATOLÓGICA Y DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE CITOLOGÍA 2019; 52:92-102. [PMID: 30902384 DOI: 10.1016/j.patol.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The group of diseases that we call cancer share a biological structure formed by a complex ecosystem, with altered intercellular communication, information fields, development and tissue function. Beyond the genetic alterations of the tumor cell, the demonstration of an altered ecosystem, with interconnections at systemic levels, opens up a new perspective on cancer biology and behavior. Different tumor facets, such as morphology, classification, clinical aggressiveness, prognosis and response to treatment now appear under a comprehensive vision that offers a new horizon of study, research and clinical management. The Somatic Mutation Theory in cancer, in force for more than one hundred years, is now completed by the study of the tumor microenvironment, the extracellular matrix, the stromal cells, the immune response, the innervation, the nutrition, the mitochondria, the metabolism, the interstitial fluid, the mechanical and electromagnetic properties of the tissue and many other areas of emerging knowledge; thus opening the door to a reprogramming exercise of the tumor phenotype through the modification of the keys offered by this new paradigm. Its recognition makes it possible to go from considering the oncological process as a cellular problem to a supracellular alteration based on the disorganization of tissues, immersed in the relationships of the complex system of the living being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Noguera
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia/Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias INCLIVA, Valencia, España; CIBERONC, Madrid, España
| | - Rebeca Burgos-Panadero
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia/Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias INCLIVA, Valencia, España; CIBERONC, Madrid, España
| | - Esther Gamero-Sandemetrio
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia/Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias INCLIVA, Valencia, España; CIBERONC, Madrid, España
| | | | - Tomás Álvaro Naranjo
- CIBERONC, Madrid, España; Hospital Verge de la Cinta, Tortosa, Tarragona, España.
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33
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Salvo E, Saraithong P, Curtin JG, Janal MN, Ye Y. Reciprocal interactions between cancer and Schwann cells contribute to oral cancer progression and pain. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01223. [PMID: 30815600 PMCID: PMC6378335 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (oral SCC) decreases quality of life and survival. The interaction between cancer and the peripheral nerves is known to initiate and amplify pain and contribute to carcinogenesis. Schwann cells envelop peripheral nerves and are activated in response to neuronal damage. The contributions of Schwann cells to oral SCC progression and pain are unknown. Using a non-contact co-culture model, we demonstrate that Schwann cells (RSC-96) and oral SCC cells (HSC-3) reciprocally interact to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion. Schwann cell-oral SCC interaction leads to increased production of adenosine, which stimulates cell proliferation and migration of both cell types. The adenosine receptor A2B (ADORA2B) is expressed on RSC-96 cells. We show that supernatant from the RSC-96 cells co-cultured with HSC-3 cells induces increased mechanical hypersensitivity in mice compared to supernatant from control RSC-96 cells. Treatment with the ADORA2B antagonist PSB603 significantly inhibits co-culture interactions - proliferation and migration, and co-culture supernatant induced mechanical hypersensitivity. RSC-96 cells co-cultured with HSC-3 cells secrete increased amounts of the pronociceptive mediator, interleukin-6 (IL-6), which can be reduced by adding PSB603 into the co-culture. Our data support a reciprocal interaction between oral SCC and Schwann cells mediated by adenosine with potential to promote oral SCC progression and pain via increased secretion of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Salvo
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Prakaimuk Saraithong
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Jared G. Curtin
- DDS Program, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Yi Ye
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
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34
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Mo RJ, Han ZD, Liang YK, Ye JH, Wu SL, Lin SX, Zhang YQ, Song SD, Jiang FN, Zhong WD, Wu CL. Expression of PD-L1 in tumor-associated nerves correlates with reduced CD8 + tumor-associated lymphocytes and poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:3099-3110. [PMID: 30537104 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate immune profile consisting of stromal PD-L1 expression, inhibitory or non-T-cell inflamed tumor microenvironment that may predict response to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapy in prostate cancer, we validated the specificity of a PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (E1L3N) and identified PD-L1 specific expression in prostatic stromal nerve cells. PD-L1 expression was analyzed in 73 primary prostate cancers and 7 castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and resulting data from primary prostate cancers were correlated with tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs), clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome. PD-L1 was expressed in the tumor cells in only one primary prostate cancer case and none of the CRPC. However, PD-L1 was frequently observed in the nerve branches in the tumor-associated stroma (69 of 73 cases, 94.5%), supported by colocalization with axonal marker PGP9.5. FoxP3-, CD3- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes were observed in 74.6% (47/63), 98.4% (62/63) and 100% (61/61) of the cases, respectively. The density of PD-L1+ tumor-associated nerves (TANs) was inversely correlated with that of CD8+ TALs. Higher density of PD-L1+ TANs was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p = 0.016). In both univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, the density of PD-L1+ TANs was independently prognostic of BCR. In conclusion, PD-L1 expression is rare in prostate tumor cells but prevalent in TANs and negatively correlated with CD8+ TALs. Neuro-immunological interaction may be a contribution to immune-suppressive microenvironment. Combinatorial treatment regimen designs to neural PD-L1 and TALs should be warranted in future clinical application of anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jun Mo
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhao-Dong Han
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ke Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shu-Lin Wu
- Department of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharron X Lin
- Department of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan-Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Da Song
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Neng Jiang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-De Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Abstract
During cancer progression, tumor cells interact with the neighboring environment, including neuronal tissue. The important influence of the nervous system on growth and metastasis of cancer is now widely accepted. As such, using medications that traditionally target the nervous system may be an avenue toward treating cancer. The focus of this review is to detail how several classes of medications, traditionally used to treat nervous system disorders, impact cancer. Specifically, we review the preclinical and clinical evidence that support the use of anti-β-adrenergic, anticholinergic, antipsychotic, and antidepressant medications to treat some cancers. In addition, we discuss the use of ablative modalities, such as physical and chemical denervation, to treat cancer or protect against cancer development. Using the medications that target the nervous system to treat cancer is a promising addition to an existing therapy or an alternative treatment strategy. Furthermore, rapidly expanding basic science research in this area will likely yield novel cancer therapies that work by targeting the nervous system.
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36
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Zhou Y, Shurin GV, Zhong H, Bunimovich YL, Han B, Shurin MR. Schwann Cells Augment Cell Spreading and Metastasis of Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5927-5939. [PMID: 30135194 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although lungs are densely innervated by the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the role of the PNS in the progression of lung cancer is unknown. In this study, we report that mouse adult Schwann cells (SC), the principal glial cells of the PNS, can regulate the motility of lung cancer cells in vitro and the formation of metastases in vivo SCs promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the motility of two lung cancer cell lines by increasing expression of Snail and Twist in tumor cells; blocking of Snail and Twist expression abolished SC-induced motility of tumor cells. SC-derived CXCL5 was responsible for EMT in lung cancer cells, as the inhibition of CXCL5 or its receptor CXCR2 reduced SC-induced expression of Snail and Twist and reduced motility in tumor cells. CXCL5/CXCR2 binding activated the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/Snail-Twist signaling pathway in lung cancer cells, and the PI3K inhibitor blocked CXCL5-dependent phosphorylation of AKT and GSK-3β, reduced expression of Snail/Twist, and limited tumor cell invasiveness. SC conditioning of tumor cells prior to their injection into mice significantly increased the formation of metastases in the regional lymph nodes. In summary, SCs can regulate the CXCL5/CXCR2/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/Snail-Twist pathway to promote EMT, invasiveness, and metastatic potential of lung cancer cells. Our results reveal a new role of the PNS in the functional organization of the tumor microenvironment and tumor progression.Significance: This study increases our understanding of how nerves and, in particular, specific glial cells, Schwann cells, in the peripheral nervous system, may help promote tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5927-39. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuri L Bunimovich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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