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Liu QX, Zhu Y, Yi HM, Shen YG, Wang L, Cheng S, Xu PP, Xu HM, Zhou LT, Huang YH, Huang CX, Fu D, Ji MM, Wang CF, Zhao WL. KMT2D mutations promoted tumor progression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma through altering tumor-induced regulatory T cell trafficking via FBXW7-NOTCH-MYC/TGF-β1 axis. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:3972-3985. [PMID: 39113693 PMCID: PMC11302885 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.93349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone methyltransferase KMT2D is one of the most frequently mutated genes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and has been identified as an important pathogenic factor and prognostic marker. However, the biological relevance of KMT2D mutations on tumor microenvironment remains to be determined. KMT2D mutations were assessed by whole-genome/exome sequencing (WGS/WES) in 334 patients and by targeted sequencing in 427 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL. Among all 761 DLBCL patients, somatic mutations in KMT2D were observed in 143 (18.79%) patients and significantly associated with advanced Ann Arbor stage and MYC expression ≥ 40%, as well as inferior progression-free survival and overall survival. In B-lymphoma cells, the mutation or knockdown of KMT2D inhibited methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4), downregulated FBXW7 expression, activated NOTCH signaling pathway and downstream MYC/TGF-β1, resulting in alterations of tumor-induced regulatory T cell trafficking. In B-lymphoma murine models established with subcutaneous injection of SU-DHL-4 cells, xenografted tumors bearing KMT2D mutation presented lower H3K4 methylation, higher regulatory T cell recruitment, thereby provoking rapid tumor growth compared with wild-type KMT2D via FBXW7-NOTCH-MYC/TGF-β1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xiao Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yi
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi-Ge Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shu Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Peng-Peng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hai-Min Xu
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lu-Ting Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yao-Hui Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chuan-Xin Huang
- Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Di Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meng-Meng Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chao-Fu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai 200025, China
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2
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Jumaniyazova E, Lokhonina A, Dzhalilova D, Kosyreva A, Fatkhudinov T. Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5760. [PMID: 38136307 PMCID: PMC10741982 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a rare heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms characterized by their aggressive course and poor response to treatment. This determines the relevance of research aimed at studying the pathogenesis of STSs. By now, it is known that STSs is characterized by complex relationships between the tumor cells and immune cells of the microenvironment. Dynamic interactions between tumor cells and components of the microenvironment enhance adaptation to changing environmental conditions, which provides the high aggressive potential of STSs and resistance to antitumor therapy. Today, active research is being conducted to find effective antitumor drugs and to evaluate the possibility of using therapy with immune cells of STS. The difficulty in assessing the efficacy of new antitumor options is primarily due to the high heterogeneity of this group of malignant neoplasms. Studying the role of immune cells in the microenvironment in the progression STSs and resistance to antitumor therapies will provide the discovery of new biomarkers of the disease and the prediction of response to immunotherapy. In addition, it will help to initially divide patients into subgroups of good and poor response to immunotherapy, thus avoiding wasting precious time in selecting the appropriate antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enar Jumaniyazova
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia (T.F.)
| | - Anastasiya Lokhonina
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia (T.F.)
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dzhuliia Dzhalilova
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia (T.F.)
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kosyreva
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia (T.F.)
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia (T.F.)
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Singh S, Barik D, Arukha AP, Prasad S, Mohapatra I, Singh A, Singh G. Small Molecule Targeting Immune Cells: A Novel Approach for Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2621. [PMID: 37892995 PMCID: PMC10604364 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional and cancer immunotherapies encompass diverse strategies to address various cancer types and stages. However, combining these approaches often encounters limitations such as non-specific targeting, resistance development, and high toxicity, leading to suboptimal outcomes in many cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is orchestrated by intricate interactions between immune and non-immune cells dictating tumor progression. An innovative avenue in cancer therapy involves leveraging small molecules to influence a spectrum of resistant cell populations within the TME. Recent discoveries have unveiled a phenotypically diverse cohort of innate-like T (ILT) cells and tumor hybrid cells (HCs) exhibiting novel characteristics, including augmented proliferation, migration, resistance to exhaustion, evasion of immunosurveillance, reduced apoptosis, drug resistance, and heightened metastasis frequency. Leveraging small-molecule immunomodulators to target these immune players presents an exciting frontier in developing novel tumor immunotherapies. Moreover, combining small molecule modulators with immunotherapy can synergistically enhance the inhibitory impact on tumor progression by empowering the immune system to meticulously fine-tune responses within the TME, bolstering its capacity to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. This review outlines strategies involving small molecules that modify immune cells within the TME, potentially revolutionizing therapeutic interventions and enhancing the anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Debashis Barik
- Center for Computational Natural Science and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Iteeshree Mohapatra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Amar Singh
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gatikrushna Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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4
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Mékinian A, Quinquenel A, Belkacem KA, Kanoun F, Dondi E, Franck E, Boubaya M, Mhibik M, Baran-Marszak F, Letestu R, Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista F, Lévy V, Varin-Blank N, Le Roy C. Immuno-regulatory malignant B cells contribute to Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia progression. Cancer Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41417-023-00602-5. [PMID: 36973425 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous B cell neoplasm ranging from indolent to rapidly progressive disease. Leukemic cell subsets with regulatory properties evade immune clearance; however, the contribution of such subsets during CLL progression is not completely elucidated. Here, we report that CLL B cells crosstalk with their immune counterparts, notably by promoting the regulatory T (Treg) cell compartment and shaping several helper T (Th) subsets. Among various constitutively- and BCR/CD40-mediated factors secreted, tumour subsets co-express two important immunoregulatory cytokines, IL10 and TGFβ1, both associated with a memory B cell phenotype. Neutralizing secreted IL10 or inhibiting the TGFβ signalling pathway demonstrated that these cytokines are mainly involved in Th- and Treg differentiation/maintenance. In line with the regulatory subsets, we also demonstrated that a CLL B cell population expresses FOXP3, a marker of regulatory T cells. Analysis of IL10, TGFβ1 and FOXP3 positive subpopulations frequencies in CLL samples discriminated 2 clusters of untreated CLL patients that were significantly different in Tregs frequency and time-to-treatment. Since this distinction was pertinent to disease progression, the regulatory profiling provides a new rationale for patient stratification and sheds light on immune dysfunction in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsène Mékinian
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Anne Quinquenel
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Koceïla Ait Belkacem
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Feriel Kanoun
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Elisabetta Dondi
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Emilie Franck
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Maïssa Mhibik
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
| | - Fanny Baran-Marszak
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Rémi Letestu
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Florence Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Vincent Lévy
- URC, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
- CRC, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Nadine Varin-Blank
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France.
| | - Christine Le Roy
- INSERM, U978, Bobigny, France.
- Université Paris 13 dite « Sorbonne Paris Nord », UFR SMBH, Labex INFLAMEX, Bobigny, France.
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5
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Ali S, Rehman MU, Yatoo AM, Arafah A, Khan A, Rashid S, Majid S, Ali A, Ali MN. TGF-β signaling pathway: Therapeutic targeting and potential for anti-cancer immunity. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175678. [PMID: 36990262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic secretory cytokine exhibiting both cancer-inhibitory and promoting properties. It transmits its signals via Suppressor of Mother against Decapentaplegic (SMAD) and non-SMAD pathways and regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. In non-cancer and early-stage cancer cells, TGFβ signaling suppresses cancer progression via inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or anti-proliferation, and promoting cell differentiation. On the other hand, TGFβ may also act as an oncogene in advanced stages of tumors, wherein it develops immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments and induces the proliferation of cancer cells, invasion, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Higher TGFβ expression leads to the instigation and development of cancer. Therefore, suppressing TGFβ signals may present a potential treatment option for inhibiting tumorigenesis and metastasis. Different inhibitory molecules, including ligand traps, anti-sense oligo-nucleotides, small molecule receptor-kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and vaccines, have been developed and clinically trialed for blocking the TGFβ signaling pathway. These molecules are not pro-oncogenic response-specific but block all signaling effects induced by TGFβ. Nonetheless, targeting the activation of TGFβ signaling with maximized specificity and minimized toxicity can enhance the efficacy of therapeutic approaches against this signaling pathway. The molecules that are used to target TGFβ are non-cytotoxic to cancer cells but designed to curtail the over-activation of invasion and metastasis driving TGFβ signaling in stromal and cancer cells. Here, we discussed the critical role of TGFβ in tumorigenesis, and metastasis, as well as the outcome and the promising achievement of TGFβ inhibitory molecules in the treatment of cancer.
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6
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Kendal JK, Shehata MS, Lofftus SY, Crompton JG. Cancer-Associated B Cells in Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030622. [PMID: 36765578 PMCID: PMC9913500 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the first types of cancers studied that hinted at a major role of the immune system in pro- and anti-tumor biology, little is known about the immune microenvironment in sarcoma. Few types of sarcoma have shown major responses to immunotherapy, and its rarity and heterogeneity makes it challenging to study. With limited systemic treatment options, further understanding of the underlying mechanisms in sarcoma immunity may prove crucial in advancing sarcoma care. While great strides have been made in the field of immunotherapy over the last few decades, most of these efforts have focused on harnessing the T cell response, with little attention on the role B cells may play in the tumor microenvironment. A growing body of evidence suggests that B cells have both pro- and anti-tumoral effects in a large variety of cancers, and in the age of bioinformatics and multi-omic analysis, the complexity of the humoral response is just being appreciated. This review explores what is currently known about the role of B cells in sarcoma, including understanding the various B cell populations associated with sarcoma, the organization of intra-tumoral B cells in tertiary lymphoid structures, recent trials in immunotherapy in sarcoma, intra-tumoral immunoglobulin, the pro-tumor effects of B cells, and exciting future areas for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Kendal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90404, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Michael S. Shehata
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Serena Y. Lofftus
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph G. Crompton
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-825-2644
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7
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Wang F, Wang S, Zhang C, Tian X, Zhou Y, Xuan W, Matteson EL, Luo F, Tschumperlin D, Vassallo R. Noncanonical JAK1/STAT3 interactions with TGF-β modulate myofibroblast transdifferentiation and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L698-L714. [PMID: 36283961 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00428.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with limited survival. Janus kinases (JAKs), tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals, are known to be involved, but their specific roles in lung fibrosis are not well defined. In this study, the interactions between JAK1/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)3 signaling and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced fibroblast responses were investigated using both pharmacological and siRNA approaches in human normal and IPF-derived lung fibroblasts. We found that JAK1 directly interacts with the TGF-β receptor I subunit (TβRI), and silencing JAK1 promotes myofibroblast transdifferentiation. However, the suppression of JAK1 signaling in vitro and in vivo using an inhibitor (upadacitinib) did not alter lung fibroblast activation or fibrosis development. STAT3 was constitutively active in cultured primary lung fibroblasts; this STAT3 activation required JAK1 and repressed myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Loss of phosphorylated STAT3 following transcriptional JAK1 silencing promoted myofibroblast transdifferentiation. In contrast, transcriptional silencing of unphosphorylated STAT3 suppressed TGF-β signaling, decreased SMAD3 activation, and reduced myofibroblast transdifferentiation and ECM production. Taken together, these observations support a role for JAK1/STAT3 as a direct regulator of TGF-β signaling in lung fibroblasts. Modulation of JAK1/STAT3 signaling in lung fibroblasts represents a noncanonical approach to regulating TGF-β-induced fibrosis and suggests the potential for a novel approach to treat pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faping Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chujie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xue Tian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yongfang Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weixia Xuan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric L Matteson
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert Vassallo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
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8
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He XL, Hu YH, Chen JM, Zhang DQ, Yang HL, Zhang LZ, Mu YP, Zhang H, Chen GF, Liu W, Liu P. SNS-032 attenuates liver fibrosis by anti-active hepatic stellate cells via inhibition of cyclin dependent kinase 9. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1016552. [PMID: 36313366 PMCID: PMC9597511 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1016552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process of all chronic liver diseases. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a central role in the development of liver fibrosis. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is a cell cycle kinase that regulates mRNA transcription and elongation. A CDK9 inhibitor SNS-032 has been reported to have good effects in anti-tumor. However, the role of SNS-032 in the development of liver fibrosis is unclear. In this study, SNS-032 was found to alleviate hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the activation and inducing the apoptosis of active HSCs in carbon tetrachloride-induced model mice. In vitro, SNS-032 inhibited the activation and proliferation of active HSCs and induced the apoptosis of active HSCs by downregulating the expression of CDK9 and its downstream signal transductors, such phosphorylated RNA polymerase II and Bcl-2. CDK9 short hairpin RNA was transfected into active HSCs to further elucidate the mechanism of the above effects. Similar results were observed in active HSCs after CDK9 knockdown. In active HSCs with CDK9 knockdown, the expression levels of CDK9, phosphorylated RNA polymerase II, XIAP, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and ɑ-SMA significantly decreased, whereas those of cleaved-PARP1 and Bax decreased prominently. These results indicated that SNS-032 is a potential drug and CDK9 might be a new prospective target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li He
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Zhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gao-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liu, ; Ping Liu,
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liu, ; Ping Liu,
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9
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Xia Y, Jiang C, Yang M, Liu T, Zou X, Li C, Wang X. SB431542 alleviates lupus nephritis by regulating B cells and inhibiting the TLR9/TGFβ1/PDGFB signaling. J Autoimmun 2022; 132:102894. [PMID: 36030617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Currently, immunosuppressive treatments for LN are suboptimal and can induce significant side effects. SB431542 is a selective and potent inhibitor of the TGFβ/Activin/NODAL pathway. Here, we study the effects of SB431542 treatment on LN and discuss the potential mechanisms. SB431542 ameliorated clinical outcomes with a consequent histological improvement in NZB/W mice. A comparative transcriptional profiling analysis revealed 586 differentially expressed genes (247 downregulated genes) in the SB431542 group compared to the control group. We found that the downregulated genes were mainly enriched in the biological processes of B cell activation, B cell proliferation, B cell differentiation, and B cell receptor signaling. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis revealed that the hematopoietic cell linage pathway was significantly downregulated in the SB431542 group. In addition, we observed that SB431542 reduced the splenic or renal levels of CD20 and the serum levels of anti-dsDNA antibody (IgG) in NZB/W mice. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry confirmed that SB431542 inhibits the production of TLR9, TGFβ1, and PDGFB. Thus, due to its immunomodulatory activities, SB431542 could be considered for clinical therapy development for LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chenxu Li
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Flores-Borja F, Blair P. "Mechanisms of induction of regulatory B cells in the tumour microenvironment and their contribution to immunosuppression and pro-tumour responses". Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:33-45. [PMID: 35350071 PMCID: PMC9307227 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of tumour-infiltrating immune cells was originally associated with the induction of anti-tumour responses and good a prognosis. A more refined characterization of the tumour microenvironment has challenged this original idea and evidence now exists pointing to a critical role for immune cells in the modulation of anti-tumour responses and the induction of a tolerant pro-tumour environment. The coordinated action of diverse immunosuppressive populations, both innate and adaptive, shapes a variety of pro-tumour responses leading to tumour progression and metastasis. Regulatory B cells have emerged as critical modulators and suppressors of anti-tumour responses. As reported in autoimmunity and infection studies, Bregs are a heterogeneous population with diverse phenotypes and different mechanisms of action. Here we review recent studies on Bregs from animal models and patients, covering a variety of types of cancer. We describe the heterogeneity of Bregs, the cellular interactions they make with other immune cells and the tumour itself, and their mechanism of suppression that enables tumour escape. We also discuss the potential therapeutic tools that may inhibit Bregs function and promote anti-tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Flores-Borja
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London
| | - Paul Blair
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity, and Transplantation, University College London, London
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11
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Xia J, Chen S, Li Y, Li H, Gan M, Wu J, Prohaska CC, Bai Y, Gao L, Gu L, Zhang D. Immune Response Is Key to Genetic Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Psychiatric Disorders Based on Differential Gene Expression Pattern Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:798538. [PMID: 35185890 PMCID: PMC8854505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing evidence demonstrates that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leads to psychiatric illness, despite its main clinical manifestations affecting the respiratory system. People with mental disorders are more susceptible to COVID-19 than individuals without coexisting mental health disorders, with significantly higher rates of severe illness and mortality in this population. The incidence of new psychiatric diagnoses after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is also remarkably high. SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to use angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as a receptor for infecting susceptible cells and is expressed in various tissues, including brain tissue. Thus, there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanism linking psychiatric disorders to COVID-19. Using a data set of peripheral blood cells from patients with COVID-19, we compared this to data sets of whole blood collected from patients with psychiatric disorders and used bioinformatics and systems biology approaches to identify genetic links. We found a large number of overlapping immune-related genes between patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and differentially expressed genes of bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SZ), and late-onset major depressive disorder (LOD). Many pathways closely related to inflammatory responses, such as MAPK, PPAR, and TGF-β signaling pathways, were observed by enrichment analysis of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We also performed a comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interaction network and gene regulation networks. Chemical-protein interaction networks and drug prediction were used to screen potential pharmacologic therapies. We hope that by elucidating the relationship between the pathogenetic processes and genetic mechanisms of infection with SARS-CoV-2 with psychiatric disorders, it will lead to innovative strategies for future research and treatment of psychiatric disorders linked to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuhan Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Minghong Gan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiashuo Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Clare Colette Prohaska
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Blockade of TGF-βR improves the efficacy of doxorubicin by modulating the tumor cell motility and affecting the immune cells in a melanoma model. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:2309-2322. [PMID: 34499199 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β contributes to drug resistance and the invasiveness of tumor cells and weakens the anti-tumor immune responses. The present study aimed at examining the efficacy of the combination of SB431542, as a specific inhibitor of TGF-βR, and doxorubicin in controlling the melanoma tumor in mice. The impact of the combination of the doxorubicin and SB431542 on the cell growth, apoptosis, migration, and invasiveness of B16-F10 cells was examined. Besides, the B16-F10 tumor was induced in C57BL/6 mice, and the effects of the mentioned treatment on the tumor volume, survival, and the exhaustion state of T cells were evaluated. Although the combination of doxorubicin and SB431542 did not exhibit synergism in the inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis induction, it efficiently prohibited the migration and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of B16-F10 cells, and the combination of doxorubicin and SB431542 caused an increase in mRNA levels of E-cadherin and, on the other hand, led to a decline in the expression of Vimentin. Tumor volume and the survival of tumor-bearing mice were efficiently controlled by the combination therapy. This treatment also eventuated in a decrease in the percentage of PD-L1+, TCD4+, and TCD8+ cells as indicators of exhausted T cells within the spleens of tumor-bearing mice. Blockade of TGF-βR also propelled the RAW 264.7 cells towards an anti-tumor M1 macrophage phenotype. The inhibition of TGF-βR demonstrated a potential to increase the efficacy of doxorubicin chemotherapy by the means of affecting cellular motility and restoring the anti-tumor immune responses.
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Catalán D, Mansilla MA, Ferrier A, Soto L, Oleinika K, Aguillón JC, Aravena O. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611795. [PMID: 33995344 PMCID: PMC8118522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Xue VW, Chung JYF, Córdoba CAG, Cheung AHK, Kang W, Lam EWF, Leung KT, To KF, Lan HY, Tang PMK. Transforming Growth Factor-β: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cancer Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 33114183 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113099.pmid:33114183;pmcid:pmc7690808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was originally identified as an anti-tumour cytokine. However, there is increasing evidence that it has important roles in the tumour microenvironment (TME) in facilitating cancer progression. TGF-β actively shapes the TME via modulating the host immunity. These actions are highly cell-type specific and complicated, involving both canonical and non-canonical pathways. In this review, we systemically update how TGF-β signalling acts as a checkpoint regulator for cancer immunomodulation. A better appreciation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms at the molecular level can lead to the discovery of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Weiwen Xue
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jeff Yat-Fai Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cristina Alexandra García Córdoba
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alvin Ho-Kwan Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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15
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Transforming Growth Factor-β: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cancer Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113099. [PMID: 33114183 PMCID: PMC7690808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that can restrict cancer onset but also promote cancer progression at late stages of cancer. The ability of TGF-β in producing diverse and sometimes opposing effects relies on its potential to control different cellular signalling and gene expression in distinct cell types, and environmental settings. The tumour promoting role of TGF-β is primarily mediated through its effects on the local tumour microenvironment (TME) of the cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the most recent research on the role and regulation of TGF-β, with a specific focus on its functions on promoting cancer progression through targeting different immune cells in the TME as well as its therapeutic perspectives. Abstract Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was originally identified as an anti-tumour cytokine. However, there is increasing evidence that it has important roles in the tumour microenvironment (TME) in facilitating cancer progression. TGF-β actively shapes the TME via modulating the host immunity. These actions are highly cell-type specific and complicated, involving both canonical and non-canonical pathways. In this review, we systemically update how TGF-β signalling acts as a checkpoint regulator for cancer immunomodulation. A better appreciation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms at the molecular level can lead to the discovery of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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