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Hiemstra LA, Kerslake S, Sasyniuk TM, Lafave MR. Palpation and fluoroscopy are valid but unreliable for the assessment of femoral tunnel position after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. J ISAKOS 2024; 9:348-352. [PMID: 38492848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of two techniques, palpation and fluoroscopy, for assessing medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction femoral tunnel position accuracy. METHODS Twenty-one fresh frozen cadaveric knees had an MPFL femoral tunnel drilled and filled with a metal screw. Tunnels were created in a nonstandard fashion to ensure the sample included a range of tunnel positions from poor to ideal. Six experienced sport medicine and arthroscopy surgeons evaluated the placement of the femoral tunnel by palpating the screw in relation to anatomic landmarks and by fluoroscopy related to Schöttle's Point. They evaluated 1) the accuracy of femoral tunnel placement, 2) the direction of tunnel error, and 3) the clinical acceptability of the tunnel position. Validity measures included sensitivity, specificity, and correlation to clinical acceptability, which were calculated for the palpation and fluoroscopic assessments. Reliability measures included interrater reliability (ICC 2,k) for femoral tunnel accuracy and percent agreement of the raters' tunnel direction assessment. RESULTS The palpation method demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.79 and specificity of 0.84 for assessing the accuracy of femoral tunnel placement, while the fluoroscopic method showed a sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.92. Pearson correlation coefficients for clinical acceptability of tunnel position were high, with both techniques ranging from .589 to .854. Interrater reliability for the palpation and fluoroscopic techniques for assessment of tunnel accuracy were 0.31 and 0.55 (ICC 2,k), respectively. Assessment of the direction of tunnel error was good with the fluoroscopic technique slightly more accurate than palpation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that both palpation and fluoroscopy are valid techniques for assessing femoral tunnel position after MPFL reconstruction. Despite demonstrating good validity, the accuracy of assessing tunnel position was unreliable in a group of six experienced knee surgeons. Further research into MPFL reconstruction femoral tunnel assessment techniques, including patient-specific reference standards, is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Hiemstra
- Banff Sport Medicine Foundation, PO Box 1300, Banff, Alberta, T1L 1B3, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, North Tower Foothills Medicine Centre, 1403 29th St. NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Sarah Kerslake
- Banff Sport Medicine Foundation, PO Box 1300, Banff, Alberta, T1L 1B3, Canada.
| | - Treny M Sasyniuk
- Banff Sport Medicine Foundation, PO Box 1300, Banff, Alberta, T1L 1B3, Canada.
| | - Mark R Lafave
- Department of Health & Physical Education, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta, T3E 6K6, Canada.
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Biomechanical comparison of two medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction techniques: Quadriceps tendon fixation versus single-tunnel patella fixation with gracilis autograft did not differ in load to failure and stiffness. Knee 2021; 33:169-175. [PMID: 34626887 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ultimate failure load and stiffness of two patellar fixation techniques for medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction: (1) quadriceps tendon fixation (QT), (2) single tunnel (STG) patella fixation with gracilis autograft. METHODS A total of 16 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees (eight matched pairs) were randomized into two groups (QT vs. STG). The MPFL reconstructions were subjected to cyclic loading for 10 cycles to 30 N and then tested to failure at a constant displacement rate of 15 mm/min using a materials-testing machine (MTS 810 Universal Testing System). Failure mode, ultimate failure load and stiffness were recorded for each cadaveric specimen. RESULTS There was no significant difference in mean ultimate failure load among groups (P = 0.35). The STG group failed at a mean ultimate load of 190.04 N [standard deviation (SD) 23.18] and the QT group failed at 206.24 N (SD 37.99). The STG group had a mean stiffness of 21.38 N/mm (SD 1.44). This was not significantly higher than the mean stiffness value achieved for the QT group at 20.36 N/mm (SD 1.3) (P = 0.19). In the QT group all reconstructions failed due to tendon rupture at the patella attachment. The reason for failure in the STG group was the graft-suture connection. CONCLUSIONS This cadaver study showed no statistically significant difference in biomechanical performance of the evaluated patella fixation techniques, in terms of maximum load to failure and stiffness. Both techniques are reliable in terms of biomechanical properties and could offer additional surgical solutions.
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Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Lullini G, Grassi A, Macchiarola L, Cammisa E, Maccaferri B, Rinaldi VG, Di Paolo S, Zaffagnini S. Good results are reported at 60-month follow-up after medial patello-femoral ligament reconstruction with fascia lata allograft for recurrent patellar dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:1191-1196. [PMID: 32651802 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new minimally invasive surgical technique for the reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with fascia lata allograft at 60-month minimum follow-up. METHODS Nineteen consecutive patients with chronic recurrent patellar dislocation were treated with MPFL reconstruction (53% isolate procedure, 47% in combination with other treatments). Seventeen patients (11 males/6 females) were available at 60-month follow-up and were clinically evaluated with validated scores. New episodes of patellar dislocation were considered failures. Radiographic and CT scan evaluation were executed preoperatively and at 60-month follow-up. RESULTS All clinical scores improved from preoperative assessment to 24-month and 60-month follow-up (p < 0.001). Kujala score increased from 61.2 ± 18.1 to 86.7 ± 8.7 and 82.1 ± 10.2; KOOS increased from 54.5 ± 19 to 86.8 ± 9.6 and 84.3 ± 7.6; VAS for pain decreased from 5.1 ± 2.2 to 2.4 ± 1.5 and 1.7 ± 1.2; Tegner score increased from 3 [2-4] to 5 [3-8] and 5 [3-9], respectively. Objective IKDC improved too. No significant improvements between the 24-month and 60-month follow-up evaluations were recorded. Anterior knee pain was reported in two patients (12%). Treatment failure, a new episode of patellar dislocation 25 months after the surgery, was observed in one patient (6%). Radiographic OA changes were not statistically significant between preop and 60-month follow-up. Tuberosity-troclear groove (TT-TG) distance and the patellar tilt angle were subjected to significant changes due to MPFL reconstruction and associated procedures. CONCLUSION MPFL reconstruction with fascia lata allograft, alone or combined with other procedures, is a reliable treatment option for recurrent patellar dislocation with a success rate of 94% and without cartilage deterioration at 60-month follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
- DIBINEM, University of Bologna, via di Barbiano, 1/10, c/o Lab Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giada Lullini
- Laboratorio di Analisi del Movimento e di Valutazione Funzionale Protesi, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- DIBINEM, University of Bologna, via di Barbiano, 1/10, c/o Lab Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Grassi
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Macchiarola
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cammisa
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruna Maccaferri
- Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vito Gaetano Rinaldi
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Paolo
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- DIBINEM, University of Bologna, via di Barbiano, 1/10, c/o Lab Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Song G, Zheng T, Feng H. A pre-operative grade 3 J-sign adversely affects short-term clinical outcome and is more likely to yield MPFL residual graft laxity in recurrent patellar dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:2147-2156. [PMID: 31612265 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to investigate the anatomical risk factors of grade 3 J-sign and analyse the influence of J-sign grades on the short-term clinical outcomes of patients with recurrent patellar dislocation. METHODS From 2016 to 2018, a total of 168 patients with recurrent patellar dislocation (187 knees) underwent medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with or without tibial tuberosity medialization. Pre-operative J-sign severity was graded according to a previously described classification (grades 1-3). Potential anatomical risk factors of J-sign were explored. Comparisons were assessed between patients with different grades of J-sign using univariate and binary logistic regression analyses. The Kujala score was assessed and compared with pre-operative values, and stress fluoroscopy was performed to assess medial patellofemoral ligament residual graft laxity. Among the 130 included cases, 104 knees with at least 1-year follow-up were included in the clinical outcome analyses to explore the influence of several anatomical factors and J-sign grade on short-term clinical outcomes. RESULTS A total of 118 patients (130 knees) were included in the present study. The median age at surgery was 21 years (range 13-38), and 111 affected knees belonged to female patients (85%). Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions between the grade 3 group and the grade 1-2 groups showed that increased femoral anteversion, excessive external tibial torsion, and patella alta were three independent risk factors of grade 3 J-sign in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation. A total of 104 knees with at least a 1-year follow-up were included in the clinical outcome analyses. The median Kujala score improved from 54 (range, 38-72) pre-operatively to 86 (range, 70-100) post-operatively. Although no re-dislocation was reported during the follow-up, 6 out of 32 patients in the grade 3 group demonstrated "MPFL residual graft laxity" based on post-operative stress radiography (18.8%), which was significantly higher than in the grade 1-2 groups (0%, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that patients with grade 3 J-sign had significantly lower post-operative Kujala scores than those with grade 1-2 J-sign (p < 0.001). Moreover, increased femoral anteversion (≥ 30°) was correlated with an inferior post-operative Kujala score (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION The three independent anatomic risk factors of grade 3 J-sign in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation were increased femoral anteversion, excessive external tibial torsion, and patella alta. A pre-operative grade 3 J-sign was correlated with a lower post-operative Kujala score and more "MPFL residual graft laxity" in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation treated with MPFL reconstruction with or without tibial tuberosity medialization at a minimum 1-year follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiJun Zhang
- Sports Medicine Service, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, No. 31, Xin Jie Kou East Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Sports Medicine Service, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, No. 31, Xin Jie Kou East Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - GuanYang Song
- Sports Medicine Service, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, No. 31, Xin Jie Kou East Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- Sports Medicine Service, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, No. 31, Xin Jie Kou East Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Sports Medicine Service, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, No. 31, Xin Jie Kou East Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China.
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Huber C, Zhang Q, Taylor WR, Amis AA, Smith C, Hosseini Nasab SH. Properties and Function of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:754-766. [PMID: 31091114 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519841304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the main passive structure preventing patellar lateral subluxation, accurate knowledge of the anatomy, material properties, and functional behavior of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is critical for improving its reconstruction. PURPOSE To provide a state-of-the-art understanding of the properties and function of the MPFL by undertaking a systematic review and statistical analysis of the literature. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS On June 26, 2018, data for this systematic review were obtained by searching PubMed and Scopus. Articles containing numerical information regarding the anatomy, mechanical properties, and/or functional behavior of the MPFL that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed, recorded, and statistically evaluated. RESULTS A total of 55 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. The MPFL presented as a fanlike structure spanning from the medial femoral epicondyle to the medial border of the patella. The reported data indicated ultimate failure loads from 72 N to 208 N, ultimate failure elongation from 8.4 mm to 26 mm, and stiffness values from 8.0 N/mm to 42.5 N/mm. In both cadaveric and in vivo studies, the average elongation pattern demonstrated close to isometric behavior of the ligament in the first 50° to 60° of knee flexion, followed by progressive shortening into deep flexion. Kinematic data suggested clear lateralization of the patella in the MPFL-deficient knee during early knee flexion under simulated muscle forces. CONCLUSION A lack of knowledge regarding the morphology and attachment sites of the MPFL remains. The reported mechanical properties also lack consistency, thus requiring further investigations. However, the results regarding patellar tracking confirm that the lack of an MPFL leads to lateralization of the patella, followed by delayed engagement of the trochlear groove, plausibly leading to an increased risk of patellar dislocations. The observed isometric behavior up to 60° of knee flexion plausibly suggests that reconstruction of the ligament can occur at flexion angles below 60°, including the 30° and 60° range as recommended in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew A Amis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sappey-Marinier E, Sonnery-Cottet B, O'Loughlin P, Ouanezar H, Reina Fernandes L, Kouevidjin B, Thaunat M. Clinical Outcomes and Predictive Factors for Failure With Isolated MPFL Reconstruction for Recurrent Patellar Instability: A Series of 211 Reconstructions With a Minimum Follow-up of 3 Years. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:1323-1330. [PMID: 31042437 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519838405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is widely acknowledged as an integral part of the current therapeutic armamentarium for recurrent patellar instability. The procedure is often performed with concomitant bony procedures, such as distalization of the tibial tuberosity or trochleoplasty in the case of patella alta or high-grade trochlear dysplasia, respectively. At the present time, few studies have evaluated the clinical effectiveness of MPFL reconstruction as an isolated intervention. PURPOSE To report the clinical outcomes of isolated MPFL reconstruction in cases of patellar instability and to identify predictive factors for failure. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed, including all patients who had undergone isolated MPFL reconstruction between January 2008 and January 2014. Preoperative assessment included the Kujala score, assessment of patellar tracking ("J-sign"), and radiographic features, such as trochlear dysplasia according to Dejour classification, patellar height with the Caton-Deschamps index (CDI), tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, and patellar tilt. The Kujala score was assessed postoperatively. Failure was defined by a postoperative patellar dislocation or surgical revision for recurrent patellar instability. RESULTS A total of 239 MPFL reconstructions were included; 28 patients (11.7%) were uncontactable and considered lost to follow-up. Thus, 211 reconstructions were analyzed with a mean follow-up of 5.8 years (range, 3-9.3 years). The mean age at surgery was 20.6 years (range, 12-48 years), and 55% of patients were male. Twenty-seven percent of patients had a preoperative positive J-sign, and 93% of patients had trochlear dysplasia (A, 47%; B, 25%; C, 15%; D, 6%). The mean CDI was 1.2 (range, 1.0-1.7); mean tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, 15 mm (range, 5-30 mm); and mean patellar tilt, 23° (range, 9°-47°). The mean Kujala score improved from 56.1 preoperatively to 88.8 ( P < .001). Ten failures were reported that required surgical revision for recurrent patellar instability (4.7%). Uni- and multivariate analyses highlighted 2 preoperative risk factors for failure: patella alta (CDI ≥1.3; odds ratio, 4.9; P = .02) and preoperative positive J-sign (odds ratio, 3.9; P = .04). CONCLUSION In cases of recurrent patellar instability, isolated MPFL reconstruction would appear to be a safe and efficient surgical procedure with a low failure rate. Preoperative failure risk factors identified in this study were patella alta with a CDI ≥1.3 and a preoperative positive J-sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Sappey-Marinier
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe Ramsay-Generale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Sonnery-Cottet
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe Ramsay-Generale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Padhraig O'Loughlin
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe Ramsay-Generale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Herve Ouanezar
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe Ramsay-Generale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Levi Reina Fernandes
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe Ramsay-Generale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Biova Kouevidjin
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe Ramsay-Generale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Thaunat
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe Ramsay-Generale de Santé, Lyon, France
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Ferrua P, Kruckeberg BM, Pasqualotto S, Berruto M, Randelli P, Arendt EA. Proximal medial patellar restraints and their surgical reconstruction. J Orthop Traumatol 2019; 20:17. [PMID: 30915690 PMCID: PMC6435766 DOI: 10.1186/s10195-019-0525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) has been increasing as a surgical solution for treatment of recurrent lateral patellofemoral dislocation. Recent attention has been given to fibers extending from the femur to the quadriceps tendon, proximal to the MPFL, termed the medial quadriceps tendon-femoral ligament. This article briefly reviews the proximal medial patellar restraints and surgical procedures for their reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ferrua
- I clinica ortopedica ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Gaetano Pini, Via Quadronno, 25, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Bradley M Kruckeberg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Stefano Pasqualotto
- I clinica ortopedica ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Gaetano Pini, Via Quadronno, 25, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Berruto
- I clinica ortopedica ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Gaetano Pini, Via Quadronno, 25, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Randelli
- I clinica ortopedica ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Gaetano Pini, Via Quadronno, 25, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Elizabeth A Arendt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, Suite R200, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
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Isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for patella instability is insufficient for higher degrees of internal femoral torsion. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:758-765. [PMID: 30062643 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFL) with an additional derotational femoral osteotomy is suggested for patients suffering from patellar instability and an increased internal femoral torsion (IT). This biomechanical study investigated whether an isolated MPFL reconstruction could restore patellofemoral biomechanics for 10° and 20° relatively increased internal femoral torsion. METHODS Eight fresh-frozen cadaver knees were tested on a specially designed knee simulator, which bend the knee from 0° to 90° flexion. Patellar motion (tilt and shift) and patellofemoral pressure (pressure shift, mean and peak pressure) were evaluated for 0°, 10° and 20° of IT with a native and reconstructed MPFL. RESULTS An isolated MPFL reconstruction, compared to a native MPFL with the same femoral torsion showed a significant medial shift of the center of force (10° IT p < 0.001; 20° IT p = 0.02) and patella shift (10° and 20° IT p < 0.001) but no significant change in patella tilt (10° IT n.s.; 20° IT n.s.) for 10° and 20° IT. There was a significant medial shift in the center of force for 10° IT (10° IT p = 0.04) and a non-significant lateral shift for 20° IT (20° IT n.s.) in comparison to the native MPFL with 0° of femoral torsion. Patella shift was directed medially for 10° IT (10° IT p = 0.002). In knee flexion angles up to 30°, the patella remained more lateral for 20° IT and showed a different motion pattern (20° IT n.s.). Patella tilt showed a significant lateral tilt for 10° and 20° IT (10° IT p = 0.01; 20° IT p = 0.002). CONCLUSION MPFL reconstruction as an isolated therapy only appears to be reasonable for 10° increased IT. While for an increased IT of 20°, a lateralizing force vector remains and an additional femoral derotational osteotomy is recommendable. These findings may assist surgeons in the decision making of surgical procedures in patients suffering from patella instability.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the current understanding of the medial patellofemoral complex, including recent anatomic advances, evaluation of indications for reconstruction with concomitant pathology, and surgical reconstruction techniques. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in our understanding of MPFC anatomy have found that there are fibers that insert onto the deep quadriceps tendon as well as the patella, thus earning the name "medial patellofemoral complex" to allow for the variability in its anatomy. In MPFC reconstruction, anatomic origin and insertion points and appropriate graft length are critical to prevent overconstraint of the patellofemoral joint. The MPFC is a crucial soft tissue checkrein to lateral patellar translation, and its repair or reconstruction results in good restoration of patellofemoral stability. As our understanding of MPFC anatomy evolves, further studies are needed to apply its relevance in kinematics and surgical applications to its role in maintaining patellar stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Loeb
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Miho J Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Hinckel BB, Gobbi RG, Kaleka CC, Camanho GL, Arendt EA. Medial patellotibial ligament and medial patellomeniscal ligament: anatomy, imaging, biomechanics, and clinical review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:685-696. [PMID: 28289819 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to review anatomical, biomechanical, and clinical data of the medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) and medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML), as well as studies focusing on the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) but with relevant data about the MPTL and MPML. METHODS A literature search of articles specifically addressing the MPTL and/or MPML was included along with studies focusing on the MPFL but with relevant data about the MPTL and MPML. RESULTS The medial patellar ligaments responsible for maintaining the stability of the patellofemoral (PF) joint include the MPFL, the MPTL, and the MPML. The MPFL is considered the primary restraint to lateral patellar translation, while the latter two are considered secondary restraints. There is robust literature on the anatomical, imaging, and biomechanical characteristics of the MPFL, and also the clinical outcome of its injury and surgical reconstruction; much less is known about the MPTL and MPML. Isolated MPFL reconstruction has good clinical and functional outcomes, with a low failure rate when defined as frank re-dislocation. Complications, including continued episodes of patellar apprehension and subluxation, remain present in most series. In addition, the current literature primarily includes a homogeneous population with few excessive anatomic dysplastic factors. There is lack of knowledge on the role of MPTL and MPML in (potentially) aiding patella stabilization and improving clinical outcomes. Understanding the role of the medial-sided patellar ligaments, in particular the role of the secondary stabilizers, in PF function and injury will aid in this goal. CONCLUSION MPTL and MPML have consistent basic science literature, as well as favorable clinical outcomes of surgical patellar stabilization with reconstruction of the MPTL. However, there is much heterogeneity among clinical case series and lack of comparative studies to allow clear indication for the role of isolated or combined surgical reconstruction in patellar stabilization. Therefore, this comprehensive review helps understand the current knowledge and the possible applications in the orthopedic clinical practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Bremer Hinckel
- Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Ave, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Riccardo Gomes Gobbi
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Ovidio Pires de Campos St, 333, Sao Paulo, SP, 5403-010, Brazil
| | - Camila Cohen Kaleka
- Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, Av Albert Einstein, 627, Building A1, unit 306, Sao Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Luis Camanho
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Ovidio Pires de Campos St, 333, Sao Paulo, SP, 5403-010, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A Arendt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, Suite R200, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
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Patellar tracking after isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: dynamic evaluation using computed tomography. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:3197-3205. [PMID: 27544273 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction offers good clinical results with a very low rate of instability recurrence. However, its in vivo effect on patellar tracking is not clearly known. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of MPFL reconstruction on patellar tracking using dynamic 320-detector-row CT. METHODS Ten patients with patellofemoral instability referred to isolated MPFL reconstruction surgery were selected and subjected to dynamic CT before and ≥6 months after surgery. Patellar tilt angles and shift distance were analysed using computer software specifically designed for this purpose. Kujala and Tegner scores were applied, and the radiation of the CTs was recorded. Two protocols for imaging acquisition were compared: a tube potential of 80 kV and 50 mA versus a tube potential of 120 kV and 100 mA, both with a slice thickness of 0.5 mm and an acquisition duration of 10 s. RESULTS There were no changes in patellar tracking after MPFL reconstruction. There was no instability relapse. Clinical scores improved from a mean of 51.9 (±15.6)-74.2 (±20.9) on the Kujala scale (p = 0.011) and from a median of 2 (range 0-4) to 4 (range 1-6) on the Tegner scale (p = 0.017). The imaging protocols produced a dose-length product (DLP) of 254 versus 1617 mGycm and a radiation effective estimated dose of 0.2 versus 1.3 mSv, respectively. Both protocols allowed the analysis of the studied parameters without loss of precision. CONCLUSIONS Reconstruction of the MPFL produced no improvement in patellar tilt or shift in the population studied. The low-radiation protocol was equally effective in measuring changes in patellar tracking and is recommended. Although the procedure successfully stabilized the patella, knee surgeons should not expect patellar shift and tilt correction when performing isolated patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in patients with recurrent patellar instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Lorbach O, Haupert A, Efe T, Pizanis A, Weyers I, Kohn D, Kieb M. Biomechanical evaluation of MPFL reconstructions: differences in dynamic contact pressure between gracilis and fascia lata graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:2502-2510. [PMID: 26820966 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the knee kinematics of the intact, MPFL-ruptured and MPFL-reconstructed knee and, moreover, to compare dynamic patellofemoral contact pressure of the gracilis tendon and the fascia lata as an alternative graft option for reconstruction of the MPFL. METHODS Eight paired human cadaveric knees were fixed in a custom-made fixation device. Patellofemoral contact pressure was assessed during a dynamic flexion movement at 15°-30°-45°-60°-75° and 90° using a pressure-sensitive film (Tekscan). The medial patellofemoral ligament was cut, and measurements were repeated. Finally, reconstruction of the MPFL was performed using the gracilis tendon (group I) or a fascia lata graft (group II). Tunnel localization was performed under fluoroscopic control. Grafts were fixed at 30° of flexion, and pressure measurements were repeated. RESULTS Incision of the medial patellofemoral ligament significantly reduced patellofemoral contact pressure at 15°, 30° and 45° of knee flexion compared to the intact knee (p < 0.05), whereas reconstruction of the MPFL using either gracilis tendon of the fascia lata was able to restore pressure distributions at 15° and 30° of knee flexion. However, in the hamstring group, reconstruction of the MPFL revealed a significantly reduced contact pressure at 45° of flexion (p = 0.038) compared to the intact knee. In the fascia lata group, a significant reduction in patellofemoral contact pressure was observed after MPFL reconstruction at 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° of knee flexion (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Anatomic reconstruction of the MPFL with either a gracilis or a fascia lata graft showed comparable patellofemoral pressure distributions which were closely restored compared to the native knee. Therefore, the fascia lata has shown to be a viable alternative to the gracilis tendon for reconstruction of the MPFL. However, anatomic reconstruction of the MPFL may lead to persistently altered patellofemoral contact pressure during knee flexion compared to the native knee independent of the tested graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Lorbach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str, Geb. 37, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
| | - Alexander Haupert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str, Geb. 37, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Turgay Efe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antonius Pizanis
- Department of Trauma-Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Imke Weyers
- Institute of Anatomy, Lübeck University, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dieter Kohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str, Geb. 37, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Matthias Kieb
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam/Bad Belzig, Germany
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Abstract
In recent years, surgical interventions for patellofemoral joint instability have gained popularity, possibly revitalized by the recent advances in our understanding of patellofemoral joint instability and the introduction of a number of new surgical procedures. This rise in surgical intervention has brought about various complications. In this review article, we present the complications that are associated with 5 main surgical procedures to stabilize the patella-medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, tibial tubercle osteotomy, trochleoplasty, lateral release/lateral retinacular lengthening, and derotation osteotomies. The key to success and potential problems with these surgical techniques are highlighted in the form of "expert takeaways."
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Zaffagnini S, Grassi A, Zocco G, Rosa MA, Signorelli C, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM. The patellofemoral joint: from dysplasia to dislocation. EFORT Open Rev 2017. [PMID: 28630757 PMCID: PMC5467684 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Patellofemoral dysplasia is a major predisposing factor for instability of the patellofemoral joint. However, there is no consensus as to whether patellofemoral dysplasia is genetic in origin, caused by imbalanced forces producing maltracking and remodelling of the trochlea during infancy and growth, or due to other unknown and unexplored factors.The biomechanical effects of patellofemoral dysplasia on patellar stability and on surgical procedures have not been fully investigated. Also, different anatomical and demographic risk factors have been suggested, in an attempt to identify the recurrent dislocators. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of all the radiographic, MRI and CT parameters can help the clinician to assess patients with primary and recurrent patellar dislocation and guide management.Patellofemoral dysplasia still represents an extremely challenging condition to manage. Its controversial aetiology and its complex biomechanical behaviour continue to pose more questions than answers to the research community, which reflects the lack of universally accepted guidelines for the correct treatment. However, due to the complexity of this condition, an extremely personalised approach should be reserved for each patient, in considering and addressing the anatomical abnormalities responsible for the symptoms. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160081. Originally published online at www.efortopenreviews.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zaffagnini
- Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy.,Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Alberto Grassi
- Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy.,Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Gianluca Zocco
- Dipartimento di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Scuola Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Attilo Rosa
- Dipartimento di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Scuola Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università di Messina, Italy
| | - Cecilia Signorelli
- Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli
- Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy.,Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy
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Qin L, Li M, Yao W, Shen J. Relationship between bony tunnel and knee function in patients after patellar dislocation triple surgeries-a CT-based study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41360. [PMID: 28120923 PMCID: PMC5264162 DOI: 10.1038/srep41360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the CT-based bony tunnel valuations and their correlation with knee function after patellar dislocation triple surgeries. A retrospective study was performed on 66 patients (70 knees) who underwent patellar dislocation triple surgeries. The surgery was MPFL reconstruction primarily, combined with lateral retinaculum release and tibial tubercle osteotomy. CT examinations were performed to determine the femoral tunnel position, along with the patellar and femoral tunnel width 3 days and more than 1 year after operation for follow-up. Functional evaluation based on Kujala and Lysholm scores was also implemented. We compared tunnel width of the first and last examinations and correlated femoral tunnel position of the last examination with knee function. At the last follow-up, femoral tunnel position in the anterior-posterior direction was moderately correlated with knee function. Femoral tunnel position in the proximal-distal direction was not associated with postoperative knee function. Patellar and femoral tunnel width increased significantly at the last follow-up. However, no significant functional difference was found between patients with and without femoral tunnel enlargement. Our results suggested that the tunnel malposition in anterior-posterior position based on CT was related to impaired knee function during the follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qin
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Weiwu Yao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ji Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Boutefnouchet T, Downham C, Bassett J, Thompson P, Sprowson A. The Efficacy of Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Combined with Tibial Tuberosity Transfer in the Treatment of Patellofemoral Instability. Knee Surg Relat Res 2016; 28:99-109. [PMID: 27274466 PMCID: PMC4895093 DOI: 10.5792/ksrr.2016.28.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction combined with tibial tuberosity transfer (TTT) in the treatment of patellofemoral instability. Using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic search was carried out to identify and review the published literature pertinent to MFPL reconstruction combined with TTT. Relevant studies were critically appraised with narrative data synthesis. Studies that met the eligibility criteria were suitable for appraisal and consisted of case series and therapeutic series (levels IV & III). All studies had inherent variations in outcomes reporting and limited follow-up. Combined treatment offers restoration of normal anatomy, thus adding clinical value to the currently recommended anatomic approach to MPFL reconstruction. Nevertheless, the current body of evidence does not determine the threshold at which patellofemoral axis requires the need for adjunctive distal realignment as opposed to MPFL reconstruction alone. This review highlighted numerous recurring limitations in the conduct and presentation of the studies, which inadvertently mitigated the interpretation of their results. Future priority should be awarded to larger randomised controlled trials utilising validated patient reported outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Boutefnouchet
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom.; Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Downham
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - James Bassett
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Thompson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sprowson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom.; Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Balcarek P, Walde TA. Accuracy of femoral tunnel placement in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: the effect of a nearly true-lateral fluoroscopic view. Am J Sports Med 2015. [PMID: 26199384 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515591265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is an established operative procedure for patients with recurrent episodes of lateral patellar instability. However, recent articles have reported remarkable complication rates, with nonanatomic femoral tunnel positioning in up to 64% of patients. PURPOSE To evaluate the sensitivity of femoral tunnel placement using lateral fluoroscopic guidance to minor degrees of deviation from the true-lateral view using established radiographic landmarks. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Six human cadaveric femora were used for this study. A 6-mm radiopaque eyelet was used to mark the native femoral insertion of the MPFL according to previously described radiographic landmarks. Radiographic landmarks were also applied with the femur positioned in 2.5° and 5° of internal and external rotation, respectively, and with the femur in 2.5° and 5° of hip abduction and adduction, respectively. The distance between the center of the 6-mm eyelet to the center of the native femoral MPFL insertion, as established in the true-lateral view, was measured and determined as the degree of shift in each position. RESULTS Hip adduction, abduction, and internal and external rotations of 2.5° resulted in a shift from the native femoral MPFL insertion point to a more distal (adduction), proximal (abduction), anterior (internal rotation), and posterior location (external rotation) of 2.7 ± 0.7, 2.0 ± 0.7, 2.7 ± 1.1, and 3.0 ± 1.3 mm, respectively (all P < .05). Malpositioning increased to a distance of 5.0 ± 0.7 mm distally, 3.6 ± 1.0 mm proximally, 5.2 ± 0.8 mm anteriorly, and 6.2 ± 0.6 mm posteriorly to the native insertion point when the attachment was marked with 5° of divergence from the true-lateral view (all P < .05). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate the high sensitivity of femoral tunnel placement using lateral fluoroscopic guidance to minor degrees of deviation from the true-lateral view. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The study highlights the importance of an exact lateral view when fluoroscopic guidance is used for femoral tunnel positioning in the daily practice of MPFL reconstruction, and a possible explanation for the high incidence of nonanatomic tunnel placement is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balcarek
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany ARCUS Sportsclinic, Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Tim Alexander Walde
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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Anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the fascia lata as an autograft. Arthrosc Tech 2015; 4:e57-63. [PMID: 25973375 PMCID: PMC4427640 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) ensures stability of the patella against lateral forces. In cases of recurrent lateral patellar luxation, surgical reconstruction of the MPFL has an important role in treating lateral patellar instability. Several biomechanical studies have presented valuable pieces of information about various techniques for re-creating this medial patellofemoral complex mainly using the gracilis tendon as an autograft. However, with the increasing number of MPFL reconstructions, there are also an increasing number of patients requiring revision MPFL reconstruction. Therefore alternative graft options may become more relevant. Furthermore, the gracilis tendon as a tubular graft may not be able to fully restore patellofemoral kinematics compared with the native MPFL. This article introduces a surgical technique using the fascia lata as an alternative graft option for the anatomic reconstruction of the MPFL.
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Kang HJ, Cao JH, Pan S, Wang XJ, Yu DH, Zheng ZM. The horizontal Y-shaped graft with respective graft tension angles in anatomical two-bundle medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014; 22:2445-51. [PMID: 24760161 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Various techniques for medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction have been described with two bundles of graft tensioned simultaneously. The present study was to introduce an anatomical reconstruction procedure using a horizontal Y-shaped graft with respective graft tension angles and report the preliminary results. METHODS A surgical technique for MPFL reconstruction using a horizontal Y-shaped semitendinosus tendon autograft with two bundles tensioned at 0° and 30° of knee flexion was described in detail. The patellar stability was evaluated with the apprehension test and an axial computed tomography (CT) scan at 30° of knee flexion. The knee function was evaluated using the Lysholm and Kujala scores. RESULTS No recurrent dislocation or subluxation was reported for 45 patients at a mean of 33.7-month follow-up. On CT images, congruence angle, patellar tilt angle, lateral patellar angle and lateral displacement were restored to the normal range. At the last follow-up, the mean Lysholm score improved from 51.8±6.2 to 91.7±4.1 and mean Kujala score was from 53.4±5.3 to 90.9±6.6 (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present anatomical MPFL reconstruction technique with a horizontal Y-shaped two-bundle graft tensioned at respective knee flexion angles could not only recreate the fan-shape of MPFL but also mimic the function bundles of native ligament. Clinical follow-up confirms the good restoration of the patellar stability and significant improvement of knee function without special complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shijiazhuang No. 1 Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
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Zaffagnini S, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Grassi A, Bonanzinga T, Marcacci M. Minimally invasive medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with fascia lata allograft: surgical technique. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014; 22:2426-30. [PMID: 24658149 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-2940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes a new minimally invasive anatomic medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, using a fascia lata allograft as graft source and arthroscopy to obtain balanced fixation throughout the range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zaffagnini
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli, 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy,
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Kaipel M, Schützenberger S, Farr S, Gergely I, Vlcek A, Kainberger F, Boszotta H, Pretterklieber M. Reliability of radiographic landmarks in medial patello-femoral ligament reconstruction in relation to the anatomical femoral torsion. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 39:423-8. [PMID: 25248860 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anatomically correct graft positioning at the femoral insertion site is a key factor in surgical reconstruction of the medial patello-femoral ligament (MPFL). Basically there are two techniques to define this point in fluoroscopy during surgery. The role of the anatomical femoral torsion on the accuracy and reproducibility of both procedures has not been clarified. METHODS Twenty human anatomical leg specimens were dissected. The femoral insertion of the MPFL was marked by two K-wires. The position of the ligament insertion was determined fluoroscopically in the true lateral view as used in routine clinical practice. The anatomical MPFL insertion was compared to the radiographic landmarks which were recommended by two previous studies. The anatomical femoral torsion of the specimens was assessed by computed tomography scans. RESULTS In true lateral view fluoroscopy, the mean distance of the femoral MPFL insertion was -0.2 mm distal to the vertical reference line intersecting the posterior point of Blumensaat's line. In the anteroposterior direction, the mean distance was -2.0 mm posterior to the femoral cortex reference line. There was no correlation between anatomical femoral torsion and the distance of the femoral MPFL insertion to the posterior cortex. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study strongly recommend use of a vertical line intersecting the most posterior point of Blumensaat's line as a reference to identify the MPFL insertion in the craniocaudal direction. In the anteroposterior direction, the femoral MPFL insertion showed distinctive variation and was found -2.0 mm posterior to the femoral cortex reference line without being influenced by the anatomical femoral torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaipel
- Department of Traumatology, Barmherzige Brüder Hospital, Johannes von Gott Platz 1, 7000, Eisenstadt, Austria,
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de Oliveira V, de Souza V, Cury R, Camargo OP, Avanzi O, Severino N, Fucs P. Medial patellofemoral ligament anatomy: is it a predisposing factor for lateral patellar dislocation? INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:1633-9. [PMID: 24817023 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary restraint to lateral dislocation of the patella, we aimed, in this controlled study, to verify whether the MPFL with different measurements could be considered another predisposing factor for patellar dislocation. METHODS A group of 100 consecutive individuals without the criteria for patellar dislocation (trochlear dysplasia, patella alta and lateral patellar tilt) was recruited as a control group and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study and another group of 50 patients with patellar instability. Femoral condyles, interepicondylar distance, length and thickness of the MPFL were measured. RESULTS In the control group, the MPFL was 38-60 mm long. Individuals with patellar instability who had no episode of patellar dislocation had a 4.11-mm longer ligament than controls (p = 0.032), while patients with instability with a previous history of dislocation had a 13.54-mm longer MPFL than controls (p < 0.001). Thickness of the MPFL at the patellar insertion was lower in individuals with patellar instability with a history of dislocation (p < 0.001). An instability coefficient (IC) less than 1.3 indicates that the MPFL is insufficient. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with patellar instability and previous patellar dislocation present with longer MPFL when compared to controls, and an associated IC less than 1.3 can be considered a predisposing factor for patellar dislocation. Treatment of patellar instability is a challenge, and it is difficult to identify what is the predisposing factor. This study has verified the measurements of the MPFL for the first time and presents values of thickness and length that can be considered as indications for surgical reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor de Oliveira
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Santa Casa Medical School and Hospitals, São Paulo, Brazil
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