Intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fractions for knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind randomized self-controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of culture-expanded mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in the treatment of 4 types of inflammatory arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to assess the effectiveness and safety of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.

METHODS

Two researchers conducted a comprehensive search of Chinese and English databases from their inception until July 2023. The literature screening and data extraction were then performed. Statistical analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.4 software.

RESULTS

A total of 36 relevant RCTs, involving 2,076 participants, were ultimately included in this study. These RCTs encompassed four types of inflammatory arthritis, namely rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and systemic sclerosis (SSc). The results demonstrated that MSC therapy exhibited improvements in the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain in OA patients (bone marrow: SMD=-0.95, 95 % CI: -1.55 to -0.36, P = 0.002; umbilical cord: SMD=-2.03, 95 % CI: -2.99 to -1.07, P < 0.0001; adipose tissue: SMD=-1.26, 95 % CI: -1.99 to -0.52, P = 0.0009). Specifically, MSCs sourced from adipose tissue showed enhancements in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) pain (P = 0.0001), WOMAC physical function (P = 0.001), and total WOMAC scores (P = 0.0003). As for MSC therapy in RA, AS, and SSc, the current systematic review suggests a potential therapeutic effect of MSCs on these inflammatory arthritic conditions. Safety assessments indicated that MSC therapy did not increase the incidence of adverse events.

CONCLUSION

MSCs have the potential to alleviate joint pain and improve joint function in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Moreover, MSC therapy appears to be relatively safe and could be considered as a viable alternative treatment option for inflammatory arthritis.

Human uncultured adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction shows therapeutic potential against osteoarthritis in immunodeficient rats via direct effects of transplanted M2 macrophages

BACKGROUND

The uncultured adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF), consisting of adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs), M2 macrophages (M2Φ) and others, has shown therapeutic potential against osteoarthritis (OA), however, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the SVF on OA in a human-immunodeficient rat xenotransplantation model.

METHODS

OA model was induced in the knees of female immunodeficient rats by destabilization of the medial meniscus. Immediately after the surgery, human SVF (1 × 105), ADSCs (1 × 104), or phosphate buffered saline as a control group were transplanted into the knees. At 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, OA progression and synovitis were analyzed by macroscopic and histological analyses, and the expression of collagen II, SOX9, MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, F4/80, CD86 (M1), CD163 (M2), and human nuclear antigen (hNA) were evaluated immunohistochemically. In vitro, flow cytometry was performed to collect CD163-positive cells as M2Φ from the SVF. Chondrocyte pellets (1 × 105) were co-cultured with SVF (1 × 105), M2Φ (1 × 104), and ADSCs (1 × 104) or alone as a control group, and the pellet size was compared. TGF-β, IL-10 and MMP-13 concentrations in the medium were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

In comparison with the control and ADSC groups, the SVF group showed significantly slower OA progression and less synovitis with higher expression of collagen II and SOX9, lower expression of MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5, and lower F4/80 and M1/M2 ratio in the synovium. Only the SVF group showed partial expression of hNA-, CD163-, and F4/80-positive cells in the rat synovium. In vitro, the SVF, M2Φ, ADSC and control groups, in that order, showed larger pellet sizes, higher TGF-β and IL-10, and lower MMP-13 concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

The M2Φ in the transplanted SVF directly affected recipient tissue, enhancing the secretion of growth factors and chondrocyte-protecting cytokines, and partially improving chondrocytes and joint homeostasis. These findings indicate that the SVF is as an effective option for regenerative therapy for OA, with mechanisms different from those of ADSCs.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Injection Is More Effective Than Hyaluronic Acid Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis With Similar Safety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) versus hyaluronic acid (HA) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

METHODS

Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified through a search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SinoMed, and CNKI databases from inception to March 2024. For meta-analysis, data on clinical outcomes were measured using visual analog scale (VAS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and data on cartilage repair were measured using the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS); data on safety were evaluated by the incidence of adverse events. Two researchers independently read the included literature, extracted data and evaluated the quality, used the Cochrane risk bias assessment tool for bias risk assessment, and used RevMan5.3 software for meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Ten RCTs involving 818 patients with KOA ranging from I to Ⅲ on the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale were included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis results showed that at 12 months, the WOMAC total score (mean difference [MD] = -10.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -14.86 to -5.59, P < .0001, Z = 4.32), VAS score (MD = -1.31, 95% CI: -1.90 to -0.73, P < .0001, Z = 4.40); and WORMS score (MD = -26.01, 95% CI: -31.88 to -20.14, P < .001, Z = 8.69) of the MSCs group all decreased significantly (P < .05) compared with the HA control group and reached the minimal clinically important differences. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events (relative risk = 1.54, 95% CI: 0.85-2.79, P = .16, I2 = 0) between the 2 groups (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with HA, intra-articular injection of MSCs therapy appears to alleviate joint pain effectively, improving clinical function of KOA patients. These benefits are observed to last for at least 12 months without an increase in adverse events. Due to limited, varied, and lacking minimal clinically important differences results in existing literature, further research is needed.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I, meta-analysis of Level I studies.

Arthroscopy With Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Using a Selective Tissue Engineering Photo-Stimulation Technique for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone thickening, affecting the synovial joint as an organ and leading to pain and disability. Subcutaneous stromal vascular fraction is safe and relieves pain, improves function, and repairs cartilage defects in patients with knee OA. Our goal is to describe step-by-step the arthroscopic treatment of mild to moderate knee OA with photo-stimulated stromal vascular fraction harvested from the thigh using a selective tissue engineering photo-stimulation ("One S.T.E.P.") technique.

Is That Innocent to Touch the Adipose Tissue?: An Autopsy Case Series of Fat Embolism Syndrome

ABSTRACT

Although fat embolism in the pulmonary or systemic circulation is usually associated with long bone fractures, it can also occur less frequently during surgical operations, such as liposuction, fat grafting, and joint repair. This study aims to present cases of macro fat embolism resulting in sudden death during the perioperative period. Three cases with a history of sudden death during the perioperative period were included in this study. The surgical operation histories, autopsy findings, and histopathological findings of the cases were evaluated. Fat globules were detected in the medium-sized vessel lumens in the lungs of the cases who died suddenly during surgery. Grade 4 fat embolism was observed in the capillaries, which stained positively with Oil-Red-O in all three cases. Fat embolism syndrome is a rare but life-threatening condition that should be considered in patients with respiratory distress and impaired neurological status in the postoperative period.

Injection of Autologous Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction in Combination with Autologous Conditioned Plasma for the Treatment of Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis Significantly Improves Clinical Symptoms

(1) Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease in the world. It is chronic, systemic, progressive and disabling. Orthobiologics have the potential to positively alter the course of this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of SVF/ACP in the treatment of advanced osteoarthritis of the knee in an unfiltered patient population. We hypothesize that this therapy can improve the symptoms associated with osteoarthritis of the knee. We also hypothesize that there are patient-related factors that influence the efficacy of therapy. (2) Methods: Two hundred and thirteen patients with moderate to severe OA of the knee and SVF/ACP injection were recruited for this study. Patients were excluded if they did not provide informed consent or were not receiving SVF/ACP therapy. Pain, function, symptoms and quality of life were assessed using standardized scores (KOOS, WOMAC) before and after treatment. (3) Results: The VAS pain score was significantly reduced by at least 30% (p < 0.001). Knee function, as measured by the KOOS daily activity and sport scores, showed significant increases of 21% and 45%, respectively, at 6 months (p < 0.04). (4) Conclusions: Treatment of knee OA with SVF/ACP injection positively modifies the disease by significantly reducing pain and improving function.

Efficacy of stromal vascular fraction for knee osteoarthritis: A prospective, single-centre, non-randomized study with 2 years follow-up

BACKGROUND

Current osteoarthritis (OA) treatments focus on symptom relief without addressing the underlying disease process. In regenerative medicine, current treatments have limitations. In regenerative medicine, more research is needed for intra-articular stromal vascular fraction (SVF) injections in OA, including dosage optimization, long-term efficacy, safety, comparisons with other treatments, and mechanism exploration.

AIM

To compare the efficacy of intra-articular SVF with corticosteroid (ICS) injections in patients with primary knee OA.

METHODS

The study included 50 patients with Kellgren-Lawrence grades II and III OA. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either a single intra-articular SVF injection (group A) or a single intra-articular ICS (triamcinolone) (group B) injection. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Visual analog score (VAS) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were administered before the procedure and at all follow-ups. The safety of SVF in terms of adverse and severe adverse events was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS Version 26.0, IBM Corp, Chicago, IL, United States.

RESULTS

Both groups had similar demographics and baseline clinical characteristics. Follow-up showed minor patient loss, resulting in 23 and 24 in groups A and B respectively. Group A experienced a notable reduction in pain, with VAS scores decreasing from 7.7 to 2.4 over 24 months, compared to a minor reduction from 7.8 to 6.2 in Group B. This difference in pain reduction in group A was statistically significant from the third month onwards. Additionally, Group A showed significant improvements in knee functionality, with IKDC scores rising from 33.4 to 83.10, whereas Group B saw a modest increase from 36.7 to 45.16. The improvement in Group A was statistically significant from 6 months and maintained through 24 months.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that intra-articular administration of SVF can lead to reduced pain and improved knee function in patients with primary knee OA. More adequately powered, multi-center, double-blinded, randomised clinical trials with longer follow-ups are needed to further establish safety and justify its clinical use.

Multiple intra-articular injections of autologous stromal vascular fractions for the treatment of multicompartmental osteoarthritis in both the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint: a single-blind randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND

Multicompartmental osteoarthritis (MOA) in both tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints is a more commonly occurring, but neglected, clinical condition, and we examined the short-term safety and efficacy of autologous stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) for MOA using a single-blind, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

METHODS

Seventy MOA patients were recruited and randomly assigned to the SVF group and hyaluronic acid (HA) group (control group). The scores of visual analog scale, the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index, and the Samsung Medical Center patellofemoral scoring system were assessed and compared between the two groups 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment.

RESULTS

The SVF group had significantly better visual analog scale scores than the HA group at 6 and 12 months after treatment and had better Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index scores than the HA group only at 6 months after treatment. For Samsung Medical Center patellofemoral scoring system of the patellofemoral joint, the SVF group had significantly better scores than the control group at all postoperative time points. The proportion of patients whose visual analog scale and Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index scores were above the minimal clinically important improvement was higher in the SVF group than in the HA group in the majority of assessments. The improvement of bone marrow by SVF treatment was significantly better than that of the HA group as observed by pre- and postoperative Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple intra-articular injection of autologous SVF reduces pain and improves function in the short term in patients with early or midstage MOA. However, there was heterogeneity in the improvement of overall knee and isolated patellofemoral joint after treatment.

Autologous microfragmented adipose tissue treatment of knee osteoarthritis demonstrates effectiveness in 68% of patients at 4-year follow-up

BACKGROUND

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells are an interesting therapeutic option for early knee osteoarthritis (OA) treatment due to their high plasticity, easiness of harvesting and rapidity of administration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the medium-term effectiveness and safety of Microfragmented Autologous Fat Tissue (MFAT) injection treatment at 4-year follow-up and to investigate potential correlations among patients' pre-treatment clinical condition and clinical outcomes to identify possible predicting factors for procedure success or failure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This is a prospective trial enrolling 46 patients with diagnosis of symptomatic knee OA and failure of previous conservative measures who underwent diagnostic arthroscopy and single autologous MFAT injection between June 2017 and July 2018. Patients were assessed with repeated clinical scoring systems at baseline, 6 months, 1 and 4 years after surgery. The evaluation included demographic characteristics, arthroscopic findings, and stem cell number from injected tissue.

RESULTS

No major complications were reported during follow-up period and there was a significant increase of Lysholm knee score from baseline value of 61.7 ± 13.8 to 79.5 ± 16.9 at 4 years (p < 0.001). The WOMAC score increased from a baseline value of 66.5 ± 14.7 to 82.8 ± 15.7 at 4 years (p < 0.001) and there was a significant decrease of VAS pain score from baseline value of 6.3 ± 1.5 to 3.5 ± 2.6 at 4-year follow-up (p < 0.001). ROM improved significantly from 118.4 ± 2.6 to 122.5 ± 2.5 at 12 months (p < 0.001), but did not improve at 4 years (p > 0.05). 15 patients (32.6%) were considered treatment failures, because they required secondary surgery, further injection therapy or experienced symptoms persistence. Patient with synovitis had 75% failure rate, although synovitis did not result as a statistically significant factor influencing clinical outcome up to 4-year follow-up (p = 0.058). Age, cartilage defects severity, BMI, concomitant procedures, and stem cell number from injected MFAT did not show any significant correlation with the results.

CONCLUSIONS

MFAT intra-articular injection is a safe procedure with positive improvements up to 4-year follow-up in patients with early knee OA. These findings suggest MFAT could be a minimally invasive treatment of early knee OA with durable benefits at mid-term evaluation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

IRB number ID-3522.

Exploring Orthopedic Stem-Cell Approaches for Osteoarthritis Management: Current Trends and Future Horizons

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and debilitating condition characterized by joint degeneration and pain. Current treatment options aim to alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression but lack curative potential. Stem cell therapies have emerged as a promising alternative. This article explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of hip and knee OA, and the evolving role of stem cell therapies in their treatment.

RECENT FINDINGS

The global prevalence of OA, with knee OA being the most common form, has fueled the demand for stem cell therapies. Despite limited robust evidence supporting their efficacy, clinical trials investigating stem-cell treatments for OA have reported encouraging radiological and clinical improvements. Stem cell therapies offer potential disease-modifying benefits through immunomodulatory actions, growth factor secretion, and chondrogenic capabilities. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) have shown promise in clinical trials for OA treatment, offering potential pain relief and functional improvement. ADMSCs possess advantages such as accessibility and a favorable safety profile, making them a viable option for OA management. Although other stem-cell types, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been used in OA treatment, ADMSCs have demonstrated superior outcomes. By providing a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of stem cell therapies for hip and knee OA, this article highlights the potential of stem-cell treatments to address the limitations of current therapies. However, further research is required to establish their long-term efficacy, identify optimal stem-cell types, and develop standardized protocols.

One-stage cartilage repair using the autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis combined with simultaneous use of autologous adipose tissue graft and adipose tissue mesenchymal cells technique: clinical results and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation at five-year follow-up

PURPOSE

To evaluate medium-term outcomes of knee cartilage defects repair by autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis combined with simultaneous use of autologous adipose tissue graft and adipose tissue mesenchymal cells, defined as LIPO-AMIC technique.

METHODS

The LIPO-AMIC technique has been used in ICRS degree III-IV knee defects. Eighteen patients have been prospectively evaluated during two and five years both clinically and by MRI.

RESULTS

Patients showed progressive significant improvement of all scores starting early at six months, and further increased values were noted till the last follow-up at 60 months. Mean subjective pre-operative IKDC score of 36.1 significantly increased to 86.4 at 24 months and to 87.2 at 60 months. Mean pre-operative Lysholm score of 44.4 reached 93.5 at two years and 93.5 at five years. MRI examination showed early subchondral lamina regrowth and progressive maturation of repair tissue and filling of defects. The mean total MOCART score showed that a significative improvement from two year follow-up (69.1 points) to last follow-up was 81.9 points (range, 30-100 points, SD 24). Complete filling of the defect at the level of the surrounding cartilage was found in 77.8%.

CONCLUSIONS

Adipose tissue can represent ideal source of MSCs since easiness of withdrawal and definite chondrogenic capacity. This study clearly demonstrated the LIPO-AMIC technique to be feasible for treatment of knee cartilage defects and to result in statistically significant progressive clinical, functional and pain improvement in all treated patients better than what reported for the AMIC standard technique, starting very early from the 6-month follow-up and maintaining the good clinical results more durably with stable results at mid-term follow-up.

Adipose Tissue-Derived Minimally Manipulated Products versus Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence and Meta-Analysis

The use of minimally manipulated adipose tissue (MM-AT) products is gaining increasing interest for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). MM-AT represents an easy way to exploit adipose tissue properties, although clinical evidence is still limited, as well as their benefits with respect to more documented orthobiologics like platelet-rich plasma (PRP). A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MM-AT products for knee OA management. The risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated using the Dawns and Black checklist for all the included studies and RoB-2.0 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Thirty-three clinical studies were included in the qualitative analysis: 13 prospective case series, 10 retrospective case series, 7 RCTs, 2 retrospective comparative studies, and 1 prospective comparative study. An overall clinical improvement and few minor adverse events were observed. Five RCTs comparing MM-AT and PRP injections were meta-analyzed, showing comparable results. The analysis also highlighted the limits of the literature, with only a few high-level trials and an overall low quality. Even though the current literature is still limited, the available evidence suggests the safety and overall positive results of the intra-articular injections of MM-AT products for knee OA treatment.

Clinical use of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cell injections for hip osteoarthritis

Introduction

Currently, studies on adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells are attracting increasing attention because they have the potential to differentiate into a subset of cell types, such as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and are easier to harvest than MSCs, thus making them easier to apply clinically. This study evaluated the short-term clinical outcomes of SVF cell therapy for hip osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Forty-two patients were enrolled in this study; these patients received a single injection comprising an average of 3.8 (standard deviation [SD], ±1.3) × 10⁷ SVF cells into the hip joint. All patients were followed-up for at least 6 months. The mean age of the patients was 60.2 years (SD, ±9.4 years). Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades II, III, and IV based on radiography were 13, 13, and 16 patients, respectively. SVF cells were obtained from the subcutaneous fat of the abdomen or breech using a Celution® 800/CRS system. The average cell viability of SVF cells was 90.8% (SD, ±2.8%). Clinical assessments were performed using the Harris Hip Score (HHS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association Hip Disease Evaluation Questionnaire (JHEQ) score, and visual analog scale (VAS) score to evaluate pain. Images were evaluated using radiography, and T2 mapping values were obtained using a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging system. These clinical and imaging assessments were followed from preoperatively to 6 months postoperatively.

Results

The HHS, JHEQ score, and VAS score improved significantly from 22.5 (SD, ±16.6), 26.6 (SD, ±11.3), and 75.5 (SD, ±15.8) preoperatively to 46.8 (SD, ±27.2), 39.4 (SD, ±19.7), and 46.5 (SD, ±27.9), respectively, at 6 months postoperatively. KL grade II showed significant improvement in clinical outcome from preoperative to postoperative, while KL grade IV showed slight or little improvement. The center edge angle, acetabular head index on the radiographs, and T2 mapping values did not change significantly from preoperatively to 6 months postoperatively.

Conclusions

SVF cell injection in the hip joint showed good short-term clinical efficacy for reducing hip OA symptoms. SVF cell therapy is thus an innovative and effective treatment for hip OA.

Evaluating the quality of studies reporting on clinical applications of stromal vascular fraction: A systematic review and proposed reporting guidelines (CLINIC-STRA-SVF)

Background

The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) has been widely explored in a number of therapeutic applications in several specialties. Its therapeutic potential is being increasingly demonstrated, although its mechanism of action is still unclear.

Objective

To evaluate the quality of studies reporting on clinical applications of SVF.

Method

This is a systematic literature review that followed the PRISMA guidelines with the search of the studies from December 1, 2012, to December 1, 2022, in the following databases: MEDLINE, LILACS and EMBASE. The level of evidence of the studies was assessed using the GRADE system, and the rigor used in the publication of the results was assessed in relation to adherence to the guidelines indicated by the EQUATOR Network Group. The CLINIC - STRA-SVF reporting guideline was developed after the completion of this systematic review.

Results

A total of 538 articles were found, and 77 articles were selected after reading the titles and abstracts and removing duplicates. Then, 15 studies were removed for not meeting the inclusion criteria, leaving 62 studies. The CLINIC - STRA-SVF was developed and consists of 33 items and two tables.

Conclusion

There is scientific evidence, although mostly with a low level of evidence, that the use of SVF in clinical applications is safe and effective. The information published in these studies should be standardized, and the CLINIC - STRA-SVF reporting guideline proposed in this study may assist in the design, conduct, recording and reporting of clinical trials and others clinical studies involving the SVF.

Stromal Vascular Fraction Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread joint disease, set to increase due to aging and rising obesity. Beyond cartilage degeneration, OA involves the entire joint, including the synovial fluid, bones, and surrounding muscles. Existing treatments, such as NSAIDs and corticosteroid injections, mainly alleviate symptoms but can have complications. Joint replacement surgeries are definitive but carry surgical risks and are not suitable for all. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) therapy is a regenerative approach using cells from a patient's adipose tissue. SVF addresses as degenerative and inflammatory aspects, with potential for cartilage formation and tissue regeneration. Unlike traditional treatments, SVF may reverse OA changes. Being autologous, it reduces immunogenic risks. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was undertaken across PubMed, Medline, and Scopus for relevant studies published from 2017 to 2023. Keywords included "SVF", "Knee Osteoarthritis", and "Regenerative Medicine". Results: This systematic search yielded a total of 172 articles. After the removal of duplicates and an initial title and abstract screening, 94 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria and were subsequently included in this review. Conclusions: This review of SVF therapy for knee OA suggests its potential therapeutic benefits. Most studies confirmed its safety and efficacy, and showed improved clinical outcomes and minimal adverse events. However, differences in study designs and sizes require a careful interpretation of the results. While evidence supports SVF's positive effects, understanding methodological limitations is key. Incorporating SVF is promising, but the approach should prioritize patient safety and rigorous research.

Midterm results of intra-articular stromal vascular fraction injection for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis

PURPOSE

This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intra-knee stromal vascular fraction (SVF) injection in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis at the midterm (3-year) follow-up.

METHODS

SVF injection was applied to 25 knees of 20 patients. Eighteen patients (90%) were female, and the means ± standard deviations of age was 61.9 ± 7.8 (range, 50-76) years. Patients who received conservative treatment for at least 6 months and had radiographic Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grades 2 and 3 varus gonarthrosis were included in the study. SVF was obtained from the umbilical region by liposuction using local anaesthesia. Patients were followed-up for 36 months. Their visual analogue scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Lysholm scores were evaluated before and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months post-SVF injection.

RESULTS

A statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in VAS, WOMAC and Lysholm scores at the first 2-year follow-up compared to baseline. However, no statistically significant difference (n.s.) was observed in VAS, WOMAC and Lysholm scores at the 3-year follow-up compared with baseline.

CONCLUSION

Intra-articular SVF injection decreased pain and significantly improved the functional outcomes in the first 2 years in knees with grade 2-3 osteoarthritis; however, these positive effects of the injection disappeared in the 3rd year. Although short-term successful results of SVF have been reported in the literature, prospective studies are needed for medium- and long-term results.

Heterogeneous Cells as well as Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells in Stromal Vascular Fraction Contribute to Enhance Anabolic and Inhibit Catabolic Factors in Osteoarthritis

The stromal-vascular fraction (SVF), comprising heterogeneous cell populations and adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs), has therapeutic potential against osteoarthritis (OA); however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of heterogeneous cells in rabbit SVF on rabbit chondrocytes. Rabbit SVF and ADSCs were autografted into knees at OA onset. The SVF (1 × 105) and low-dose ADSCs (lADSC; 1 × 104) groups adjusted for their stromal cell content were compared. Animals were euthanized 8 and 12 weeks after OA onset for macroscopic and histological analyses of OA progression and synovitis. Immunohistochemical and real-time polymerase chain reaction assessments were conducted. In vitro, immune-fluorescent double staining was performed for SVF to stain macrophages with F4/80, CD86(M1), and CD163(M2). OA progression was markedly suppressed, and synovitis was reduced in the SVF groups (OARSI histological score 8 W: 6.8 ± 0.75 vs. 3.8 ± 0.75, p = 0.001; 12 W: 8.8 ± 0.4 vs. 5.4 ± 0.49, p = 0.0002). The SVF groups had higher expression of collagen II and SOX9 in cartilage and TGF-β and IL-10 in the synovium, lower expression of MMP-13, and lower macrophage M1/M2 ratio than the lADSC groups. Immunofluorescent double staining revealed a markedly higher number of M2 than that of M1 macrophages in the SVF. The therapeutic effects of SVF on chondrocytes were superior than those of lADSCs, with enhanced anabolic and inhibited catabolic factors. Heterogeneous cells, mainly M2 macrophages in the SVF, enhanced growth factor secretion and chondrocyte-protective cytokines, thus benefiting chondrocytes and knee joint homeostasis. Overall, the SVF is a safe, relatively simple, and a useful treatment option for OA.

Clinical Outcome of Minimally Manipulated, Mechanically Isolated Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction (Sahaj Therapy®) in Knee Osteoarthritis-Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction

Regenerative therapy has shown promising results in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) knee with Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) Grades I-III. We compared the safety, efficacy, functional, and clinical outcomes of intra-articular implantation of autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolated using direct ultrasonic cavitation (Sahaj therapy-Cell Innovation Patented Technology) and saline injection in knee osteoarthritis.

Materials and Methods

The present prospective observational study was conducted over 3 years. We enrolled 120 patients in our study, where four patients got excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 116 patients were randomized into two groups, one with autologous adipose tissue-derived SVF and the other group with saline injection. A comparison of mean KOOS and VAS scores at different follow-ups was done using Paired 't' test. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

The results show that the SVF group had significantly higher KOOS scores (78.49 ± 6.54 in the SVF group vs 59.19 ± 5.14 in the saline group), respectively (p < 0.001). Similarly, the SVF group had significantly lesser VAS scores (3.17 ± 0.94 in the SVF group vs 3.89 ± 1.04 in the saline group), respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Autologous adipose tissue-derived SVF is a better choice for treating knee osteoarthritis. For individuals with degenerative osteoarthritis, autologous SVF grafting in the same surgical procedure is an innovative and promising treatment modality. Even after 3 years of follow-up, the study participants with OA knee have shown a good clinical and functional outcome.

Age and synovitis affect the results of the treatment of knee osteoarthritis with Microfragmented Autologous Fat Tissue

PURPOSE

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Microfragmented Autologous Fat Tissue (MFAT) treatment for knee osteoarthritis and to investigate whether patients' pre-treatment clinical condition, such as synovitis, correlates with clinical outcomes, to identify potential predicting factors for the success or failure of the treatment.

METHODS

In this prospective Cohort Study Level II multicentric trial, consecutive patients with a diagnosis of early/mild osteoarthritis and failure of previous conservative measures were enrolled to undergo diagnostic arthroscopy and a single MFAT injection. Patients were assessed with repeated scoring systems at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. The demographic features, the arthroscopic findings, the immunophenotype of injected tissue and the histologic examination of synovia of failed patients were analyzed.

RESULTS

Data from 91 patients showed a significant improvement in Lysholm, WOMAC scores at 1-year follow-up (p < 0.001). A significant decrease in VAS score was observed, while a significant improvement of measured flexion angle was registered at 1 year (p < 0.001). No major complications were reported. Age and synovitis were identified as significant factors influencing the clinical outcome (p < 0.05). Body mass index, previous or concomitant procedures, and specific cartilage defects had no influence. The mean number of injected adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells seem not to correlate with the clinical outcome.

CONCLUSION

MFAT is effective in reducing pain when used with a single dose injection in early/mild OA of the knee, without major complications. Age over 60 and synovitis may be predictive for persistent pain at one year and should be considered before indications.

Identification of polyunsaturated fatty acids as potential biomarkers of osteoarthritis after sodium hyaluronate and mesenchymal stem cell treatment through metabolomics

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder worldwide. Sodium hyaluronate (SH) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising therapeutic strategies for OA. Previous studies showed they could improve knee function and clinical symptoms of OA. However, the mechanism of the therapeutic effects on the improvement of OA has not been clearly explained. Methods: In our study, we used a technique called 5-(diisopropylamino)amylamine derivatization liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to find the metabolites in OA synovial fluid under different treatments. Results and Discussion: After looking into the metabolomics, we discovered that SH and MSC treatment led to the downregulation of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the upregulation of ω-3 PUFAs. Significantly, the contents of 5(S)-HETE, PGA2, PGB2, and PGJ2 were lower in the MSC group than in the SH group after quantification using 5-(diisopropylamino)amylamine derivatization-UHPLC-QQQ-MS. This is the first report on the relationship of 11(S)-HETE, PGA2, PGB2, PGF2β, 11β-PGF2α, and DK-PGE2 with OA. Moreover, the correlation analysis of metabolites and inflammation factors showed the positive association of ω-6 PUFAs with pro-inflammation cytokines, and of ω-3 PUFAs with anti-inflammation cytokines. Our results indicated the therapeutic effect of SH and MSCs in patients with OA. In addition, this reliable metabolic approach could uncover novel biomarkers to treat OA.

Effect of intra-knee injection of autologous adipose stem cells or mesenchymal vascular components on short-term outcomes in patients with knee osteoarthritis: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

Assess the efficacy of single and multiple intra-articular injections of autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (ADSVF) for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

We conducted a thorough and systematic search of several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov, to identify relevant studies. The included studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that involved single or multiple intra-articular injections of autologous ASCs or ADSVF for the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis, without any additional treatment, and compared to either placebo or hyaluronic acid.

RESULTS

A total of seven RCTs were analyzed in this study. The results of the meta-analysis show that compared to the control group, both single and multiple intra-articular injections of ASCs or ADSVF demonstrated superior pain relief in the short term (Z = 3.10; P < 0.0001 and Z = 4.66; P < 0.00001) and significantly improved function (Z = 2.61; P < 0.009 and Z = 2.80; P = 0.005). Furthermore, MRI assessment showed a significant improvement in cartilage condition compared to the control group. (Z = 8.14; P < 0.000001 and Z = 5.58; P < 0.00001).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, in osteoarthritis of the knee, single or multiple intra-articular injections of autologous ASCs or ADSVF have shown significant pain improvement and safety in the short term in the absence of adjuvant therapy. Significant improvements in cartilage status were also shown. A larger sample size of randomized controlled trials is needed for direct comparison of the difference in effect between single and multiple injections.

A Worldwide Analysis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Stromal Vascular Fraction in Orthopedics: Current Evidence and Applications

The biological enhancement of tissue regeneration and healing is an appealing perspective in orthopedics. We aimed to conduct a systematic review to describe the global distribution of studies investigating the use of adipose tissue derivates in orthopedics and to provide information on their quality and on the products available. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the modified Coleman Methodology Score (mCMS) and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Eighty-two studies were included, with a total of 3594 patients treated. In total, 70% of the studies investigated the treatment of knee disorders, predominantly osteoarthritis; 26% of all studies dealt with expanded adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ADSCs), 72% of which had stromal vascular fraction (SVF); 70% described the injection of adipose tissue derivates into the affected site; and 24% described arthroscopies with the addition of adipose tissue derivates. The mean mCMS for all studies was 51.7 ± 21.4 points, with a significantly higher score for the studies dealing with expanded ADSCs compared to those dealing with SVF (p = 0.0027). Our analysis shows high heterogeneity in terms of the types of performed procedures as well as the choice and processing of adipose tissue derivates.

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of the Intra-articular Injection of Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Intra-articular injection of autologous culture-expanded adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) has introduced a promising treatment option for knee osteoarthritis. Although the clinical efficacy and safety of ADMSCs have been reported, the treatment remains controversial owing to the small sample sizes and heterogeneous osteoarthritis grades in previous studies.

PURPOSE

To assess the efficacy and safety of intra-articular injection of ADMSCs as compared with placebo in alleviating pain and improving functional capacity in a large sample of patients with knee osteoarthritis of Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade 3.

STUDY DESIGN

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

METHODS

This phase III multicenter clinical trial was a double-blind randomized controlled study that included 261 patients with K-L grade 3 symptomatic knee osteoarthritis who were administered a single injection of autologous culture-expanded ADMSCs or placebo. Clinical data were assessed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after the injection. The primary endpoints were improvements in 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for function at 6 months after the injection. The secondary endpoints included clinical and radiologic examinations and safety after injection. The changes in cartilage defects after injection were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at 6 months.

RESULTS

The ADMSC and control groups included 125 and 127 patients available for follow-up, respectively. At 6 months, the ADMSC group showed significantly better improvements in 100-mm VAS (ADMSC vs control, 25.2 vs 15.5; P = .004) and total WOMAC score (21.7 vs 14.3; P = .002) as compared with the control group. The linear mixed model analysis indicated significantly better improvements in all clinical outcomes in the ADMSC group after 6 months. At 6 months, the ADMSC group achieved significantly higher proportions of patients above the minimal clinically important difference in 100-mm VAS and WOMAC score. Radiologic outcomes and adverse events did not demonstrate significant differences between the groups. No serious treatment-related adverse events were observed. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no significant difference in change of cartilage defects between the groups at 6 months.

CONCLUSION

Intra-articular injection of autologous culture-expanded ADMSCs provided significant pain relief and functional improvements in patients with K-L grade 3 osteoarthritis. Long-term results are needed to determine the disease-modifying effects of ADMSCs, such as structural changes, and the duration of effect of intra-articular injection of ADMSCs in knee osteoarthritis.

REGISTRATION

NCT03990805 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Arthroscopic Implantation of Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Improves Cartilage Regeneration and Pain Relief in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis

Purpose

To compare the pain relief and cartilage repair status of patients with knee osteoarthritis who received arthroscopic treatment with or without stromal vascular fraction (SVF) implantation.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the patients who were examined with 12-month follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after arthroscopic treatment for knee osteoarthritis from September 2019 to April 2021. Patients were included in this study if they had grade 3 or 4 knee osteoarthritis according to the Outerbridge classification in MRI. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used for pain assessment over the follow-up period (baseline and at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups). Cartilage repair was evaluated using follow-up MRIs based on Outerbridge grades and the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue scoring system.

Results

Among 97 patients who received arthroscopic treatment, 54 patients received arthroscopic treatment alone (conventional group) and 43 received arthroscopic treatment along with SVF implantation (SVF group). In the conventional group, the mean VAS score decreased significantly at 1-month post-treatment compared with baseline (P < .05), and gradually increased from 3 to 12 months' post-treatment (all P < .05). In the SVF group, the mean VAS score decreased until 12 months post-treatment compared with baseline (all P < .05 except P = .780 in 1-month vs 3-month follow-ups). Significantly greater pain relief was reported in the SVF group than in the conventional group at 6 and 12 months' post-treatment (all P < .05). Overall, Outerbridge grades were significantly greater in the SVF group than in the conventional group (P < .001). Similarly, mean Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue scores were significantly greater (P < .001) in the SVF group (70.5 ± 11.1) than in the conventional group (39.7 ± 8.2).

Conclusions

The results regarding pain improvement and cartilage regeneration and the significant correlation between pain and MRI outcomes at 12-months follow-up indicate that the arthroscopic SVF implantation technique may be useful for repairing cartilage lesions in knee osteoarthritis.

Level of Evidence

Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction injection following core decompression and biochemistry artificial bone graft implantation in osteonecrosis of the femoral head

PURPOSE

To determine how adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) injection following core decompression (CD) and biochemistry artificial bone graft implantation affects outcomes in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH).

METHODS

A total of 19 patients (28 hips) with stage I-IIIA ONFH received adipose-derived SVF injection and combined core decompression and biochemistry artificial bone graft implantation, followed up for a minimum of two years. Disease progression was evaluated according to the Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging system, and the change of the ratio of the necrotic volume to femoral head volume was calculated with MRI before and after operation.

RESULTS

At the last follow-up, 15 hips remained stable, and 13 hips had a progression, according to the ARCO staging system. A total of eight hips (5 with ARCO stage II and 3 with staged IIIA at baseline) progressed to post-collapse stage (stage IIIB-IV). In total, seven of eight hips with post-collapse stage and one with IIIA stage at follow-up converted to THAs in an average of 17.5 months (range, 11-68 months) postoperatively. The mean ratio of the necrotic lesion volume to the femoral head significantly decreased in hips with ARCO stage I (17.9 ± 3.0% to 9.8 ± 1.3%, p = 0.012, Δ necrosis ratio = 8.1 ± 4.2%) and stage II (22.7 ± 6.3% to 17.1 ± 9.4%, p = 0.001, Δ necrosis ratio = 5.7 ± 6.6%) at baseline. For the eight hips that progressed to post-collapse stage, the mean necrosis ratio increased from 27.4 ± 5.4% to 31.1 ± 4.0% (p = 0.146), Δ necrosis ratio =  - 3.7 ± 3.9%. For the other 20 hips radiological survived, the mean necrosis ratio improved from 19.9 ± 4.4% to 11.8 ± 3.3% (p < 0.001), with Δ necrosis ratio = 8.1 ± 4.9%.

CONCLUSION

Adipose-derived SVF injection following core decompression and biochemistry artificial bone graft implantation is safe and could effectively repair the necrosis lesion and delay disease progression in patients with early-stage ONFH.

Nanofat lysate ameliorates pain and cartilage degradation of osteoarthritis through activation of TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling of chondrocytes

Introduction: Nanofat is an effective cell therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). However, it has clinical limitations due to its short half-life. We developed Nanofat lysate (NFL) to overcome the defect of Nanofat and explore its anti-OA efficacy and mechanism. Methods: Monoiodoacetate (MIA) was employed to establish rat OA model. For pain assessment, paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were evaluated. Degeneration of cartilage was observed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Primary chondrocytes were treated with TNF-α to establish the cellular model of OA. MTT, wound healing, and transwell assays were performed to assess effects of NFL on chondrocytes. RNA-seq, qPCR and Western blot assays were conducted to clarify the mechanism of NFL. Results and Discussion: The animal data showed that PWL and TWL values, Mankin's and OARSI scorings, and the Col2 expression in cartilage were significantly improved in the NFL-treated OA rats. The cellular data showed that NFL significantly improved the proliferation, wound healing, and migration of chondrocytes. The molecular data showed that NFL significantly restored the TNF-α-altered anabolic markers (Sox9, Col2 and ACAN) and catabolic markers (IL6 and Mmp13). The RNA-seq identified that TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling pathway mediated the efficacy of NFL, which was verified by qPCR and Western blot that NFL significantly restored the abnormal expressions of TGFβR2, phosphorylated-Smad2, phosphorylated-Smad2/3, Col2, Mmp13 and Mmp3. After long-term storage, NFL exerted similar effects as its fresh type, indicating its advantage of storability. In sum, NFL was developed as a new therapeutic approach and its anti-OA efficacy and mechanism that mediated by TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling was determined for the first time. Besides, the storability of NFL provided a substantial advantage than other living cell-based therapies.

Intra-articular Injection of Autologous Adipose-Derived Stem Cells or Stromal Vascular Fractions: Are They Effective for Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND

Intra-articular injection of adipose-derived stem cells, which are divided into adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and adipose-derived stromal vascular fractions (ADSVFs), has been reported to be a viable treatment modality for knee osteoarthritis (OA); however, its efficacy remains limited.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to provide comprehensive information about the efficacy and safety of intra-articular injections of autologous ASCs and ADSVFs without adjuvant treatment in patients with knee OA.

STUDY DESIGN

Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 1.

METHODS

A systematic search of the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of intra-articular injections of autologous ASCs or ADSVFs without adjuvant treatments compared with placebo or hyaluronic acid in patients with knee OA. Clinically, the 100-mm visual analog scale for pain relief and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index for functional improvement were implemented. Radiologically, cartilage status was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Procedure-related knee pain, swelling, and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated for safety. Additionally, we performed subgroup analyses comparing ASCs versus ADSVFs. Methodological quality was assessed using the modified Coleman Methodology Score (mCMS).

RESULTS

A total of 5 RCTs were included in this study. Based on the meta-analysis, ASCs or ADSVFs showed significantly better pain relief at 6 months (Z = 7.62; P < .0001) and 12 months (Z = 7.21; P < .0001) and functional improvement at 6 months (Z = 4.13; P < .0001) and 12 months (Z = 3.79; P = .0002), without a difference in procedure-related knee pain or swelling compared with controls. Although a meta-analysis with regard to cartilage improvements was not performed owing to heterogeneous MRI assessment, 3 studies reported significantly improved cartilage status after the injection. No serious AEs associated with ASCs or ADSVFs were reported. Subgroup analyses showed similar efficacy between ASC and ADSVF treatments. The median mCMS was 70 (range, 55-75).

CONCLUSION

For patients with knee OA, intra-articular injection of autologous ASCs or ADSVFs without adjuvant treatment showed remarkable clinical efficacy and safety at short-term follow-up. Some degree of efficacy has been shown for cartilage regeneration in knee OA, although the evidence remains limited. Further RCTs that directly compare ASCs and ADSVFs are needed.

Comparative effectiveness of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the management of knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, is associated with an increasing socioeconomic impact owing to the ageing population.

AIM

To analyze and compare the efficacy and safety of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) in knee OA management from published randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

METHODS

Independent and duplicate electronic database searches were performed, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, until August 2021 for RCTs that analyzed the efficacy and safety of AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs in the management of knee OA. The visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Lysholm score, Tegner score, magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue score, knee osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS), and adverse events were analyzed. Analysis was performed on the R-platform using OpenMeta (Analyst) software. Twenty-one studies, involving 936 patients, were included. Only one study compared the two MSC sources without patient randomization; hence, the results of all included studies from both sources were pooled, and a comparative critical analysis was performed.

RESULTS

At six months, both AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs showed significant VAS improvement (P = 0.015, P = 0.012); this was inconsistent at 1 year for BM-MSCs (P < 0.001, P = 0.539), and AD-MSCs outperformed BM-MSCs compared to controls in measures such as WOMAC (P < 0.001, P = 0.541), Lysholm scores (P = 0.006; P = 0.933), and KOOS (P = 0.002; P = 0.012). BM-MSC-related procedures caused significant adverse events (P = 0.003) compared to AD-MSCs (P = 0.673).

CONCLUSION

Adipose tissue is superior to bone marrow because of its safety and consistent efficacy in improving pain and functional outcomes. Future trials are urgently warranted to validate our findings and reach a consensus on the ideal source of MSCs for managing knee OA.

Clinical and Radiological Comparison of Single and Double Intra-articular Injection of Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction for Knee Osteoarthritis

The aim of the article is to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes between single and double stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell injections in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). We included 54 patients treated for varus knee OA with intra-articular SVF cell injection. They were divided into two groups: those who received one injection and those who received two. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, knee range of motion, and knee muscle force were assessed at baseline and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the first injection. The preoperative hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle was evaluated using plain radiographs, and T2 mapping values were assessed. The total WOMAC score improved significantly in the single injection group from 3 to 24 months, but the total WOMAC score in the double injection group improved significantly at 24 months. The T2 mapping values in both the groups improved, with a significant difference at 12 months. The preoperative mean HKA angle and the correlation coefficients between the HKA angle and the total WOMAC score and between the HKA angle and the T2 mapping value of the medial femur were significant. In conclusion, double injections may provide more satisfactory treatment outcomes in patients with severe varus knee alignment. This clinical trial is registered in the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (URL: https://saiseiiryo.mhlw.go.jp/published_plan/index/2) with the registration name "Cell transplantation therapy for osteoarthritis using autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived regenerative (stem) cells (ADRCs)," and the registration number was "PB5160012."

An update on the effect of intra-articular intervention strategies using nanomaterials in osteoarthritis: Possible clinical application

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common progressive condition affecting joints. It mainly affects the knees and hips as predominant weight-bearing joints. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) accounts for a large proportion of osteoarthritis and presents numerous symptoms that impair quality of life, such as stiffness, pain, dysfunction, and even deformity. For more than two decades, intra-articular (IA) treatment options for managing knee osteoarthritis have included analgesics, hyaluronic acid (HA), corticosteroids, and some unproven alternative therapies. Before effective disease-modifying treatments for knee osteoarthritis, treatments are primarily symptomatic, mainly including intra-articular corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid, so these agents represent the most frequently used class of drugs for managing knee osteoarthritis. But research suggests other factors, such as the placebo effect, have an essential role in the effectiveness of these drugs. Several novel intra-articular therapies are currently in the clinical trial processes, such as biological therapies, gene and cell therapies. Besides, it has been shown that the development of novel drug nanocarriers and delivery systems could improve the effectiveness of therapeutic agents in osteoarthritis. This review discusses the various treatment methods and delivery systems for knee osteoarthritis and the new agents that have been introduced or are in development.

The role of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) have recently been studied for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. The goal is pain reduction and improvement of joint function leading to superior health-related quality of life.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive meta-analysis assessing the evidence on the use of ADMSCs in knee osteoarthritis.

Design

This is a Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Data Sources and Methods

PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials using ADMSCs to treat patients with knee osteoarthritis. Only trials comparing ADMSCs to placebo or conservative treatment were included. The outcomes studied were improvement in functional, pain, and quality of life scores along with radiographic findings.

Results

A total of four trials were included, representing 138 patients with knee osteoarthritis. WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) scores favored ADMSCs with a statistically and clinically significant difference over controls at 6- and 12-month follow-ups (p value < 0.0001). Pain, functional, and quality of life scores also favored ADMSCs at 12-month follow-up (p value < 0.0001).

Conclusion

ADMSCs are effective in treating knee osteoarthritis symptoms as observed by functional and pain improvements. Furthermore, ADMSCs injection showed improvement of cartilage integrity, which indicates the potential for regenerating the knee cartilage. Future trials with larger number of patients and longer follow-up periods would help to elaborate further the therapeutic potential of ADMSCs.

Plain Language Summary

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells use in knee osteoarthritis Knee osteoarthritis is an extremely common disease that causes damage of the lining of the knee joint.This will lead to pain and limited range of motion of the knee hence limited functionality.Multiple treatments are used currently for knee osteoarthritis which all aim at slowing down the progression and limiting the need for knee replacement surgery.Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are stem cells harvested from the fat around the belly. These stem cells have the potential to be converted into cells of a certain origin (cartilage, muscle, fat).Many studies are being performed to see whether these cells can transform to cartilage and repair the damaged knee joint.In this study, we tried to find how the results of different studies comparing the usual treatments for knee osteoarthritis with that of ADMSCs compared.We were mostly interested in the pain, functional, stiffness, and quality of life scores.We also reviewed the MRI findings to find out whether the lining of the knee joint improved.Four studies were included with 138 patients having knee osteoarthritis.WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) score which is a self-administered questionnaire evaluating hip and knee osteoarthritis, showed better results in patients receiving ADMSC injections compared with other usual treatments at 12-month follow-up.Pain, functional, stiffness, and quality of life scores also showed better results in ADMSCs at 12-month follow-up.MRI images also showed better cartilage lining in the patients treated with ADMSCs.We concluded that ADMSCs are both effective and safe to be used in treating knee osteoarthritis symptoms. However, studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to better assess the regenerative potential of ADMSCs.

Results of Treating Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis with Autologous Conditioned Adipose Tissue and Leukocyte-Poor Platelet-Rich Plasma

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Much progress has been made in regenerative medicine for the symptomatic treatment of KOA, including products containing stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiological findings after the application of autologous conditioned adipose tissue (ACA) and leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP) in patients with mild to moderate KOA. A total of 16 patients (eight male and eight female) with changes related to KOA on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but without severe osteophytosis, full-thickness cartilage loss, or subchondral bone involvement were included in this study. Patients received an intraarticular, ultrasound-guided injection of ACA and LP-PRP. Clinical scores, including a visual analog scale for pain (VAS), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were evaluated at baseline and at the three and six month follow-ups showing a statistically significant improvements at three and six months post-intervention. Furthermore, the delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the cartilage (dGEMRIC) indices were evaluated at baseline and at the three and six month follow-ups showing no significant changes after treatment with ACA and LP-PRP, which were actually equal to the dGEMRIC indices measured in the control group (hyaluronic acid applied in contralateral knees without osteoarthritis). ACA with LP-PRP presents a viable minimally invasive therapeutic option for the clinical improvement of mild to moderate KOA. However, MFAT produced by different systems is likely to differ in cellular content, which can directly affect the paracrine effect (cytokine secretion) of mesenchymal stem cells and consequently the regeneration process.

PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Osteoarthritis of Knee Managed with Allogeneic vs Autologous MSCs: Efficacy and Safety Analysis

Study Design

Meta-analysis.

Objectives

Our objective is to review the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have been conducted previously on the topic of osteoarthritis of the knee to assess and compare the efficacy and safety of autologous and allogeneic sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Materials and methods

We searched the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library until August 2021 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) analysing the efficacy and safety of autologous and allogeneic sources of MSCs in the management of knee osteoarthritis. These searches were conducted independently and in duplicate. The outcomes that were taken into consideration for analysis were the visual analogue score (VAS) for pain, the Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Lysholm score, and adverse events. The OpenMeta [Analyst] software was utilised to carry out the analysis in the R platform.

Results

In total, 21 studies with a total of 936 patients were considered for this analysis. Because none of the studies made a direct comparison of the autologous and allogeneic sources of MSCs, we pooled the results of all of the included studies of both sources and made a comparative analysis of how the two types of MSCs fared in their respective applications. Although both allogeneic and autologous sources of MSCs demonstrated significantly better VAS improvement after 6 months (p = 0.006, p = 0.001), this trend was not maintained after 1 year for the allogeneic source (p = 0.171, p = 0.027). When compared to their respective controls based on WOMAC scores after 1 year, autologous sources (p = 0.016) of MSCs performed better than allogeneic sources (p = 0.186).A similar response was noted between the sources at 2 years in their Lysholm scores (p = 0.682, p = 0.017), respectively. Moreover, allogeneic sources (p = 0.039) of MSCs produced significant adverse events than autologous sources (p = 0.556) compared to their controls.

Conclusion

Our analysis of literature showed that autologous sources of MSCs stand superior to allogeneic sources of MSC with regard to their consistent efficacy for pain, functional outcomes, and safety. However, we strongly recommend that further studies be conducted that are of a high enough quality to validate our findings and reach a consensus on the best source of MSCs for use in cellular therapy treatments for knee osteoarthritis.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-022-00751-z.

Autologous micro-fragmented adipose tissue associated with arthroscopy in moderate–severe knee osteoarthritis: outcome at two year follow-up

Background

Adipose tissue has recently gained growing interest in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a single injection of autologous micro-fragmented adipose tissue (aMFAT) associated with arthroscopy (cartilage debridement/meniscal regularization or selective meniscectomy/micro-drilling) for symptomatic knee OA.

Methods

This retrospective, single-center study included 49 patients (50 knees) affected by knee OA (radiographic Kellgren-Lawrence III-IV) treated with a single injection of autologous micro-fragmented adipose tissue and knee arthroscopy. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score were the primary outcome measures and were collected at one and 2 years post-operatively. Patients were divided into clusters based on age, complexity of arthroscopic procedures and chondral lesion grade.

Results

Four patients underwent knee replacement (8%). No major adverse events were reported. Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) for KOOS and IKDC was reached by 84 and 74% of all cases at 1 year and by 80 and 76% at 2 years, respectively. High grade chondral lesions negatively affected the outcome at 2 years follow-up (p < 0.05 for IKDC, KOOS overall and 3 out of 5 subscales).

Conclusion

The injection of micro-fragmented adipose tissue associated with arthroscopy demonstrated to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of knee OA, with a substantial improvement in IKDC and KOOS scores and without major complications.

Autologous Adipose-Derived Tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction (AD-tSVF) for Knee Osteoarthritis

Adipose tissue contains adult mesenchymal stem cells that may modulate the metabolism when applied to other tissues. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) can be isolated from adipose tissue mechanically and/or enzymatically. SVF was recently used to decrease the pain and improve the function of knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Primary and/or secondary OA causes inflammation and degeneration in joints, and regenerative approaches that may modify the natural course of the disease are limited. SVF may modulate inflammation and initiate regeneration in joint tissues by initiating a paracrine effect. Chemokines released from SVF may slow down degeneration and stimulate regeneration in joints. In this review, we overviewed articular joint cartilage structures and functions, OA, and macro-, micro-, and nano-fat isolation techniques. Mechanic and enzymatic SVF processing techniques were summarized. Clinical outcomes of adipose tissue derived tissue SVF (AD-tSVF) were evaluated. Medical devices that can mechanically isolate AD-tSVF were listed, and publications referring to such devices were summarized. Recent review manuscripts were also systematically evaluated and included. Transferring adipose tissues and cells has its roots in plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery. Micro- and nano-fat is also transferred to other organs and tissues to stimulate regeneration as it contains regenerative cells. Minimal manipulation of the adipose tissue is recently preferred to isolate the regenerative cells without disrupting them from their natural environment. The number of patients in the follow-up studies are recently increasing. The duration of follow up is also increasing with favorable outcomes from the short- to mid-term. There are however variations for mean age and the severity of knee OA patients between studies. Positive outcomes are related to the higher number of cells in the AD-tSVF. Repetition of injections and concomitant treatments such as combining the AD-tSVF with platelet rich plasma or hyaluronan are not solidified. Good results were obtained when combined with arthroscopic debridement and micro- or nano-fracture techniques for small-sized cartilage defects. The optimum pressure applied to the tissues and cells during filtration and purification of the AD-tSVF is not specified yet. Quantitative monitoring of articular joint cartilage regeneration by ultrasound, MR, and synovial fluid analysis as well as with second-look arthroscopy could improve our current knowledge on AD-tSVF treatment in knee OA. AD-tSVF isolation techniques and technologies have the potential to improve knee OA treatment. The duration of centrifugation, filtration, washing, and purification should however be standardized. Using gravity-only for isolation and filtration could be a reasonable approach to avoid possible complications of other methodologies.

Comparative Efficacy of the Stromal-Vascular Fraction Cells of Lipoaspirate and Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Gonarthrosis: Results of an Interim Analysis

The use of cell technologies, in particular the stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue, is a new direction in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the weight-bearing joints. Stromal-vascular fraction cells have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and are able to differentiate into connective tissue cells, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Our clinical study showed the safety and good tolerability of intra-articular administration of autologous stromal-vascular fraction cells in 16 patients with severe manifestations of osteoarthritis. Single administration of stromal-vascular fraction cells led to more pronounced and stable (up to 12 months) clinical improvement in the main symptoms of the disease, including pain and functional activity of the affected joints, in comparison with intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (10 patients of the comparison group).

Therapeutic applications of adipose-derived stromal vascular fractions in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered to be a highly heterogeneous disease with progressive cartilage loss, subchondral bone remodeling, and low-grade inflammation. It is one of the world's leading causes of disability. Most conventional clinical treatments for OA are palliative drugs, which cannot fundamentally cure this disease. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from adipose tissues is a heterogeneous cell population. According to previous studies, it contains a large number of mesenchymal stem cells, which have been used to treat OA with good therapeutic results. This safe, simple, and effective therapy is expected to be applied and promoted in the future. In this paper, the detailed pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current clinical treatments for OA are introduced. Then, clinical studies and the therapeutic mechanism of SVF for the treatment of OA are summarized.

Mesenchymal stem cells for subchondral bone marrow lesions: From bench to bedside

Subchondral bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are areas of disease within subchondral bone that appear as T1 hypointense and T2 hyperintense ill-defined areas of bone marrow on magnetic resonance imaging. The most common bone marrow lesions include subchondral lesions related to osteoarthritis, osteochondral defects, and avascular necrosis. Emerging therapies include autologous biologic therapeutics, in particular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to maintain and improve cartilage health; MSCs have become a potential treatment option for BMLs given the unmet need for disease modification. Active areas in the preclinical research of bone marrow lesions include the paracrine function of MSCs in pathways of angiogenesis and inflammation, and the use of bioactive scaffolds to optimize the environment for implanted MSCs by facilitating chondrogenesis and higher bone volumes. A review of the clinical data demonstrates improvements in pain and functional outcomes when patients with knee osteoarthritis were treated with MSCs, suggesting that BM-MSCs can be a safe and effective treatment for patients with painful knee osteoarthritis with or without bone marrow lesions. Preliminary data examining MSCs in osteochondral defects suggest they can be beneficial as a subchondral injection alone, or as a surgical augmentation. In patients with hip avascular necrosis, those with earlier stage disease have improved outcomes when core decompression is augmented with MSCs, whereas patients in later stages post-collapse have equivalent outcomes with or without MSC treatment. While the evidence for the use of MSCs in conditions with associated bone marrow lesions seems promising, there remains a need for continued investigation into this treatment as a viable treatment option.

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Common BMLs include osteoarthritis, osteochondral defects, and avascular necrosis.

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Patients with knee osteoarthritis treated with MSCs show improved pain and function.

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MSCs used as subchondral injection or surgical augmentation in osteochondral defects

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Improved outcomes of early hip avascular necrosis after core decompression with MSCs

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Additional preclinical and clinical evidence of MSCs as treatment for BMLs is needed.

The Effectiveness and Safety of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 28 Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Chinese databases (such as CNKI and SinoMed) and English databases (such as PubMed and Embase) were searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of MSCs in the treatment of OA. The retrieval time is from inception to October 10, 2021. The literature was strictly selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, data was extracted, and the quality was evaluated. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. STATA was used to evaluate publication bias. The registration number of this systematic review and meta-analysis is CRD42021277145.

Results

A total of 28 RCTs involving 1494 participants were included. The primary outcomes showed that MSCs may reduce WOMAC pain and VAS at the 3rd-month follow-up [WOMAC pain: -3.81 (-6.95, -0.68), P = 0.02. VAS: -1.11 (-1.53, -0.68), P < 0.00001], and the effect lasts for at least 12 months [WOMAC pain: -4.29 (-7.12, -1.47), P = 0.003. VAS: -1.77 (-2.43, -1.12), P < 0.00001]. MSCs may also reduce WOMAC stiffness and physical function at the 6th-month follow-up [WOMAC stiffness: -1.12 (-2.09, -0.14), P = 0.03. WOMAC physical function: -4.40 (-6.84, -1.96), P = 0.0004], and the effect lasts for at least 12 months [WOMAC stiffness: -0.99 (-1.95, -0.03), P = 0.04. WOMAC physical function: -3.26 (-5.91, -0.61), P = 0.02]. The improvement of WOMAC pain, VAS, WOMAC stiffness, and WOMAC physical function may be clinically significant. Meanwhile, after the MSC injection, Lequesne had been reduced compared with the control group [-4.49 (-8.21, -0.77), P = 0.002]. For adverse events, there is no significant difference in the safety of MSC injection and the control group [1.20 (0.97, 1.48), P = 0.09]. The quality of WOMAC physical function and adverse events were moderate.

Conclusion

Based on current evidence, MSCs may be a safety therapy that have a good curative effect in the treatment of OA, the onset time is no later than 3 months, and the time to maintain the curative effect is no less than 12 months. However, these results should be generalized with caution due to the generally low quality of evidence and RCTs.

Intra-articular injection of stromal vascular fraction for knee degenerative joint disease: a concise review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Autologous fat-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a mixed cell population that has been used for many years in regenerative plastic surgery. In terms of animal and clinical research, this concise review was performed to evaluate the efficacy of SVF in knee degenerative joint disease (KDJD), which could cause pain, disability and severely affect patients' lives. Thirteen studies retrieved and screened from the databases were included, including six animal studies and seven clinical trials. The meta-analysis of clinical research shows that intra-articular injection of SVF, in combination with adjuvant surgery, could alleviate pain and improve early functional recovery for patients with KDJD at Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades II-III.

Intra Articular Injection of Autologous Microfat and Platelets-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Wrist Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study

No injection treatment has been proven to be effective in wrist osteoarthritis. When conservative measures fail, its management involves invasive surgery. Emergence of biotherapies based on adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) offers promising treatments for chondral degenerative diseases. Microfat (MF) and platelets-rich plasma (PRP) mixture, rich in growth factors and ADSC could be a minimally invasive injectable option in the treatment of wrist osteoarthritis. The aim of this uncontrolled prospective study was to evaluate the safety of a 4 mL autologous MF-PRP intra-articular injection, performed under local anesthesia. The secondary purpose was to describe the clinical and MRI results at 12 months of follow-up. Patients' data collected were: occurrence of adverse effects, Visual analog scale (VAS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (DASH) and Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) scores, wrist strength, wrist range of motion and 5-level satisfaction scale. No serious adverse event was recorded. A statistically significant decrease in pain, DASH, PRWE and force was observed at each follow-up. Our preliminary results suggest that intra-articular autologous MF and PRP injection may be a new therapeutic strategy for wrist osteoarthritis resistant to medical symptomatic treatment prior to surgical interventions.

Microfragmented Adipose Tissue Versus Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial at 2-Year Follow-up

BACKGROUND

Intra-articular microfragmented adipose tissue (MF-AT) injections have been proposed for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA).

PURPOSE

To compare a single injection of MF-AT or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in terms of clinical outcomes and OA progression.

STUDY DESIGN

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

METHODS

A total of 118 patients with symptomatic knee OA were randomized to receive a single intra-articular injection of MF-AT or PRP. Patients were evaluated before the injection and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months with the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales, EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS), EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ-5D), and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. Primary outcomes were the IKDC subjective score and the KOOS pain subscore at 6 months. Knees were evaluated at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months with radiography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS).

RESULTS

Both MF-AT and PRP provided a statistically and clinically significant improvement up to 24 months. The improvement in the IKDC subjective score from baseline to 6 months was similar in both MF-AT (41.1 ± 16.3 to 57.3 ± 18.8) and PRP (44.8 ± 17.3 to 58.4 ± 18.1) groups (P < .0005). The improvement in the KOOS pain subscore from baseline to 6 months was similar in both the MF-AT (58.4 ± 15.9 to 75.8 ± 17.4) and PRP (63.5 ± 17.8 to 75.5 ± 16.1) groups (P < .0005). Overall, no differences were found between the MF-AT and PRP groups in terms of clinical outcomes, adverse events (18.9% and 10.9%, respectively), and failures (15.1% and 25.5%, respectively). Radiographic and MRI findings did not show changes after the injection. As a secondary outcome, more patients in the MF-AT group with moderate/severe OA reached the minimal clinically important difference for the IKDC score at 6 months compared with the PRP group (75.0% vs 34.6%, respectively; P = .005).

CONCLUSION

A single intra-articular injection of MF-AT was not superior to PRP, with comparable low numbers of failures and adverse events and without disease progression. No differences were found in clinical and imaging results between the 2 biological approaches.

Stromal vascular fraction therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review

Background:

Regenerative cell therapies, such as adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF), have been postulated as potential treatments for knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Objectives:

To assess the efficacy and safety of SVF treatment against placebo and other standard therapies for treating KOA in adult patients.

Design:

A systematic review.

Data sources and methods:

We searched the following databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Epistemonikos, PEDro, DynaMed, TripDatabase, Elsevier via Clinicalkey and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. We included prospective interventional studies where treatment with SVF in adults with KOA was compared against placebo or other standard therapies, and results were objectively measured with at least one widely recognised osteoarthritis scale.

Results:

Among 266 studies published until May 2021, nine met our inclusion criteria. A total of 239 patients (274 knees) were included in our study. The follow-up ranged from 6 to 24 months. Six studies had a control group (only one being placebo). All studies showed that SVF improved pain and functionality measured, in most cases, with the visual analogue scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. In addition, five studies reported an improvement in anatomical structures, as detected in MR images. However, the number of cells contained in SVF varied substantially between different studies, which could induce a comparison bias.

Conclusion:

Although based on a small number of dissimilar studies, SVF was considered a safe treatment for KOA and could be promising in terms of pain, functionality and anatomical structure improvement. However, SVF products need to be standardised, the number of cells homogenised and the use of concomitant treatments reduced to establish proper comparisons.

Registration:

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021284187.

Paracrine effect of the stromal vascular fraction containing M2 macrophages on human chondrocytes through the Smad2/3 signaling pathway

The adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is composed of a heterogeneous mix of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), macrophages, pericytes, fibroblasts, blood, and other cells. Previous studies have found that the paracrine effects of SVF cells may be therapeutic, but their role in osteoarthritis treatment remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of SVF cells on chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were seeded on culture plates alone (control) or cocultured with SVF or ADSCs on cell culture inserts. After 48 h of coculture, chondrocyte collagen II, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3), and matrix metalloproteinases-13 (MMP-13) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were evaluated using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels in the supernatant were measured using ELISA. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the macrophages in the SVF. These macrophages were characterized according to phenotype using the F4/80, CD86, and CD163 markers. To determine whether the Smad2/3 signaling pathways were involved, the chondrocytes were pre-treated with a Smad2/3 phosphorylation inhibitor and stimulated with the SVF, and then Smad2/3 phosphorylation levels were analyzed using western blot. The mRNA expression levels of various paracrine factors and chondrocyte pellet size were also assessed. Collagen II and TIMP-3 expression were higher in the SVF group than in the ADSC group and controls, while MMP-13 expression was the highest in the ADSC group and the lowest in the controls. TGF-β levels in the SVF group were also elevated. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry revealed that the macrophages in the SVF were of the anti-inflammatory phenotype. Western blot analysis showed that the SVF increased Smad2/3 phosphorylation, while Smad2/3 inhibitors decreased phosphorylation. Smad2/3 inhibitors also reduced the expression of various other paracrine factors and decreased chondrocyte pellet size. These findings suggested that the paracrine effect of heterogeneous cells, such as anti-inflammatory macrophages, in the SVF partly supports chondrocyte regeneration through TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation.

Short-term results of intra-articular injections of stromal vascular fraction for early knee osteoarthritis

Background

In knee osteoarthritis, progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage surface produces disability and chronic pain. Intra-articular injections of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) could be an innovative approach to manage patients with early knee osteoarthritis.

Methods

Between June 2019 and November 2020, 123 patients were recruited to receive intra-articular injection of SVF. Radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease was classified according to Kellgren and Lawrence grades. Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) and visual analog scale (VAS) were collected preoperatively, at 1 month, and after 6 months from injection.

Results

There was a statistically significant improvement of KOOS and VAS of all patients to 6 months (p < 0.05). The mean KOOS before injection was 51.4 ± 16.5, after 1 month it was 75.5 ± 15.8, and at 6 months it was 87.6 ± 7.7. Stratifying the mean KOOS according to Kellgren–Lawrence Grades, the difference remained statistically significant (p < 0.05). The patients’ mean VAS before injection was 6.5, after 1 month it was 3.5, and after 6 months it was 2.4. No complications were observed.

Conclusions

Intra-articular knee injection of SVF is safe and effective to ameliorate the clinical and functional scores in patients with early knee osteoarthritis for 6 months.

[Treatment options for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome and osteoarthritis]

Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a prearthritic deformity. Many patients with FAIS show signs of osteoarthritis at the time of initial presentation. Ideally, surgical correction of FAIS should stop the progression of osteoarthritis. However, biological changes in the joint, inflammatory processes, and patient-specific factors, which are not influenced by surgery, show a role in the progression of joint degeneration. Thus, it is not surprising that the results of joint-preserving surgery in FAIS and osteoarthritis Tönnis grade 2 and higher are bad, and patients often need to undergo total hip replacement (THR).Even in patients with initial osteoarthritis (Tönnis grade 1) the results of joint-preserving surgery are significantly worse in comparison to in patients without osteoarthritis. As this pathology occurs mainly in young patients, efforts should be made to avoid THR, as the risk of loosening and revision surgery is increased. Analysis of risk factors that lead to worse outcome in joint-preserving surgery can be helpful. Age > 45 years, adiposity, high alpha angle, CE angle < 25° and female sex are risk factors that lead to worse outcome in patients with risk factors and osteoarthritis Tönnis grade 1, the success rate of joint-preserving surgery after 5 years is below 50%. Therefore, we recommend non-surgical treatment. Promising is the use of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs), even if their routine use has not been established. If conservative therapy is not successful, THR is indicated. With the use of modern bearings, a survival rate of THR of more than 90% after 15 years is reported in patients < 50 years. Patient satisfaction after THR is higher than after joint-preserving surgery.The combination of treatment modalities like joint-preserving surgery in combination with the application of MPCs to both correct the mechanical conflict and also influence progression of osteoarthritis is promising the from a biological point of view.

In Vivo Model of Osteoarthritis to Compare Allogenic Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells and Autologous Adipose Derived Cells

Simple Summary

An early resolution of osteoarthritis (OA), through minimally invasive orthobiological solutions, would be important to enable a return to daily and sport activities, and delay prosthesis solutions. No study has yet evaluated amniotic epithelial stem cells (AECs) in OA. They could be considered a valid alternative to adipose derived cells, expanded or concentrated, because they differentiate into three lineages and express mesenchymal and embryonic markers, without a tumorigenic phenotype. The innovative aspects of this study are the comparison of three injective orthobiological treatments, the in vivo use of AECs in OA, and the evaluation of structural and inflammatory fronts of OA for up to six months.

Abstract

The challenge of osteoarthritis (OA) is to find a minimally invasive orthobiological therapy to contrast OA progression, on inflammatory and structural fronts. The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of an intra-articular injection of three orthobiological treatments, autologous culture expanded adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs), autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and allogenic culture expanded amniotic epithelial stem cells (AECs), in an animal model of OA. OA was induced in 24 sheep by bilateral lateral meniscectomy and, at 3 and 6 months post-treatment, the results were analyzed with macroscopy, histology, histomorphometry, and biochemistry. All the three treatments showed better results than control (injection of NaCl), but SVF and AECs showed superiority over ADSCs, because they induced higher cartilage regeneration and lower inflammation. SVF showed better results than AECs at 3 and 6 months. To conclude, SVF seems to be more favorable than the other biological options, because it is easily obtained and rapidly used after harvesting, with good healing potential. AECs cause no discomfort and could be also considered for the treatment of OA joints.