Three-dimensional-printed titanium implants for severe acetabular bone defects in revision hip arthroplasty: short- and mid-term results

Integrated Acetabular Prosthesis Versus Bone Grafting in Total Hip Arthroplasty for Crowe Type II and III Hip Dysplasia: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

OBJECTIVE

Many methods of acetabular reconstruction with total hip arthroplasty (THA) for Crowe type II and III adult developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) acetabular bone defect have been implemented clinically. However, there was no study comparing the results of integrated acetabular prosthesis (IAP) with bone grafting (BG). This study aims to investigate the efficacy of IAP and BG for acetabular reconstruction in Crowe type II and III DDH.

METHODS

The clinical data of 45 patients with unilateral Crowe type II and III DDH who underwent THA from January 2020 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: 25 patients using 3D-printed IAP (IAP group) and 20 patients using BG (BG group). The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. The clinical outcomes were assessed by Harris Hip Score (HHS) and full weight-bearing time. The radiological outcomes were evaluated by the radiological examination. Accordingly, intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed as well. The data between the two groups were compared by independent sample t-tests and the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between the two groups in Harris Hip Score (HHS) (preoperative, 6 months postoperative, and the last follow-up), leg length discrepancy (LLD), cup inclination, cup anteversion, vertical center of rotation (V-COR), horizontal center of rotation (H-COR) (p > 0.05). The mean HHS in the IAP group was higher than in the BG group at 1 and 3 months postoperative (p < 0.001). The mean surgical time and blood loss in the IAP group were less than in the BG group (p < 0.001). The mean full weight-bearing time in the IAP group was shorter than in the BG group (p < 0.01). No complications were observed in either group during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION

IAP and BG have similar radiographic outcomes and long-term clinical efficacy in THA for Crowe type II and III DDH, but the IAP technique has higher surgical safety and facilitates the recovery of hip joint function, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Innovations in three-dimensional-printed individualized bone prosthesis materials: revolutionizing orthopedic surgery: a review

The advent of personalized bone prosthesis materials and their integration into orthopedic surgery has made a profound impact, primarily as a result of the incorporation of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. By leveraging digital models and additive manufacturing techniques, 3D printing enables the creation of customized, high-precision bone implants tailored to address complex anatomical variabilities and challenging bone defects. In this review, we highlight the significant progress in utilizing 3D-printed prostheses across a wide range of orthopedic procedures, including pelvis, hip, knee, foot, ankle, spine surgeries, and bone tumor resections. The integration of 3D printing in preoperative planning, surgical navigation, and postoperative rehabilitation not only enhances treatment outcomes but also reduces surgical risks, accelerates recovery, and optimizes cost-effectiveness. Emphasizing the potential for personalized care and improved patient outcomes, this review underscores the pivotal role of 3D-printed bone prosthesis materials in advancing orthopedic practice towards precision, efficiency, and patient-centric solutions. The evolving landscape of 3D printing in orthopedic surgery holds promise for revolutionizing treatment approaches, enhancing surgical outcomes, and ultimately improving the quality of care for orthopedic patients.

3D-printed Personalized Porous Acetabular Component to Reconstruct Extensive Acetabular Bone Defects in Primary Hip Arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE

Management of extensive acetabular bone defects in total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains challenging. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of 3D-printed personalized porous acetabular components for the reconstruction of acetabular defects in primary THA.

METHODS

This retrospective study involved seven patients who received 3D-printed acetabular components in primary THA between July 2018 and March 2021. Preoperatively, acetabular bone defects were evaluated by referencing the Paprosky classification. There were two "Paprosky type IIIA" defects and five "Paprosky type IIIB" defects. The acetabular components were custom-made for each patient to reconstruct the extensive acetabular defects. The hip function was assessed according to the Harris hip score (HHS). Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed.

RESULTS

The average follow-up period was 40 months, ranging from 26 to 57 months. There were no patients lost to follow-up. The HHS improved from 44 (range: 33-53) before the operation to 88 (range: 79-93) at the final follow-up. Postoperative X-rays showed that the 3D-printed personalized components were properly fitted with the acetabulum. The average center of rotation (COR) discrepancy was 2.3 mm horizontally and 2.1 mm vertically, respectively. Tomosynthesis-Shimadzu metal artifact reduction technology images showed that the implant was in close contact with the host bone. Moreover, no complications were observed during the follow-up period, including loosening, dislocation, or component protrusion.

CONCLUSION

The implantation of 3D-printed personalized acetabular components showed accurate reconstruction, stable mechanical support, and favorable function at short-term follow-up. This may be a viable alternative method for reconstructing extensive acetabular defects in THA.

Evaluation and Management of Acetabular Bone Loss in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: A 10-year Update

Acetabular bone loss continues to be one of the most complex and challenging scenarios facing the orthopaedic surgeon. Preoperative planning and classification systems essentially have remained the same, with the Paprosky classification still being the most commonly used. Careful radiological assessment with well-defined criteria can accurately diagnose acetabular bone loss patterns with an associated chronic pelvic discontinuity before surgery. The use of cemented reconstruction techniques has declined, and contemporary practice trends have involved the increasing use of highly porous hemispherical shells in conjunction with modular porous metal augments, which can successfully treat most acetabular revisions. Noncemented treatment options for the management of acetabular bone loss during revision include conventional porous/modular highly porous hemispherical implants, nonmodular highly porous implants with cementable acetabular liners, cup-cage reconstruction, oblong cups, and triflange reconstruction. These options can be combined with modular porous metal augments, structural allografts, impaction grafting, or reconstruction cages. Acetabular distraction is a newer technique for chronic pelvic discontinuity, which is used in conjunction with off-the-shelf revision acetabular shells and modular porous metal augments. This review is an update over the past decade, highlighting studies with mid to long-term follow-up, and presents the advantages, disadvantages, and principles associated with each of the most commonly used reconstructive techniques.

Enhancing Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes: The Multifaceted Advantages, Limitations, and Future Directions of 3D Printing Technology

In the evolving field of orthopedic surgery, the integration of three-dimensional printing (3D printing) has emerged as a transformative technology, particularly in addressing the rising incidence of degenerative joint diseases. The integration of 3D printing technology in hip arthroplasty offers substantial advantages throughout the surgical process. In preoperative planning, 3D models enable meticulous assessments, aiding in accurate implant selection and precise surgical strategies. Intraoperatively, the technology contributes to precise prosthesis design, reducing operation duration, X-ray exposures, and blood loss. Beyond surgery, 3D printing revolutionizes medical equipment production, imaging, and implant design, showcasing benefits such as enhanced osseointegration and reduced stress shielding with titanium cups. Challenges include a higher risk of postoperative infection due to the porous surfaces of 3D-printed implants, technical complexities in the printing process, and the need for skilled manpower. Despite these challenges, the evolving nature of 3D printing technologies underscores the importance of relying on existing orthopedic surgical practices while emphasizing the need for standardized guidelines to fully harness its potential in improving patient care.

A prospective and consecutive study assessing short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of Chinese domestically manufactured 3D printing trabecular titanium acetabular cup for primary total hip arthroplasty: evaluation of 236 cases

Purpose

We prospectively evaluate the short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of the only Chinese domestically produced trabecular titanium acetabular cup(3D ACT™ cup) in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), aiming to provide evidence-based support for its clinical application.

Methods

A total of 236 patients, who underwent primary THA using 3D ACT™ cup in the Department of Joint Surgery at our hospital between January 2017 and June 2019, were included in this study. General patient data, imaging information, functional scores, and complications were collected to evaluate the early clinical efficacy.

Results

All patients were followed up for 33-52 months, with an average of (42.2 ± 9.2) months. At the last follow-up, the preoperative HHS score increased significantly from 43.7 ± 6.8 to 85.6 ± 9.3 points (P < 0.01). Similarly, the preoperative WOMAC scores showed significant improvement from 59.2 ± 5.8 to 13.1 ± 3.5 points (P < 0.01). 92.3% of the patients expressed satisfaction or high satisfaction with the clinical outcome. Furthermore, 87.7% of the acetabular cups were positioned within the Lewinnek safe zone, achieving successful reconstruction of the acetabular rotation center. The cup survival rate at the last follow-up was 100%.

Conclusions

The utilization of the only Chinese domestically manufactured 3D printing trabecular titanium acetabular cup in primary THA demonstrated favorable short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes. The acetabular cup exhibits excellent initial stability, high survival rate, and favorable osseointegration, leading to a significant enhancement in pain relief and functional improvement. In the future, larger sample sizes and multicenter prospective randomized controlled trials will be required to validate the long-term safety and effectiveness of this 3D ACT™ cup.

Beyond type III Paprosky acetabular defects: are partial pelvic replacements with iliosacral fixation successful?

PURPOSE

Supra-acetabular bone loss close beyond the sciatic notch is one of the most challenging defect types for stable anatomical reconstruction in revision arthroplasty. Using reconstruction strategies from tumour orthopaedic surgery, we adapted tricortical trans-iliosacral fixation options for custom-made implants in revision arthroplasty. The aim of the present study was to present the clinical and radiological results of this extraordinary pelvic defect reconstruction.

METHODS

Between 2016 and 2021, 10 patients with a custom-made pelvic construct using tricortical iliosacral fixation (see Fig. 1) were included in the study. Follow-up was 34 (SD 10; range 15-49) months. Postoperatively CT scans evaluating the implant position were performed. Functional outcome and the clinical results were recorded.

RESULTS

Implantation was possible as planned in all cases in 236 (SD 64: range 170-378) min. Correct centre of rotation (COR) reconstruction was possible in nine cases. One sacrum screw crossed a neuroforamen in one case without clinical symptoms. During the follow-up period, four further operations were required in two patients. There were no individual implant revisions or aseptic loosening recorded. The Harris Hip Score increased significantly from 27 Pts. to 67 Pts. with a mean improvement of 37 (p < 0.005). EQ-5D developed from 0.562 to 0.725 (p = 0.038) as a clear improvement in quality of life.

CONCLUSION

Custom-made partial pelvis replacement with iliosacral fixation offers a safe solution in "beyond Paprosky type III defects" for hip revision arthroplasty. Due to meticulous planning, precise implantation with good clinical outcome can be achieved. Furthermore, the functional outcome and patient satisfaction increased significantly showing promising early results with a relatively low complication rate.

Standardized 3D-printed trabecular titanium augment and cup for acetabular bone defects in revision hip arthroplasty: a mid-term follow-up study

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and outcomes of standardized three-dimensional (3D)-printed trabecular titanium (TT) cups and augments to reconstruct most acetabular defects.

METHODS

We included 58 patients with Paprosky type II and III acetabular bone defects who underwent revision hip arthroplasty between 2015 and 2018. Patients who were revised without 3D-printed augments, and cases who were lost to follow-up and died during follow-up were excluded. Radiographic and clinical outcomes were evaluated. A Kaplan-Meier survivorship curve was generated. The mean follow-up was 64.5 (range 49-84) months.

RESULTS

In total, 48 (82.8%) acetabular revisions were performed using standardized 3D-printed TT cups and augments, and a retrospective review was conducted on 43 revisions. The average position of the vertical center of rotation and leg length discrepancy were significantly decreased from 42.4 ± 9.1 mm and 38.4 ± 10.7 mm to 22.8 ± 3.4 mm and 4.1 ± 3.0 mm, respectively. Non-progressive radiolucent lines were observed in 3 (7.5%) acetabular components with no indications for revision. The mean Harris hip score, Oxford hip score and EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire score increased from 33.0 ± 10.7, 11.4 ± 3.4 and 0.29 ± 0.09 to 80.3 ± 8.8, 35.8 ± 2.4 and 0.71 ± 0.10, respectively. The revision-free survival rate of the acetabular component was 93.0% (40/43), with a rate of revision for aseptic loosening of 2.3% (1/43).

CONCLUSION

Standardized 3D‑printed TT augments and cups could be used to reconstruct the majority of Paprosky type II and III acetabular defects in revision hip arthroplasty and demonstrated encouraging results at mid-term follow-up.

Three dimensional printing as an aid for pre-operative planning in complex cases of total joint arthroplasty: A case series

Purpose

Digital templating is an essential aspect of pre-operative planning for total joint arthroplasty procedures. For complex cases of joint reconstruction, the standard templating software is insufficient to achieve the desired accuracy. 3D printing significantly aids the pre-operative planning in complicated cases of joint reconstruction and offers immense potential towards improving outcomes in these cases. The purpose of the present study is to present the various ways in which 3D printing has aided our department in facilitating complex cases of lower extremity reconstruction.

Methods

Data was retrospectively retrieved for all patients that underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with the aid of 3D printing technology at our institution between January 2016-February 2021. Patient pain was determined before and after surgery using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) were additionally analyzed using the hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS) and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS).

Results

The final study population consisted of 39 patients that underwent TKA or THA procedures with the use of 3D printing. Twenty-four (61.5%) of the surgeries in the study were THA procedures, whereas 15 (38.5%) were TKA procedures. The average VAS for patients reduced from 8.4% before surgery to 5.4% after surgery (p < 0.001). The mean KOOS of patients that underwent TKA was 17.33 ± 9.33 (43%) and the mean HOOS of patients that underwent THA was 13.79 ± 6.6 (42%).

Conclusions

The following series demonstrates the ability by which 3D printing facilitates complex cases of hip and knee reconstruction. 3D printing offers an improvement in understanding of patient specific anatomy, enhancing patient outcomes. Departments should consider the use of 3D printing technology as an adjunct when performing complex cases of lower extremity reconstruction.