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Holmes LB, Woodrow C, Sarria-S FA, Celiker E, Montealegre-Z F. Wing mechanics and acoustic communication of a new genus of sylvan katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae) from the Central Cordillera cloud forest of Colombia. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17501. [PMID: 38952987 PMCID: PMC11216201 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the file producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via μ-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from ~40-120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix, also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis B. Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Woodrow
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Norbyvägen, Sweden
| | - Fabio A. Sarria-S
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emine Celiker
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Montealegre-Z
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
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2
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Saha K, Joshi K, Balakrishnan R. Multimodal duetting in katydids under bat predation risk: a winning strategy for both sexes. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230110. [PMID: 37194255 PMCID: PMC10189300 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Duetting is a behaviour observed in some animal species, in which both males and females participate in signalling to find mates. It may have evolved as an adaptation to reduce the costs associated with mate-finding behaviours, such as predation risk. Duetting systems allow estimation of sex-specific predation risks of signalling and searching in the same species, giving insights into the selective forces acting on these behaviours. Using an acoustic-vibratory duetting katydid, Onomarchus uninotatus, and its bat predator, Megaderma spasma, we estimated the sex-specific predation costs of different mate-finding behaviours, such as walking, flying and signalling, by conducting experiments with untethered live katydids and bats. We found that acoustic-vibratory duetting benefits both the sexes as a low-risk mate-finding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Saha
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kunjan Joshi
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonepet, Haryana, India
| | - Rohini Balakrishnan
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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3
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Bernal XE, Page RA. Tactics of evasion: strategies used by signallers to deter eavesdropping enemies from exploiting communication systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:222-242. [PMID: 36176190 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eavesdropping predators, parasites and parasitoids exploit signals emitted by their prey and hosts for detection, assessment, localization and attack, and in the process impose strong selective pressures on the communication systems of the organisms they exploit. Signallers have evolved numerous anti-eavesdropper strategies to mitigate the trade-off between the costs imposed from signal exploitation and the need for conspecific communication. Eavesdropper strategies fall along a continuum from opportunistic to highly specialized, and the tightness of the eavesdropper-signaller relationship results in differential pressures on communication systems. A wide variety of anti-eavesdropper strategies mitigate the trade-off between eavesdropper exploitation and conspecific communication. Antagonistic selection from eavesdroppers can result in diverse outcomes including modulation of signalling displays, signal structure, and evolutionary loss or gain of a signal from a population. These strategies often result in reduced signal conspicuousness and in decreased signal ornamentation. Eavesdropping enemies, however, can also promote signal ornamentation. While less common, this alternative outcome offers a unique opportunity to dissect the factors that may lead to different evolutionary pathways. In addition, contrary to traditional assumptions, no sensory modality is completely 'safe' as eavesdroppers are ubiquitous and have a broad array of sensory filters that allow opportunity for signal exploitation. We discuss how anthropogenic change affects interactions between eavesdropping enemies and their victims as it rapidly modifies signalling environments and community composition. Drawing on diverse research from a range of taxa and sensory modalities, we synthesize current knowledge on anti-eavesdropper strategies, discuss challenges in this field and highlight fruitful new directions for future research. Ultimately, this review offers a conceptual framework to understand the diverse strategies used by signallers to communicate under the pressure imposed by their eavesdropping enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena E Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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4
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Sedlock JL, Gomes DGE, Rubin JJ, Woody S, Hadi BAR, Barber JR. A phantom ultrasonic insect chorus repels low‐flying bats, but most are undeterred. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dylan G. E. Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise ID USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies Hatfield Marine Science CenterOregon State University Newport OR USA
| | - Juliette J. Rubin
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise ID USA
| | - Sarah Woody
- Biology Department Lawrence University Appleton WI USA
| | - Buyung A. R. Hadi
- Sustainable Impact Platform International Rice Research Institute Los Baños Philippines
| | - Jesse R. Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise ID USA
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5
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Symes LB, Martinson SJ, Kernan CE, Ter Hofstede HM. Sheep in wolves' clothing: prey rely on proactive defences when predator and non-predator cues are similar. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201212. [PMID: 32842929 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation produces intense selection and a diversity of defences. Reactive defences are triggered by predator cues, whereas proactive defences are always in effect. We assess whether prey rely on proactive defences when predator cues do not correlate well with predation risk. Many bats use echolocation to hunt insects, and many insects have evolved to hear bats. However, in species-rich environments like Neotropical forests, bats have extremely diverse foraging strategies, and the presence of echolocation corresponds only weakly to the presence of predators. We assess whether katydids that live in habitats with many non-dangerous bat species stop calling when exposed to echolocation. For 11 species of katydids, we quantified behavioural and neural responses to predator cues, and katydid signalling activity over 24 h periods. Despite having the sensory capacity to detect predators, many Neotropical forest katydids continued calling in the presence of predator cues, displaying proactive defences instead (short, infrequent calls totalling less than 2 cumulative seconds of sound per 24 h). Neotropical katydid signalling illustrates a fascinating case where trophic interactions are probably mediated by a third group: bats with alternative foraging strategies (e.g. frugivory). Although these co-occurring bats are not trophically connected, their mere presence disrupts the correlation between cue and predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B Symes
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Sharon J Martinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Ciara E Kernan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Hannah M Ter Hofstede
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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6
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Tanner JC, Justison J, Bee MA. SynSing: open-source MATLAB code for generating synthetic signals in studies of animal acoustic communication. BIOACOUSTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2019.1674694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie C. Tanner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Joshua Justison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mark A. Bee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Page RA, Bernal XE. The challenge of detecting prey: Private and social information use in predatory bats. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ximena E. Bernal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panamá
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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8
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Geluso K, Keele EC, Pauley NM, Gomez IR, Tye SP. Night-Roosting Behaviors for the Northern Long-Eared Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) Under a Bridge Revealed by Time-Lapse Photography. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-179.2.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Geluso
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska 68849
| | - Emma C. Keele
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska 68849
| | - Nicole M. Pauley
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska 68849
| | - Isabella R. Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska 68849
| | - Simon P. Tye
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska 68849
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9
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Divoll TJ, Brown VA, Kinne J, McCracken GF, O'Keefe JM. Disparities in second-generation DNA metabarcoding results exposed with accessible and repeatable workflows. Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 18:590-601. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Divoll
- Department of Biology; Center for Bat Research; Outreach, and Conservation; Indiana State University; Terre Haute IN USA
| | - Veronica A. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
- Genomics Core; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Jeff Kinne
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science; Indiana State University; Terre Haute IN USA
| | - Gary F. McCracken
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Joy M. O'Keefe
- Department of Biology; Center for Bat Research; Outreach, and Conservation; Indiana State University; Terre Haute IN USA
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10
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Ter Hofstede HM, Ratcliffe JM. Evolutionary escalation: the bat-moth arms race. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:1589-602. [PMID: 27252453 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.086686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Echolocation in bats and high-frequency hearing in their insect prey make bats and insects an ideal system for studying the sensory ecology and neuroethology of predator-prey interactions. Here, we review the evolutionary history of bats and eared insects, focusing on the insect order Lepidoptera, and consider the evidence for antipredator adaptations and predator counter-adaptations. Ears evolved in a remarkable number of body locations across insects, with the original selection pressure for ears differing between groups. Although cause and effect are difficult to determine, correlations between hearing and life history strategies in moths provide evidence for how these two variables influence each other. We consider life history variables such as size, sex, circadian and seasonal activity patterns, geographic range and the composition of sympatric bat communities. We also review hypotheses on the neural basis for anti-predator behaviours (such as evasive flight and sound production) in moths. It is assumed that these prey adaptations would select for counter-adaptations in predatory bats. We suggest two levels of support for classifying bat traits as counter-adaptations: traits that allow bats to eat more eared prey than expected based on their availability in the environment provide a low level of support for counter-adaptations, whereas traits that have no other plausible explanation for their origination and maintenance than capturing defended prey constitute a high level of support. Specific predator counter-adaptations include calling at frequencies outside the sensitivity range of most eared prey, changing the pattern and frequency of echolocation calls during prey pursuit, and quiet, or 'stealth', echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Ter Hofstede
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - John M Ratcliffe
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
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11
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Strauß J, Alt JA, Ekschmitt K, Schul J, Lakes-Harlan R. Evolutionary diversification of the auditory organ sensilla in Neoconocephalus katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) correlates with acoustic signal diversification over phylogenetic relatedness and life history. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1094-1109. [PMID: 28295793 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neoconocephalus Tettigoniidae are a model for the evolution of acoustic signals as male calls have diversified in temporal structure during the radiation of the genus. The call divergence and phylogeny in Neoconocephalus are established, but in tettigoniids in general, accompanying evolutionary changes in hearing organs are not studied. We investigated anatomical changes of the tympanal hearing organs during the evolutionary radiation and divergence of intraspecific acoustic signals. We compared the neuroanatomy of auditory sensilla (crista acustica) from nine Neoconocephalus species for the number of auditory sensilla and the crista acustica length. These parameters were correlated with differences in temporal call features, body size, life histories and different phylogenetic positions. By this, adaptive responses to shifting frequencies of male calls and changes in their temporal patterns can be evaluated against phylogenetic constraints and allometry. All species showed well-developed auditory sensilla, on average 32-35 between species. Crista acustica length and sensillum numbers correlated with body size, but not with phylogenetic position or life history. Statistically significant correlations existed also with specific call patterns: a higher number of auditory sensilla occurred in species with continuous calls or slow pulse rates, and a longer crista acustica occurred in species with double pulses or slow pulse rates. The auditory sensilla show significant differences between species despite their recent radiation, and morphological and ecological similarities. This indicates the responses to natural and sexual selection, including divergence of temporal and spectral signal properties. Phylogenetic constraints are unlikely to limit these changes of the auditory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Strauß
- Institute for Animal Physiology, AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - J A Alt
- Institute for Animal Physiology, AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - K Ekschmitt
- Institute for Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - J Schul
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Lakes-Harlan
- Institute for Animal Physiology, AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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12
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ter Hofstede H, Voigt-Heucke S, Lang A, Römer H, Page R, Faure P, Dechmann D. Revisiting adaptations of neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) to gleaning bat predation. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2017; 3:41-49. [PMID: 28261664 PMCID: PMC5312797 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2016.1272314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All animals have defenses against predators, but assessing the effectiveness of such traits is challenging. Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) are an abundant, ubiquitous, and diverse group of large insects eaten by a variety of predators, including substrate-gleaning bats. Gleaning bats capture food from surfaces and usually use prey-generated sounds to detect and locate prey. A number of Neotropical katydid signaling traits, such as the emission of ultrasonic frequencies, substrate vibration communication, infrequent calling, and ultrasound-evoked song cessation are thought to have evolved as defenses against substrate-gleaning bats. We collected insect remains from hairy big-eared bat (Micronycteris hirsuta) roosts in Panama. We identified insect remains to order, species, or genus and quantified the proportion of prey with defenses against predatory bats based on defenses described in the literature. Most remains were from katydids and half of those were from species with documented defenses against substrate-gleaning bats. Many culled remains were from insects that do not emit mate-calling songs (e.g. beetles, dragonflies, cockroaches, and female katydids), indicating that eavesdropping on prey signals is not the only prey-finding strategy used by this bat. Our results show that substrate-gleaning bats can occasionally overcome katydid defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Voigt-Heucke
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Rachel Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
| | - Paul Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dina Dechmann
- Department of Biology, Universitat Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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13
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Rhebergen F, Taylor RC, Ryan MJ, Page RA, Halfwerk W. Multimodal cues improve prey localization under complex environmental conditions. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1403. [PMID: 26336176 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators often eavesdrop on sexual displays of their prey. These displays can provide multimodal cues that aid predators, but the benefits in attending to them should depend on the environmental sensory conditions under which they forage. We assessed whether bats hunting for frogs use multimodal cues to locate their prey and whether their use varies with ambient conditions. We used a robotic set-up mimicking the sexual display of a male túngara frog (Physalaemus pustulosus) to test prey assessment by fringe-lipped bats (Trachops cirrhosus). These predatory bats primarily use sound of the frog's call to find their prey, but the bats also use echolocation cues returning from the frog's dynamically moving vocal sac. In the first experiment, we show that multimodal cues affect attack behaviour: bats made narrower flank attack angles on multimodal trials compared with unimodal trials during which they could only rely on the sound of the frog. In the second experiment, we explored the bat's use of prey cues in an acoustically more complex environment. Túngara frogs often form mixed-species choruses with other frogs, including the hourglass frog (Dendropsophus ebraccatus). Using a multi-speaker set-up, we tested bat approaches and attacks on the robofrog under three different levels of acoustic complexity: no calling D. ebraccatus males, two calling D. ebraccatus males and five D. ebraccatus males. We found that bats are more directional in their approach to the robofrog when more D. ebraccatus males were calling. Thus, bats seemed to benefit more from multimodal cues when confronted with increased levels of acoustic complexity in their foraging environments. Our data have important consequences for our understanding of the evolution of multimodal sexual displays as they reveal how environmental conditions can alter the natural selection pressures acting on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rhebergen
- Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, PO Box 9516, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - R C Taylor
- Department of Biology, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - M J Ryan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - W Halfwerk
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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14
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Male treefrogs in low condition resume signaling faster following simulated predator attack. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-2054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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To Scream or to Listen? Prey Detection and Discrimination in Animal-Eating Bats. BAT BIOACOUSTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3527-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Clare EL, Holderied MW. Acoustic shadows help gleaning bats find prey, but may be defeated by prey acoustic camouflage on rough surfaces. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26327624 PMCID: PMC4550812 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual abilities of animals, like echolocating bats, are difficult to study because they challenge our understanding of non-visual senses. We used novel acoustic tomography to convert echoes into visual representations and compare these cues to traditional echo measurements. We provide a new hypothesis for the echo-acoustic basis of prey detection on surfaces. We propose that bats perceive a change in depth profile and an 'acoustic shadow' cast by prey. The shadow is more salient than prey echoes and particularly strong on smooth surfaces. This may explain why bats look for prey on flat surfaces like leaves using scanning behaviour. We propose that rather than forming search images for prey, whose characteristics are unpredictable, predators may look for disruptions to the resting surface (acoustic shadows). The fact that the acoustic shadow is much fainter on rougher resting surfaces provides the first empirical evidence for 'acoustic camouflage' as an anti-predator defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc W Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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17
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Rajaraman K, Godthi V, Pratap R, Balakrishnan R. A novel acoustic-vibratory multimodal duet. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3042-50. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The communication strategy of most crickets and bushcrickets typically consists of males broadcasting loud acoustic calling songs, while females perform phonotaxis, moving towards the source of the call. Males of the pseudophylline bushcricket species Onomarchus uninotatus produce an unusually low-pitched call, and we found that the immediate and most robust response of females to the male acoustic call was a bodily vibration, or tremulation, following each syllable of the call. We hypothesized that these bodily oscillations might send out a vibrational signal along the substrate on which the female stands, which males could use to localize her position. We quantified these vibrational signals using a laser vibrometer and found a clear phase relationship of alternation between the chirps of the male acoustic call and the female vibrational response. This system therefore constitutes a novel multimodal duet with a reliable temporal structure. We also found that males could localize the source of vibration but only if both the acoustic and vibratory components of the duet were played back. This unique multimodal duetting system may have evolved in response to higher levels of bat predation on searching bushcricket females than calling males, shifting a part of the risks associated with partner localization onto the male. This is the first known example of bushcricket female tremulation in response to a long-range male acoustic signal and of a multimodal duet among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveri Rajaraman
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, Hyderabad Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Vamsy Godthi
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Rudra Pratap
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Rohini Balakrishnan
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
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Hulgard K, Ratcliffe JM. Niche-specific cognitive strategies: object memory interferes with spatial memory in the predatory bat Myotis nattereri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:3293-300. [PMID: 25013105 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Related species with different diets are predicted to rely on different cognitive strategies: those best suited for locating available and appropriate foods. Here we tested two predictions of the niche-specific cognitive strategies hypothesis in bats, which suggests that predatory species should rely more on object memory than on spatial memory for finding food and that the opposite is true of frugivorous and nectivorous species. Specifically, we predicted that: (1) predatory bats would readily learn to associate shapes with palatable prey and (2) once bats had made such associations, these would interfere with their subsequent learning of a spatial memory task. We trained free-flying Myotis nattereri to approach palatable and unpalatable insect prey suspended below polystyrene objects. Experimentally naïve bats learned to associate different objects with palatable and unpalatable prey but performed no better than chance in a subsequent spatial memory experiment. Because experimental sequence was predicted to be of consequence, we introduced a second group of bats first to the spatial memory experiment. These bats learned to associate prey position with palatability. Control trials indicated that bats made their decisions based on information acquired through echolocation. Previous studies have shown that bat species that eat mainly nectar and fruit rely heavily on spatial memory, reflecting the relative consistency of distribution of fruit and nectar compared with insects. Our results support the niche-specific cognitive strategies hypothesis and suggest that for gleaning and clutter-resistant aerial hawking bats, learning to associate shape with food interferes with subsequent spatial memory learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Hulgard
- Sound and Behaviour Group, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - John M Ratcliffe
- Sound and Behaviour Group, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, ON M5S 3B2, Canada Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
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Clare EL, Goerlitz HR, Drapeau VA, Holderied MW, Adams AM, Nagel J, Dumont ER, Hebert PDN, Brock Fenton M. Trophic niche flexibility inGlossophaga soricina: how a nectar seeker sneaks an insect snack. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Clare
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Woodland RoadBristol BS8 IUG UK
| | - Holger R. Goerlitz
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Woodland RoadBristol BS8 IUG UK
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Sensory Ecology Group Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Straße Seewiesen 82319 Germany
| | - Violaine A. Drapeau
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Woodland RoadBristol BS8 IUG UK
| | - Marc W. Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Woodland RoadBristol BS8 IUG UK
| | - Amanda M. Adams
- Department of Biology Western University 1151 Richmond StreetLondon ON Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Juliet Nagel
- Center For Environmental Science Appalachian Laboratory University of Maryland 301 Braddock RoadFrostburg MD21532 USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Dumont
- Department of Biology University of Massachusetts 221 Morrill Science Center, 611 N Pleasant St Amherst MA01002 USA
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Department of Integrative Biology Biodiversity Institute of Ontario University of Guelph Guelph ONCanada N1G 2W1
| | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology Western University 1151 Richmond StreetLondon ON Canada N6A 5B7
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Monceau K, Arca M, Leprêtre L, Mougel F, Bonnard O, Silvain JF, Maher N, Arnold G, Thiéry D. Native Prey and Invasive Predator Patterns of Foraging Activity: The Case of the Yellow-Legged Hornet Predation at European Honeybee Hives. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66492. [PMID: 23823754 PMCID: PMC3688903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to native predators, which have co-evolved with their prey, alien predators often benefit from native prey naïveté. Vespa velutina, a honeybee predator originating from Eastern China, was introduced into France just before 2004. The present study, based on video recordings of two beehives at an early stage of the invasion process, intends to analyse the alien hornet hunting behaviour on the native prey, Apis mellifera, and to understand the interaction between the activity of the predator and the prey during the day and the season. Chasing hornets spent most of their time hovering facing the hive, to catch flying honeybees returning to the hive. The predation pressure increased during the season confirming previous study based on predator trapping. The number of honeybee captures showed a maximum peak for an intermediate number of V. velutina, unrelated to honeybee activity, suggesting the occurrence of competition between hornets. The number of honeybees caught increased during midday hours while the number of hornets did not vary, suggesting an increase in their efficacy. These results suggest that the impact of V. velutina on honeybees is limited by its own biology and behaviour and did not match the pattern of activity of its prey. Also, it could have been advantageous during the invasion, limiting resource depletion and thus favouring colonisation. This lack of synchronization may also be beneficial for honeybee colonies by giving them an opportunity to increase their activity when the hornets are less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Monceau
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, INRA, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Mariangela Arca
- CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS, 91198– Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Unité de Recherche IRD 072, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS, 91198– Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Lisa Leprêtre
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, INRA, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Florence Mougel
- CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS, 91198– Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Unité de Recherche IRD 072, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS, 91198– Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Bonnard
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, INRA, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Jean-François Silvain
- CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS, 91198– Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Unité de Recherche IRD 072, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS, 91198– Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Nevile Maher
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, INRA, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Gérard Arnold
- CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS, 91198– Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Unité de Recherche IRD 072, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS, 91198– Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Denis Thiéry
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, INRA, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- * E-mail:
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Geipel I, Jung K, Kalko EKV. Perception of silent and motionless prey on vegetation by echolocation in the gleaning bat Micronycteris microtis. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122830. [PMID: 23325775 PMCID: PMC3574334 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gleaning insectivorous bats that forage by using echolocation within dense forest vegetation face the sensorial challenge of acoustic masking effects. Active perception of silent and motionless prey in acoustically cluttered environments by echolocation alone has thus been regarded impossible. The gleaning insectivorous bat Micronycteris microtis however, forages in dense understory vegetation and preys on insects, including dragonflies, which rest silent and motionless on vegetation. From behavioural experiments, we show that M. microtis uses echolocation as the sole sensorial modality for successful prey perception within a complex acoustic environment. All individuals performed a stereotypical three-dimensional hovering flight in front of prey items, while continuously emitting short, multi-harmonic, broadband echolocation calls. We observed a high precision in target localization which suggests that M. microtis perceives a detailed acoustic image of the prey based on shape, surface structure and material. Our experiments provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that a gleaning bat uses echolocation alone for successful detection, classification and precise localization of silent and motionless prey in acoustic clutter. Overall, we conclude that the three-dimensional hovering flight of M. microtis in combination with a frequent emission of short, high-frequency echolocation calls is the key for active prey perception in acoustically highly cluttered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Geipel
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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Hartbauer M, Ofner E, Grossauer V, Siemers BM. The cercal organ may provide singing tettigoniids a backup sensory system for the detection of eavesdropping bats. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12698. [PMID: 20856887 PMCID: PMC2938355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conspicuous signals, such as the calling songs of tettigoniids, are intended to attract mates but may also unintentionally attract predators. Among them bats that listen to prey-generated sounds constitute a predation pressure for many acoustically communicating insects as well as frogs. As an adaptation to protect against bat predation many insect species evolved auditory sensitivity to bat-emitted echolocation signals. Recently, the European mouse-eared bat species Myotis myotis and M. blythii oxygnathus were found to eavesdrop on calling songs of the tettigoniid Tettigonia cantans. These gleaning bats emit rather faint echolocation signals when approaching prey and singing insects may have difficulty detecting acoustic predator-related signals. The aim of this study was to determine (1) if loud self-generated sound produced by European tettigoniids impairs the detection of pulsed ultrasound and (2) if wind-sensors on the cercal organ function as a sensory backup system for bat detection in tettigoniids. We addressed these questions by combining a behavioral approach to study the response of two European tettigoniid species to pulsed ultrasound, together with an electrophysiological approach to record the activity of wind-sensitive interneurons during real attacks of the European mouse-eared bat species Myotis myotis. Results showed that singing T. cantans males did not respond to sequences of ultrasound pulses, whereas singing T. viridissima did respond with predominantly brief song pauses when ultrasound pulses fell into silent intervals or were coincident with the production of soft hemi-syllables. This result, however, strongly depended on ambient temperature with a lower probability for song interruption observable at 21°C compared to 28°C. Using extracellular recordings, dorsal giant interneurons of tettigoniids were shown to fire regular bursts in response to attacking bats. Between the first response of wind-sensitive interneurons and contact, a mean time lag of 860 ms was found. This time interval corresponds to a bat-to-prey distance of ca. 72 cm. This result demonstrates the efficiency of the cercal system of tettigoniids in detecting attacking bats and suggests this sensory system to be particularly valuable for singing insects that are targeted by eavesdropping bats.
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Behavioral evidence for eavesdropping on prey song in two Palearctic sibling bat species. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Auditory-based defence against gleaning bats in neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2010; 196:349-58. [PMID: 20237786 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) are preyed on by gleaning bats, which are known to use male calling songs to locate them. At least one katydid species has been reported to stop singing in response to bat echolocation calls. To investigate the relationship between this behavioural defence and ecological and sensory factors, we surveyed calling song characteristics, song cessation in response to the echolocation calls of a sympatric gleaning bat (Trachops cirrhosus), and T-cell responses (an auditory interneuron sensitive to ultrasound) in five katydid species from Panamá. The two katydid species that stopped singing in response to bat calls (Balboa tibialis and Ischnomela gracilis, Pseudophyllinae) also had the highest T-cell spike number and rate in response to these stimuli. The third pseudophylline species (Docidocercus gigliotosi) did not reliably cease singing and had low T-cell spiking activity. Neoconocephalus affinis (Copiphorinae) produced continuous calling song, possibly preventing males from hearing the bat during singing, and did not show a behavioural response despite high T-cell activity in response to bat calls. Steirodon rufolineatum (Phaneropterinae) did not cease singing and differed in T-cell activity compared to the other species. T-cell function might not be conserved in katydids, and evidence for this idea is discussed.
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Rosen MJ, Levin EC, Hoy RR. The cost of assuming the life history of a host: acoustic startle in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 212:4056-64. [PMID: 19946084 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.033183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the obligatory reproductive dependence of a parasite on its host, the parasite must trade the benefit of 'outsourcing' functions like reproduction for the risk of assuming hazards associated with the host. In the present study, we report behavioral adaptations of a parasitic fly, Ormia ochracea, that resemble those of its cricket hosts. Ormia females home in on the male cricket's songs and deposit larvae, which burrow into the cricket, feed and emerge to pupate. Because male crickets call at night, gravid female Ormia in search of hosts are subject to bat predation, in much the same way as female crickets are when responding to male song. We show that Ormia has evolved the same evasive behavior as have crickets: an acoustic startle response to bat-like ultrasound that manifests clearly only during flight. Furthermore, like crickets, Ormia has a sharp response boundary between the frequencies of song and bat cries, resembling categorical perception first described in the context of human speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosen
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Gridi-Papp M, Narins PM. Environmental influences in the evolution of tetrapod hearing sensitivity and middle ear tuning. Integr Comp Biol 2009; 49:702-16. [PMID: 21665852 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icp088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates inhabit and communicate acoustically in most natural environments. We review the influence of environmental factors on the hearing sensitivity of terrestrial vertebrates, and on the anatomy and mechanics of the middle ears. Evidence suggests that both biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect the evolution of bandwidth and frequency of peak sensitivity of the hearing spectrum. Relevant abiotic factors include medium type, temperature, and noise produced by nonliving sources. Biotic factors include heterospecific, conspecific, or self-produced sounds that animals are selected to recognize, and acoustic interference by sounds that other animals generate. Within each class of tetrapods, the size of the middle ear structures correlates directly to body size and inversely to frequency of peak sensitivity. Adaptation to the underwater medium in cetaceans involved reorganization of the middle ear for novel acoustic pathways, whereas adaptation to subterranean life in several mammals resulted in hypertrophy of the middle ear ossicles to enhance their inertial mass for detection of seismic vibrations. The comparative approach has revealed a number of generalities about the effect of environmental factors on hearing performance and middle ear structure across species. The current taxonomic sampling of the major tetrapod groups is still highly unbalanced and incomplete. Future expansion of the comparative evidence should continue to reveal general patterns and novel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gridi-Papp
- *Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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