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Xie PZ, Fan YX, Chapman C, Ma C, Wu CF, Hu P, Hu LL, Fan PF. Determinants of macaques' space use: A test for the ecological constraints model using GPS collars. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23636. [PMID: 38824636 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
As a central topic in Behavioral Ecology, animal space use involves dynamic responses to social and ecological factors. We collared 22 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from six groups on Neilingding Island, China, and collected 80,625 hourly fixes over a year. Using this high-resolution location data set, we quantified the macaques' space use at the individual level and tested the ecological constraints model while considering various environmental and human interfering factors. As predicted by the ecological constraints model, macaques in larger groups had longer daily path lengths (DPLs) and larger home ranges. We found an inverted U-shape relationship between mean daily temperatures and DPLs, indicating that macaques traveled farther on mild temperature days, while they decreased DPLs when temperatures were too high or too low. Anthropogenic food subsidies were positively correlated to DPLs, while the effect of rainfall was negative. Macaques decreased their DPLs and core areas when more flowers and less leaves were available, suggesting that macaques shifted their space use patterns to adapt to the seasonal differences in food resources. By applying GPS collars on a large number of individuals living on a small island, we gained valuable insights into within-group exploitation competition in wild rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Zhen Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Colin Chapman
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Chi Ma
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali university, Dali, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Neilingding-Futian National Nature Reserve of Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liu-Liu Hu
- Neilingding-Futian National Nature Reserve of Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Arseneau-Robar TJ, Teichroeb JA, Macintosh AJJ, Saj TL, Glotfelty E, Lucci S, Sicotte P, Wikberg EC. When population growth intensifies intergroup competition, female colobus monkeys free-ride less. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14363. [PMID: 38906888 PMCID: PMC11192885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Intergroup aggression often results in the production of public goods, such as a safe and stable social environment and a home range containing the resources required to survive and reproduce. We investigate temporal variation in intergroup aggression in a growing population of colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) to ask a novel question: "Who stepped-up to produce these public goods when doing so became more difficult?". Both whole-group encounters and male incursions occurred more frequently as the population grew. Males and females were both more likely to participate in whole-group encounters when monopolizable food resources were available, indicating both sexes engaged in food defence. However, only females increasingly did so as the population grew, suggesting that it was females who increasingly produced the public good of home range defence as intergroup competition intensified. Females were also more active in male incursions at high population densities, suggesting they increasingly produced the public good of a safe and stable social environment. This is not to say that males were chronic free-riders when it came to maintaining public goods. Males consistently participated in the majority of intergroup interactions throughout the study period, indicating they may have lacked the capacity to invest more time and effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie A Teichroeb
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Tania L Saj
- Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Emily Glotfelty
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Sara Lucci
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Pascale Sicotte
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eva C Wikberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, USA.
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3
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Teichroeb JA, Adams FV, Khwaja A, Stapelfeldt K, Stead SM. Tight quarters: ranging and feeding competition in a Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii multilevel society occupying a fragmented habitat. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03166-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Wikberg EC, Gonzalez S, Rodriguez C, Sicotte P. Joint intergroup aggression in female colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) is associated with grooming bonds, male participation, and group size. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23355. [PMID: 34927751 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cooperative home range defense is common in primates, despite a collective action problem that arises when group members benefit from winning the intergroup encounter regardless of whether they participate. The costs associated with this collective action problem may be mitigated by residing in small groups, residing with kin, or by forming strong bonds with group members. The potential to decouple the effects of these variables provided an opportunity to investigate which of these three variables best explains coparticipation in intergroup encounters among adult and subadult female colobus at Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana. Because males are often the main participants, we also investigated the relationship between female-female coparticipation and adult and subadult male participation. We collected intergroup behaviors from 94 adult and subadult individuals in eight groups during 1 year. We quantified female grooming bond strength and approach rates using focal samples. We classified female dyads as close kin (i.e., halfsiblings or more closely related) or nonkin based on partial pedigrees and genotypes generated from 17 STR loci. Female-female coparticipation was higher in dyads with stronger grooming bonds but was not associated with dyadic kinship, approach rate, or age class. Female coparticipation decreased with increasing female group size as expected if there is a collective action problem. Females coparticipated less in groups with more males and male intergroup aggression, possibly because there is less need for female-female cooperation if males are participating in the intergroup encounter. Females in smaller groups may not only benefit from increased female-female cooperation during intergroup encounters, they are also likely to reside with a higher-quality alpha male, both of which may increase the likelihood of winning intergroup encounters. There may be strong selection for facultative female dispersal in populations like the Boabeng-Fiema colobus in which small groups are associated with multiple benefits and cooperation is not affected by kinship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Wikberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sofia Gonzalez
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Cynthia Rodriguez
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Pascale Sicotte
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Killen SS, Cortese D, Cotgrove L, Jolles JW, Munson A, Ioannou CC. The Potential for Physiological Performance Curves to Shape Environmental Effects on Social Behavior. Front Physiol 2021; 12:754719. [PMID: 34858209 PMCID: PMC8632012 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.754719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As individual animals are exposed to varying environmental conditions, phenotypic plasticity will occur in a vast array of physiological traits. For example, shifts in factors such as temperature and oxygen availability can affect the energy demand, cardiovascular system, and neuromuscular function of animals that in turn impact individual behavior. Here, we argue that nonlinear changes in the physiological traits and performance of animals across environmental gradients—known as physiological performance curves—may have wide-ranging effects on the behavior of individual social group members and the functioning of animal social groups as a whole. Previous work has demonstrated how variation between individuals can have profound implications for socially living animals, as well as how environmental conditions affect social behavior. However, the importance of variation between individuals in how they respond to changing environmental conditions has so far been largely overlooked in the context of animal social behavior. First, we consider the broad effects that individual variation in performance curves may have on the behavior of socially living animals, including: (1) changes in the rank order of performance capacity among group mates across environments; (2) environment-dependent changes in the amount of among- and within-individual variation, and (3) differences among group members in terms of the environmental optima, the critical environmental limits, and the peak capacity and breadth of performance. We then consider the ecological implications of these effects for a range of socially mediated phenomena, including within-group conflict, within- and among group assortment, collective movement, social foraging, predator-prey interactions and disease and parasite transfer. We end by outlining the type of empirical work required to test the implications for physiological performance curves in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daphne Cortese
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Cotgrove
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jolle W Jolles
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amelia Munson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christos C Ioannou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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6
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Dissecting the two mechanisms of scramble competition among the Virunga mountain gorillas. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021; 75:82. [PMID: 34776593 PMCID: PMC8550613 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain why scramble competition can increase the travel requirements of individuals within larger groups. Firstly, individuals in larger groups may be more likely to encounter food sites where other group members have already eaten, leading to greater asynchronous “individual” travel to find fresh sites. Secondly, when food sites are aggregated into patches, larger groups may need to visit more patches to obtain the same amount of food per capita, leading to greater synchronous “group” travel between patches. If the first mechanism can be mitigated by increasing group spread, then we expect the second mechanism to be more sensitive to group size. Here, we examine the individual travel and group travel of the Virunga mountain gorillas, along with potential implications for the two mechanisms of scramble competition. Asynchronous individual travel accounted for 67% of the total travel time, and the remainder arose from group travel. Group spread increased significantly for larger groups, but not enough to prevent an increase in individual travel. Contrary to expectations, group travel decreased with size among most groups, and we found only limited evidence of patch depletion that would cause the second mechanism of scramble competition. Collectively, our results illustrate how the influence of group size can differ for individual travel versus group travel, just as it differs among species for overall travel. Studies that distinguish between the two mechanisms of scramble competition may enhance our understanding of ecological constraints upon group size, including potential differences between frugivores and folivores. Significance statement Feeding competition provides insight into how group size can influence the foraging patterns of social animals, but two key mechanisms are not typically compared. Firstly, larger groups may visit more patches to access the same amount of food per capita (group travel). Secondly, their individuals may also need to move past more spots where another member has already eaten (individual travel). Contrary to expectations, we found that group travel decreased with size for most groups of mountain gorillas, which may reflect extra travel by smaller groups to avoid larger groups. Individual travel increased with size in most groups, even though gorillas in larger groups compensated by spreading out over a broader area. The two mechanisms revealed patterns that were not apparent in our previous study of overall travel. Our approach may help to explain potential differences between folivores and frugivores.
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7
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Seiler N, Robbins MM. Using long-term ranging patterns to assess within-group and between-group competition in wild mountain gorillas. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:40. [PMID: 32677937 PMCID: PMC7367404 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Competition within and between social groups determines access to resources and can be inferred from space use parameters that reflect depletion of food resources and competitive abilities of groups. Using location data from 1998 to 2017, we investigated within- and between-group competition in 12 groups of wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). As within-group feeding competition is expected to increase with group size, an increase in group size is predicted to lead to an increase in the size of annual home ranges and core areas, but to a decrease in fidelity (reuse of an area). Due to asymmetries in competitive abilities, larger groups are expected to have higher exclusivity (degree of non-shared space) of annual home ranges and core areas than smaller groups. Results We found evidence of within-group feeding competition based on a positive relationship between group size and both annual home range and core area size as well as a negative relationship between group size and core area fidelity. Additionally, fidelity of core areas was lower than of home ranges. Between-group competition was inferred from a trend for groups with more members and more males to have more exclusive home ranges and core areas. Lastly, annual core areas were largely mutually exclusive. Conclusions Our study suggests that non-territorial, group-living animals can have highly dynamic, long-term avoidance-based spacing patterns, both temporally and spatially, to maintain annual core area exclusivity among groups while concurrently shifting these areas annually within overlapping home ranges to avoid resource depletion. Despite ranging in larger home ranges and core areas, larger groups were able to maintain more exclusive ranges than smaller groups, suggesting a competitive advantage for larger groups in between-group competition in a non-territorial species. Together, these findings contribute to understanding how social animals make behavioral adjustments to mitigate the effects of intraspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Seiler
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Lewis RJ, Sandel AA, Hilty S, Barnett SE. The Collective Action Problem but Not Numerical Superiority Explains Success in Intergroup Encounters in Verreaux’s Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi): Implications for Individual Participation and Free-Riding. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Interactions between social groups of colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) explain similarities in their gut microbiomes. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Stead SM, Teichroeb JA. A multi-level society comprised of one-male and multi-male core units in an African colobine (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217666. [PMID: 31618212 PMCID: PMC6795445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mammalian species exhibit complex, nested social organizations, termed multi-level or modular societies. Multi-level societies comprise stable core units that fission and fuse with one another in a hierarchical manner, forming groups that vary in size over time. Among nonhuman primates, these social systems have been confirmed in several African papionin and Asian colobine species. We use data from August 2017 to July 2018 on individually-recognized Rwenzori Angolan colobus living near Lake Nabugabo, Uganda to document the first multi-level society in an African colobine. The study band comprised up to 135 individuals organized into 12 socially and spatially distinct core units that ranged in size from 4 to 23 individuals. These core units showed a strong affinity to one another, spending roughly 75% of their time together. Core units fissioned and fused non-randomly with one another throughout the day, leading to different combinations of core units being observed. Using association indices between core units, we employed hierarchical cluster analyses and permutation tests to show that some core units associated preferentially into clans. Thus, we confirm three tiers of social organization for Rwenzori Angolan colobus: core unit, clan, and band. The social organization of this subspecies is unlike any reported previously in a nonhuman primate, with about half the core units containing a single adult male and the others containing multiple reproductive adult males. The discovery of a unique primate multi-level society in a novel lineage could allow for a better understanding of the evolution of these complex social systems across the Animal Kingdom. Preliminary data show males transfer within the band and females transfer outside of the band, which is proposed for hominin multi-level societies. This subspecies could thus also provide insight into the selective pressures underlying multi-level societies in our own lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Stead
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A Teichroeb
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Goodfellow CK, Whitney T, Christie DM, Sicotte P, Wikberg EC, Ting N. Divergence in gut microbial communities mirrors a social group fission event in a black-and-white colobus monkey (Colobus vellerosus). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22966. [PMID: 30920682 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Host behavior and social factors have increasingly been implicated in structuring the composition of gut microbial communities. In social animals, distinct microbial communities characterize different social groups across a variety of taxa, although little longitudinal research has been conducted that demonstrates how this divergence occurs. Our study addresses this question by characterizing the gut microbial composition of an African Old World monkey, the black-and-white colobus (Colobus vellerosus), before and after a social group fission event. Gut microbial taxonomic composition of these monkeys was profiled using the V-4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, and pairwise-relatedness values were calculated for all individuals using 17 short tandem repeat loci and partial pedigree information. The two social groups in this study were found to harbor distinct microbial signatures after the fission event from which they emerged, while these communities were not divergent in the same individuals before this event. Three genera were found to differ in abundance between the two new social groups: Parabacteroides, Coprococcus, and Porphyromonadaceae. Additionally, although this fission happened partially along lines of relatedness, relatedness did not structure the differences that we found. Taken together, this study suggests that distinct gut microbial profiles can emerge in social groups in <1 year and recommends further work into more finely mapping the timescales, causes, and potentially adaptive effects of this recurring trend toward distinct group microbial signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire K Goodfellow
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Tabor Whitney
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Diana M Christie
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Pascale Sicotte
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eva C Wikberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nelson Ting
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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12
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Grueter CC, Robbins AM, Abavandimwe D, Vecellio V, Ndagijimana F, Stoinski TS, Robbins MM. Quadratic relationships between group size and foraging efficiency in a herbivorous primate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16718. [PMID: 30425319 PMCID: PMC6233200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of feeding competition on foraging efficiency is an important link between ecological factors and the social organization of gregarious species. We examined the effects of group size on daily travel distances, activity budgets, and energy intake of mountain gorillas in Rwanda. We measured daily travel distances of five groups, activity budgets of 79 gorillas in nine groups, and energy intake data for 23 adult females in three groups over a 16-month period. Travel distances and the proportion of time spent traveling increased with size for most groups, which would be expected if their foraging efficiency is limited by intragroup feeding competition. However, travel distances and times decreased for the largest group, which also had higher energy intake rates than intermediate sized groups. The improved foraging efficiency of the largest group may be explained by advantages in intergroup contest competition. The largest group had much lower home range overlap than the other study groups which may be due to groups avoiding one another as a result of male mating competition. Collectively, our results indicate that intermediate sized groups had the lowest foraging efficiency and provide a new twist on the growing evidence of non-linear relationships between group size and foraging efficiency in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril C Grueter
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA.
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Andrew M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Tara S Stoinski
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA
- Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, USA
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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