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Santos CD, Sapir N, Becciu P, Granadeiro JP, Wikelski M. Risk-sensitive response of soaring birds to crosswind over dangerous sea highlights age-specific differences in migratory performance. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240454. [PMID: 38807519 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Challenges imposed by geographical barriers during migration are selective agents for animals. Juvenile soaring landbirds often cross large water bodies along their migratory path, where they lack updraft support and are vulnerable to harsh weather. However, the consequences of inexperience in accomplishing these water crossings remain largely unquantified. To address this knowledge gap, we tracked the movements of juvenile and adult black kites Milvus migrans over the Strait of Gibraltar using high-frequency tracking devices in variable crosswind conditions. We found that juveniles crossed under higher crosswind speeds and at wider sections of the strait compared with adults during easterly winds, which represent a high risk owing to their high speed and steady direction towards the Atlantic Ocean. Juveniles also drifted extensively with easterly winds, contrasting with adults who strongly compensated for lateral displacement through flapping. Age differences were inconspicuous during winds with a west crosswind speed component, as well as for airspeed modulation in all wind conditions. We suggest that the suboptimal sea-crossing behaviour of juvenile black kites may impact their survival rates, either by increasing chances of drowning owing to exhaustion or by depleting critical energy reserves needed to accomplish their first migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Santos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Science Centre and ARNET - Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon , Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior , Radolfzell 78315, Germany
| | - Nir Sapir
- Animal Flight Laboratory, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa , Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Paolo Becciu
- Animal Flight Laboratory, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa , Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne , Lausanne 1015-CH, Switzerland
| | - José P Granadeiro
- CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior , Radolfzell 78315, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz 78457, Germany
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Becciu P, Troupin D, Dinevich L, Leshem Y, Sapir N. Soaring migrants flexibly respond to sea-breeze in a migratory bottleneck: using first derivatives to identify behavioural adjustments over time. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:44. [PMID: 37501209 PMCID: PMC10375660 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of birds travel every year between Europe and Africa detouring ecological barriers and funnelling through migratory corridors where they face variable weather conditions. Little is known regarding the response of migrating birds to mesoscale meteorological processes during flight. Specifically, sea-breeze has a daily cycle that may directly influence the flight of diurnal migrants. METHODS We collected radar tracks of soaring migrants using modified weather radar in Latrun, central Israel, in 7 autumns between 2005 and 2016. We investigated how migrating soaring birds adjusted their flight speed and direction under the effects of daily sea-breeze circulation. We analysed the effects of wind on bird groundspeed, airspeed and the lateral component of the airspeed as a function of time of day using Generalized Additive Mixed Models. To identify when birds adjusted their response to the wind over time, we estimated first derivatives. RESULTS Using data collected during a total of 148 days, we characterised the diel dynamics of horizontal wind flow relative to the migration goal, finding a consistent rotational movement of the wind blowing towards the East (morning) and to the South-East (late afternoon), with highest crosswind speed around mid-day and increasing tailwinds towards late afternoon. Airspeed of radar detected birds decreased consistently with increasing tailwind and decreasing crosswinds from early afternoon, resulting in rather stable groundspeed of 16-17 m/s. In addition, birds fully compensated for lateral drift when crosswinds were at their maximum and slightly drifted with the wind when crosswinds decreased and tailwinds became more intense. CONCLUSIONS Using a simple and broadly applicable statistical method, we studied how wind influences bird flight through speed adjustments over time, providing new insights regarding the flexible behavioural responses of soaring birds to wind conditions. These adjustments allowed the birds to compensate for lateral drift under crosswind and reduced their airspeed under tailwind. Our work enhances our understanding of how migrating birds respond to changing wind conditions during their long-distance journeys through migratory corridors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Becciu
- Animal Flight Laboratory, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - David Troupin
- Animal Flight Laboratory, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Leonid Dinevich
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Tel Aviv, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yossi Leshem
- Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Tel Aviv, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Sapir
- Animal Flight Laboratory, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
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Cheng L, Zhou L, Yu C, Wei Z, Li C. Nest habitat distribution and spatio-temporal dynamics based on multi-scale modeling: Implications for the endangered Oriental Storks (Ciconia boyciana) conservation in China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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Brønnvik H, Safi K, Vansteelant WMG, Byholm P, Nourani E. Experience does not change the importance of wind support for migratory route selection by a soaring bird. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220746. [PMID: 36569232 PMCID: PMC9768468 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Migration is a complex behaviour that is costly in terms of time, energy and risk of mortality. Thermal soaring birds rely on airflow, specifically wind support and uplift, to offset their energetic costs of flight. Their migratory routes are a record of movement decisions to negotiate the atmospheric environment and achieve efficiency. We expected that, regardless of age, birds use wind support to select their routes. Because thermal soaring is a complex flight behaviour that young birds need to learn, we expected that, as individuals gain more experience, their movement decisions will also increasingly favour the best thermal uplift conditions. We quantified how route choice during autumn migration of young European honey buzzards (Pernis apivorus) was adjusted to wind support and uplift over up to 4 years of migration and compared this with the choices of adult birds. We found that wind support was important in all migrations. However, we did not find an increase in the use of thermal uplifts. This could be due to the species-specific learning period and/or an artefact of the spatio-temporal scale of our uplift proxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Brønnvik
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell 78315, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Kamran Safi
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell 78315, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Wouter M. G. Vansteelant
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville 41092, Spain
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WX, The Netherlands
| | - Patrik Byholm
- Novia University of Applied Sciences, Ekenäs 10600, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elham Nourani
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell 78315, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
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5
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Small-scale migratory behavior of three facultative soaring raptors approaching a water body: a radar study investigating the effect of weather, topography and flock size. J ETHOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-022-00766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Do Seabirds Control Wind Drift during Their Migration across the Strait of Gibraltar? A Study Using Remote Tracking by Radar. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14122792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents data on the directional flying behaviour of the five most abundant seabird species migrating across the Strait of Gibraltar in relation to the wind, as observed from the north coast, based on radar tracking, and identified to species level by visual observations. A total of 318 seabird trajectories were analysed, illustrating the expected east–west or west–east movements in spring and autumn. We hypothesised that the seabirds that cross the Strait channel during their migrations would behave differently with respect to compensation for wind direction, depending on their flight styles, the migratory period, and the prevailing winds. In this regard, our results showed that flapping birds (Razorbill, Puffin, Northern Gannet, and Balearic shearwater) compensated for wind drift independently of the season and the predominant wind direction. This agrees with the theory that suggests that under moderate winds and whenever visual contact with the coastline is present (as in the case of our study), migrants should compensate for wind drift to avoid being drifted towards the coast, off their main direction of flight. However, Cory’s shearwater, an active gliding seabird with long, slender wings, showed an adaptive directional response to wind, allowing it to be drifted in spring when westerly tailwinds were prevalent, but compensated for wind in autumn, when both easterly and westerly winds were similarly frequent. This adaptive flight behaviour allows it to take advantage of the prevailing tailwinds in spring, gaining ground speed and saving energy during its passage through the Strait, while in autumn, more frequent headwind conditions and a more directional migration to the south may favour compensating for wind drift. Our results support the usefulness of bird radar as a remote tool for describing the pattern of animal movements in the marine environment, as well as their behavioural response to atmospheric conditions. These studies are particularly relevant in the current framework of climate change.
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Sergio F, Barbosa JM, Tanferna A, Silva R, Blas J, Hiraldo F. Compensation for wind drift during raptor migration improves with age through mortality selection. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:989-997. [PMID: 35680999 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Each year, billions of flying and swimming migrants negotiate the challenging displacement imposed by travelling through a flowing medium. However, little is known about how the ability to cope with drift improves through life and what mechanisms drive its development. We examined 3,140 days of migration by 90 GPS-tagged raptorial black kites (Milvus migrans) aged 1-27 years to show that the ability to compensate for lateral drift develops gradually through many more years than previously appreciated. Drift negotiation was under strong selective pressure, with inferior navigators subject to increased mortality. This progressively selected for adults able to compensate for current cross flows and for previously accumulated drift in a flexible, context-dependent and risk-dependent manner. Displacements accumulated en route carried over to shape the wintering distribution of the population. For many migrants, migratory journeys by younger individuals represent concentrated episodes of trait selection that shape adult populations and mediate their adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sergio
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain.
| | - Jomar M Barbosa
- Department of Applied Biology, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alessandro Tanferna
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafa Silva
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Julio Blas
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Hiraldo
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
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Becciu P, Panuccio M, Dell’Omo G, Sapir N. Groping in the Fog: Soaring Migrants Exhibit Wider Scatter in Flight Directions and Respond Differently to Wind Under Low Visibility Conditions. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.745002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric conditions are known to affect flight propensity, behaviour during flight, and migration route in birds. Yet, the effects of fog have only rarely been studied although they could disrupt orientation and hamper flight. Fog could limit the visibility of migrating birds such that they might not be able to detect landmarks that guide them during their journey. Soaring migrants modulate their flight speed and direction in relation to the wind vector to optimise the cost of transport. Consequently, landmark-based orientation, as well as adjustments of flight speed and direction in relation to wind conditions, could be jeopardised when flying in fog. Using a radar system operated in a migration bottleneck (Strait of Messina, Italy), we studied the behaviour of soaring birds under variable wind and fog conditions over two consecutive springs (2016 and 2017), discovering that migrating birds exhibited a wider scatter of flight directions and responded differently to wind under fog conditions. Birds flying through fog deviated more from the mean migration direction and increased their speed with increasing crosswinds. In addition, airspeed and groundspeed increased in the direction of the crosswind, causing the individuals to drift laterally. Our findings represent the first quantitative empirical evidence of flight behaviour changes when birds migrate through fog and explain why low visibility conditions could risk their migration journey.
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Santos CD, Silva JP, Muñoz AR, Onrubia A, Wikelski M. The gateway to Africa: What determines sea crossing performance of a migratory soaring bird at the Strait of Gibraltar? J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1317-1328. [PMID: 32144757 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Large bodies of water represent major obstacles for the migration of soaring birds because thermal updrafts are absent or weak over water. Soaring birds are known to time their water crossings with favourable weather conditions and there are records of birds falling into the water and drowning in large numbers. However, it is still unclear how environmental factors, individual traits and trajectory choices affect their water crossing performance, this being important to understand the fitness consequences of water barriers for this group of birds. We addressed this problem using the black kite Milvus migrans as model species at a major migration bottleneck, the Strait of Gibraltar. We recorded high-resolution GPS and triaxial accelerometer data for 73 birds while crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, allowing the determination of sea crossing duration, length, altitude, speed and tortuosity, the flapping behaviour of birds and their failed crossing attempts. These parameters were modelled against wind speed and direction, time of the day, solar irradiance (proxy of thermal uplift), starting altitude and distance to Morocco, and age and sex of birds. We found that sea crossing performance of black kites is driven by their age, the wind conditions, the starting altitude and distance to Morocco. Young birds made longer sea crossings and reached lower altitude above the sea than adults. Crosswinds promoted longer sea crossings, with birds reaching lower altitudes and with higher flapping effort. Birds starting at lower altitudes were more likely to quit or made higher flapping effort to complete the crossing. The location where birds started the sea crossings impacted crossing distance and duration. We present evidence that explains why migrating soaring birds accumulate at sea passages during adverse weather conditions. Strong crosswinds during sea crossings force birds to extended flap-powered flight at low altitude, which may increase their chances of falling in the water. We also showed that juvenile birds assume more risks than adults. Finally, the way in which birds start the sea crossing is crucial for their success, particularly the starting altitude, which dictates how far birds can reach with reduced flapping effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos David Santos
- Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - João Paulo Silva
- InBio, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Ecologia Aplicada "Professor Baeta Neves" (CEABN), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,REN Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO/InBIO Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Antonio-Román Muñoz
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Research Team, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Becciu P, Rotics S, Horvitz N, Kaatz M, Fiedler W, Zurell D, Flack A, Jeltsch F, Wikelski M, Nathan R, Sapir N. Causes and consequences of facultative sea crossing in a soaring migrant. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Becciu
- Animal Flight Laboratory Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology Institute of Evolution University of Haifa Haifa Israel
| | - Shay Rotics
- Movement Ecology Laboratory Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Nir Horvitz
- Movement Ecology Laboratory Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Michael Kaatz
- Vogelschutzwarte Storchenhof Loburg e.V. Loburg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fiedler
- Department of Migration Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Radolfzell Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Damaris Zurell
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Land Change Science Swiss Federal Research Institute WSl Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Andrea Flack
- Department of Migration Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Radolfzell Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- Plant Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute for Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Radolfzell Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Ran Nathan
- Movement Ecology Laboratory Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Nir Sapir
- Animal Flight Laboratory Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology Institute of Evolution University of Haifa Haifa Israel
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Capotosti S, Scacco M, Nelli L, Dell'Omo G, Panuccio M. Hypatia-trackRadar: A software for animal tracking using marine surveillance radars. ECOL INFORM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Panuccio M, Dell'Omo G, Bogliani G, Catoni C, Sapir N. Migrating birds avoid flying through fog and low clouds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:231-239. [PMID: 30687905 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-01656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Different weather conditions are known to affect bird migration, yet the influence of fog and low clouds on migrating birds has been rarely examined so far, and hence, their impact on bird movement is not well understood. Fog avoidance could be a consequence of visual limitations within the fog or may be the outcome of deteriorated soaring conditions due to the obstruction of the sun. We carried out a radar study at the Strait of Messina, which is a bottleneck for migrating birds traversing the Central Mediterranean Sea, to determine if the intensity of diurnal soaring bird migration was influenced by fog and other weather variables. We recorded bird movements using an X-band radar, which can detect birds flying within the fog, and recorded weather conditions using local meteorological observations. We examined if bird passage rate (number of tracks/hour) at the radar site was influenced by fog, wind speed and direction, air temperature and the time of day. Our findings suggest that fog was the most important factor affecting bird migration intensity as recorded by the radar, indicating that birds actively avoided flying into fog. In addition, wind direction affected bird migration intensity, with lower numbers recorded with southerly tailwinds and higher numbers recorded with westerly crosswinds. Our findings highlight a consequence of widespread meteorological conditions, and of fog in particular, on migrating birds, with implications for bird migration navigation, path length and flight energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Panuccio
- MEDRAPTORS (Mediterranean Raptor Migration Network), via Mario Fioretti 18, 00152, Rome, Italy.
- Ornis Italica, piazza Crati 15, 00199, Rome, Italy.
- DSTA-Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - G Dell'Omo
- Ornis Italica, piazza Crati 15, 00199, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bogliani
- DSTA-Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Catoni
- Ornis Italica, piazza Crati 15, 00199, Rome, Italy
| | - N Sapir
- Animal Flight Laboratory, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
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