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Couturier C, Lacroux C, Okimat JP, Asalu E, Krief S. Interindividual differences in crop foraging behavior of chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at a forest–agriculture interface. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The expansion of agriculture in equatorial areas is fragmenting and reducing wildlife habitats. For primates, it also increases opportunities to consume crops as high-energy resources, exacerbates conflicts with farmers, and increases exposure to diseases and agrochemicals at the edge of protected areas. In species with sex differences in ranging behavior, individual exposure to such opportunities and threats may vary by sex. Chimpanzees show a great feeding flexibility and are territorial species with varied ranging patterns according to site, sex, or individuals. Within a community whose territory is crossed by a high-traffic road and partially bordered by maize gardens, we tested hypotheses of interindividual differences in access to crops based on age, sex, ranging behavior, and kinship. By analyzing the presence of Sebitoli chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Kibale National Park, Uganda) on video clips from 16 camera traps, we estimated the individual dispersion range across the community’s territory and the crop foraging frequency along maize gardens over 16 months. While all age and sex classes were represented at the forest–garden interface, large intrasex differences were observed: some mature males and females were not observed to participate. The crop foraging frequency of adult females in maize gardens was significantly correlated with the location of their ranging areas. Related individuals revealed similar range patterns within the forest territory without sharing crop foraging habits. However, social learning and energy and risks–benefits trade-offs as potential drivers of crop consumption are not excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Couturier
- UMR 7206 CNRS – MNHN – P7, Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle , Musée de l’Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris , France
- Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park , Fort Portal , Uganda
- Fondation Nicolas Hulot pour la Nature et l’Homme , 6 rue de l’Est, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt , France
| | - Camille Lacroux
- UMR 7206 CNRS – MNHN – P7, Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle , Musée de l’Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris , France
- Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park , Fort Portal , Uganda
- La Phocéenne de Cosmétique, ZA Les Roquassiers , 174 Rue de la Forge, 13300 Salon-de-Provence , France
- UMR 7179 CNRS – MNHN – P7, Mécanismes adaptatifs et Evolution, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle , 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris , France
| | - John Paul Okimat
- Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park , Fort Portal , Uganda
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206 CNRS – MNHN – P7, Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle , Musée de l’Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris , France
- Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park , Fort Portal , Uganda
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Badihi G, Bodden K, Zuberbühler K, Samuni L, Hobaiter C. Flexibility in the social structure of male chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Budongo Forest, Uganda. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220904. [PMID: 36177197 PMCID: PMC9515636 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Individuals of social species experience competitive costs and social benefits of group living. Substantial flexibility in humans' social structure and the combination of different types of social structure with fission-fusion dynamics allow us to live in extremely large groups-overcoming some of the costs of group living while capitalizing on the benefits. Non-human species also show a range of social strategies to deal with this trade-off. Chimpanzees are an archetypical fission-fusion species, using dynamic changes in day-to-day association to moderate the costs of within-group competition. Using 4 years of association data from two neighbouring communities of East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), we describe an unexplored level of flexibility in chimpanzee social structure. We show that males from the larger Waibira community (N = 24-31) exhibited additional structural levels of semi-stable core-periphery society, while males from the smaller Sonso community (N = 10-13) did not. This novel core-periphery pattern adds to previous results describing alternative modular social structure in other large communities of chimpanzees. Our data support the hypothesis that chimpanzees can incorporate a range of strategies in addition to fission-fusion to overcome costs of social living, and that their social structures may be closer to that of modern humans than previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Badihi
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, South Street, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Kelsey Bodden
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, South Street, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, South Street, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
- School of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda
| | - Liran Samuni
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, South Street, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, South Street, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda
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Shibata S, Furuichi T, Hashimoto C. Adaptive Party Choice of Low-Ranking Males in Fission–Fusion Dynamics of Chimpanzees in Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172240. [PMID: 36077958 PMCID: PMC9454419 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various mammalian species, including primates, exhibit fission–fusion dynamics (FFD), which alters the size of subgroups through splitting and merging. Among primates, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been particularly studied as a species that exhibits a high degree of FFD, wherein members of the same group form temporary subgroups (parties) that vary in both size and composition. Most studies on the FFD of chimpanzees have focused on its role in reducing food competition among individuals. In this study, we focused on the association patterns of each adult male chimpanzee and examined whether the social factors, including male dominance rank and aggression from other males, affect their party attendance behavior. Low-ranking males spent more time alone than other males when mating opportunities were absent. When females were available for mating, males of all ranks showed a similar party attendance behavior. The aggression increased with the number of males in the party, and low-ranking males received more aggression than higher-ranking males. These results suggest that low-ranking males frequently traveled alone to avoid aggression from other males unless they attended parties to seek mating opportunities. The FFD seemed to offer alternative tactics for low-ranking males to balance the costs and benefits of attending parties. Abstract Several studies have examined factors that regulate fission–fusion dynamics (FFD) in chimpanzee communities, such as receptive females, predation risks, and food availability. However, the effects of these factors vary between populations. In this study, we conducted focal animal observations of adult males in the M group in Kalinzu to examine the influence of male dominance rank, aggression from other males, the presence of females exhibiting maximum sexual swelling (MS), and fruit abundance on male tendencies of party attendance. We found that low-ranking males spent more time alone than other males when females with MS were absent. In contrast, when females with MS were present, males of all ranks showed a similar tendency of party attendance. We also found that the aggressive interactions increased with the number of males irrespective of the presence or absence of females with MS, and low-ranking males attracted aggression more frequently than higher-ranking males. These results suggest that low-ranking males frequently ranged alone to avoid aggression from other males unless they attended parties to seek mating opportunities. We conclude that low-ranking males have alternative tactics to balance the costs and benefits incurred or gained when attending parties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Shibata
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-9983, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(0)568-63-0537
| | - Takeshi Furuichi
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
| | - Chie Hashimoto
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
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Satsias ZM, Silk MJ, Hockings KJ, Cibot M, Rohen J, McLennan MR. Sex-specific responses to anthropogenic risk shape wild chimpanzee social networks in a human-impacted landscape. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lerch BA, Abbott KC, Archie EA, Alberts SC. Better baboon break-ups: collective decision theory of complex social network fissions. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212060. [PMID: 34875192 PMCID: PMC8651414 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many social groups are made up of complex social networks in which each individual associates with a distinct subset of its groupmates. If social groups become larger over time, competition often leads to a permanent group fission. During such fissions, complex social networks present a collective decision problem and a multidimensional optimization problem: it is advantageous for each individual to remain with their closest allies after a fission, but impossible for every individual to do so. Here, we develop computational algorithms designed to simulate group fissions in a network-theoretic framework. We focus on three fission algorithms (democracy, community and despotism) that fall on a spectrum from a democratic to a dictatorial collective decision. We parameterize our social networks with data from wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus) and compare our simulated fissions with actual baboon fission events. We find that the democracy and community algorithms (egalitarian decisions where each individual influences the outcome) better maintain social networks during simulated fissions than despotic decisions (driven primarily by a single individual). We also find that egalitarian decisions are better at predicting the observed individual-level outcomes of observed fissions, although the observed fissions often disturbed their social networks more than the simulated egalitarian fissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Lerch
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karen C. Abbott
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Susan C. Alberts
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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