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Taylor E, Cramberg M, Parker S, Scott A, Sopko S, Swords A, Young BA. The presence of a foramen of Luschka in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the continuity of the intraventricular and subdural spaces. J Anat 2024; 244:391-401. [PMID: 37965891 PMCID: PMC10862182 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and most mammals, there is a notch-like portal, the foramen of Luschka (or lateral foramen), which connects the lumen of the fourth ventricle with the subdural space. Gross dissection, light and scanning electron microscopy, and μCT analysis revealed the presence of a foramen of Luschka in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). In this species, the foramen of Luschka is a notch in the dorsolateral wall of the pons immediately caudal to the peduncular base of the cerebellum, near the rostral end of the telovelar membrane over the fourth ventricle. At the foramen of Luschka there was a transition from a superficial pia mater lining to a deep ependymal lining. There was continuity between the lumen of the fourth ventricle and the subdural space, via the foramen of Luschka. This anatomical continuity was further demonstrated by injecting Evans blue into the lateral ventricle which led to extravasation through the foramen of Luschka and pooling of the dye on the lateral surface of the brain. Simultaneous subdural and intraventricular recordings of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressures revealed a stable agreement between the two pressures at rest. Perturbation of the system allowed for static and dynamic differences to develop, which could indicate varying flow patterns of CSF through the foramen of Luschka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Taylor
- Department of AnatomyKirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Michael Cramberg
- Department of AnatomyKirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Seth Parker
- Department of AnatomyKirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Anchal Scott
- Department of AnatomyKirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Stephanie Sopko
- Department of AnatomyKirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Annelise Swords
- Department of AnatomyKirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Bruce A. Young
- Department of AnatomyKirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineKirksvilleMissouriUSA
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Hoz SS, Abdulsada AM, Ismail M, Alfawares Y, Forbes JA, Prestigiacomo CJ, Andaluz N. The functional anatomy of the foramina of Luschka revisited. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:512. [DOI: 10.25259/sni_931_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
The German Anatomist Hubert Von Luschka first described the foramina of Luschka (FOL) in 1855 as lateral holes in the fourth ventricle. By his discovery, he refuted previous beliefs about the lateral recess as blind ends of the fourth ventricle, proving the continuity of the ventricular system with the central canal of the spinal cord. In this paper, we question the outline variations of the patent parts of FOL and their consistency, drawing attention to the apparent query of the valvular mechanism of FOL.
Methods:
We conducted a literature review in PubMed and Google Scholar databases to review the existing literature describing the history, pertinent anatomy, and function of FOL. In addition, we reviewed the original German book written by Luschka.
Results:
While reading the available articles and original works regarding FOL, we noticed the developmental phases through which FOL was discovered, tracking the process from Aristotle till Luschka’s discovery. We also discussed controversies and opinions about FOL’s existence and function.
Conclusion:
FOL is halved into two compartments: choroidal and patent. The function of FOL resembles a oneway valve mechanism, and it depends on the patent slit-like part. Luschka had discovered over 20 anatomical structures, including several foramina, confusion in a debate may result from eponyms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer S. Hoz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,
| | | | - Mustafa Ismail
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yara Alfawares
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,
| | - Jonathan A. Forbes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,
| | | | - Norberto Andaluz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,
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Barany L, Baksa G, Patonay L, Racz G, Ganslandt O, Buchfelder M, Kurucz P. Primary Obstruction of the Foramen of Luschka: Anatomy, Histology, and Clinical Significance. World Neurosurg 2018; 112:e288-e297. [PMID: 29339320 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The foramen of Luschka is a natural aperture between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space at the cerebellopontine angle. Membranous closure of this foramen is referred to as primary obstruction. Available information about this variant and its role in the development of the cysts of the posterior fossa is contradictory. METHODS The macroscopic and histologic features of the obstructed foramina were examined in 61 formalin-fixed human brains (122 foramina). Three rhomboid lips of various sizes with lateral recess were used for comparison. Five postoperative cases of diverticulum of the foramen of Luschka were included in this study, with 1 case presented in detail to illustrate anatomic and histologic findings. RESULTS Primary obstruction was present in 11 of 122 cases. In 1 case, an enlarged rigid pouch with a thick wall was found. The wall of the membrane in primary obstruction and the rhomboid lip were composed of an inner ependymal, a middle glial, and an outer leptomeningeal layer. CONCLUSIONS The rhomboid lip is a remnant of the roof of the fourth ventricle. Imperforation of the foramen of Luschka results in a pouch in the cerebellopontine angle that contains choroid plexus (Bochdalek's flower basket) and communicates with the fourth ventricle. This pouch has the potential to grow to a diverticulum and cause clinical symptoms. Based on our clinical observations, detailed radiologic and surgical-anatomic criteria were proposed to support the differential diagnosis of a diverticulum of the foramen of Luschka. Treatment strategies were also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Barany
- Laboratory for Applied and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gabor Baksa
- Laboratory for Applied and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Patonay
- Laboratory for Applied and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Racz
- 1(st) Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oliver Ganslandt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Kurucz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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A comprehensive review of the foramina of Luschka: history, anatomy, embryology, and surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1459-1462. [PMID: 28676975 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to comprehensively review the foramina of Luschka in regard to their discovery, embryology, anatomy, and surgical relevance. METHODS This subject review of the foramina of Luschka was composed after conducting a thorough review of the available literature on this topic using PubMed and other primary sources. RESULTS The foramina of Luschka are paired apertures located in the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle, within the posterior cranial fossa. The foramina of Luschka are of importance clinically as their blockage can disrupt the flow of cerebrospinal fluid leading to the development of hydrocephalus. These apertures were first described by the German anatomist Hubert von Luschka in the nineteenth century. These foramina are thought to emerge at around the 26th week of development. The apertures project into the cerebellopontine angle at the lateral border of the pontomedullary sulcus. CONCLUSION The foramina of Luschka may be surgically manipulated for the excision of tumors involving the fourth ventricle and surrounding structures and accessed for cochlear nucleus stimulation.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration of intravitreal silicone to the retrolaminar optic nerve was detected pathologically in 1983, symptomatic migration to the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve was reported in 1994, and asymptomatic intraventricular silicone was first seen radiographically in 1999. Since then, little advance has been made in understanding this phenomenon despite numerous case reports. Although some authors have restricted their attention to cases of intraventricular silicone, we believe that these represent part of a clinical spectrum and that all cases with retrolaminar silicone should be considered. The pathophysiology of silicone migration may have significant implications for the management of patients after vitrectomy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Two patients were evaluated by the authors. An internet-based literature review was conducted, beginning with the key search terms "intraventricular, intracranial, subarachnoid, or optic nerve silicone," and "complications of vitrectomy or intravitreal silicone." Further searches cascaded from the initial search results. An additional 24 cases of retrolaminar migration of silicone oil were found and summarized. The relevant anatomy and pathophysiology were reviewed, with attention to additional information from enucleation studies, as well as to gaps in the current understanding of this process. RESULTS Retrolaminar migration of silicone oil may be more common than previously thought, especially in at-risk patient groups, and may be associated with visual and neurologic symptoms. Some impressions regarding the cause and significance of this syndrome seem incorrect. Although this process is likely linked to postoperative elevations of intraocular pressure, the exact mechanisms of silicone entry into the subarachnoid space remain undefined. A number of anatomic factors may influence the movement of silicone from the orbit and in the various compartments of the subarachnoid space and ventricular system, resulting in variability of clinical presentations and radiologic findings. Implications for clinical decision making and directions for further research are discussed. CONCLUSION Greater awareness on the part of treating physicians, systematic study of at-risk populations, and advances in imaging technology will allow further insight into this phenomenon.
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Morphometry and microsurgical anatomy of Bochdalek's flower basket and the related structures of the cerebellopontine angle. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159:1539-1545. [PMID: 28584917 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bochdalek's flower basket (Bfb) is the distal part of the horizontal segment of the fourth ventricle's choroid plexus protruding through the lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka). The microsurgical anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle, fourth ventricle and its inner choroid plexus is well described in the literature, but only one radiological study has investigated the Bfb so far. The goal of the present study was to give an extensive morphometric analysis of the Bfb for the first time and discuss the surgically relevant anatomical aspects. METHOD Forty-two formalin-fixed human brains (84 cerebellopontine angles) were involved in this study. Photomicrographs with scale bars were taken in every step of dissection to perform further measurements with Fiji software. The lengths and widths of the Bfb, rhomboid lip and lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle as well as the related neurovascular and arachnoid structures were measured. The areas of two sides were compared with paired t-tests using R software. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Protruding choroid plexus was present in 77 cases (91.66%). In 6 cases (7.14%), the Bfb was totally covered by the rhomboid lip, and in one case (1.19%), it was absent. The mean width of the Bfb was 6.618 mm (2-14 mm), the mean height 5.658 mm (1.5-14 mm) and mean area 25.80 mm2 (3.07-109.83 mm2). There was no statistically significant difference between the two sides (p = 0.1744). The Bfb was in contact with 20 AICAs (23.80%), 6 PICAs (7.14%) and 39 vestibulocochlear nerves (46.42%). Arachnoid trabecules, connecting the lower cranial nerves to the Bfb or rhomboid lip, were found in 57 cases (67.85%). CONCLUSIONS The Bfb is an important landmark during various surgical procedures. Detailed morphology, dimensions and relations to the surrounding neurovascular structures are described in this study. These data are essential for surgeons operating in this region.
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Komune N, Yagmurlu K, Matsuo S, Miki K, Abe H, Rhoton AL. Auditory brainstem implantation: anatomy and approaches. Neurosurgery 2015; 11 Suppl 2:306-20; discussion 320-1. [PMID: 25793729 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory brainstem implantation at the cochlear nuclei used mainly for neurofibromatosis type 2 patients with bilateral loss of the cochlear nerves has more recently been extended to the inferior colliculus. OBJECTIVE To examine the microsurgical and endoscopic anatomy of the cochlear nuclei and inferior colliculus as seen through the translabyrinthine and retrosigmoid approaches used for cochlear nuclei and inferior collicular implantation. METHODS Ten cerebellopontine angles of formalin-fixed adult cadaveric heads were examined with the aid of the surgical microscope and endoscope. The ascending auditory pathways between the cochlear nuclei and inferior colliculi and above were examined by the fiber dissection technique. RESULTS Both the translabyrinthine and retrosigmoid routes provide sufficient exposure for concurrent tumor removal and implantation at either the cochlear nuclei or inferior colliculus. The position of the inferior colliculus in the auditory pathways and its accessibility in the infratentorial supracerebellar exposure directed through either the translabyrinthine or retrosigmoid approach makes it an alternative site for electrode placement if the cochlear nuclei are not functionally or structurally suitable for implantation. Endoscopic assistance may aid the exposure and electrode placement at either site. CONCLUSION The translabyrinthine or retrosigmoid approaches provide access to the cochlear nuclei for implantation and also to the inferior colliculus through the translabyrinthine or retrosigmoid infratentorial supracerebellar route. The endoscope may aid in exposing either site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Komune
- *Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Du J, Wang J, Cui Y, Zhang C, Li G, Fang J, Yue S, Xu L. Clinicopathologic study of endolymphatic sac tumor (ELST) and differential diagnosis of papillary tumors located at the cerebellopontine angle. Neuropathology 2015; 35:410-20. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Du
- Department of Neuropathology; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; NCRC-ND; Center of Brain Tumor; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brian Tumor; Beijing China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Neuropathology; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; NCRC-ND; Center of Brain Tumor; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brian Tumor; Beijing China
| | - Yun Cui
- Department of Neuropathology; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; NCRC-ND; Center of Brain Tumor; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brian Tumor; Beijing China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Electron Microscopy; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; NCRC-ND; Center of Brain Tumor; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brian Tumor; Beijing China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Neuropathology; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; NCRC-ND; Center of Brain Tumor; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brian Tumor; Beijing China
| | - Jingyi Fang
- Department of Neuropathology; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; NCRC-ND; Center of Brain Tumor; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brian Tumor; Beijing China
| | - Shenglin Yue
- Department of Neuropathology; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; NCRC-ND; Center of Brain Tumor; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brian Tumor; Beijing China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neuropathology; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; NCRC-ND; Center of Brain Tumor; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brian Tumor; Beijing China
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Neuroimaging for the nonradiologist. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2015; 53:123-45. [PMID: 25551746 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Innervation of the brain, intracerebral Schwann cells and intracerebral and intraventricular schwannomas. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:815-24. [PMID: 24643709 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-014-2394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral vasculature and the choroid plexus are innervated by peripheral nerves. The anatomy of the vascular supply to the brain and its related perivascular nerves is reviewed. Intracerebral and intraventricular schwannomas most likely come from neoplastic transformation of Schwann cells investing the perivascular nerves and nerves within the choroid plexus.
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Mortazavi MM, Adeeb N, Griessenauer CJ, Sheikh H, Shahidi S, Tubbs RI, Tubbs RS. The ventricular system of the brain: a comprehensive review of its history, anatomy, histology, embryology, and surgical considerations. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:19-35. [PMID: 24240520 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cerebral ventricles have been recognized since ancient medical history. Their true function started to be realized more than a thousand years later. Their anatomy and function are extremely important in the neurosurgical panorama. METHODS The literature was searched for articles and textbooks of different topics related to the history, anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology and surgical considerations of the brain ventricles. CONCLUSION Herein, we summarize the literature about the cerebral ventricular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mortazavi
- Division of Neurological Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Salma A, Yeremeyeva E, Baidya NB, Sayers MP, Ammirati M. An endoscopic, cadaveric analysis of the roof of the fourth ventricle. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:710-4. [PMID: 23507044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We performed endoscopic dissections of the roof of the fourth ventricle in eight fresh human cadaveric heads to characterize the endoscopic anatomy of the roof of the fourth ventricle and the anatomical configuration of the structures forming its roof. We also made three-dimensional (3D) silicone casts of the fourth ventricle in seven formalin-fixed specimens to evaluate the 3D configuration of the structures that create the roof of the fourth ventricle. The roof of the fourth ventricle can be divided into three zones. The upper zone is formed by the superior cerebellar peduncle and superior medullary velum and is associated with the lingula. The middle zone is formed by the inferior cerebellar peduncles and inferior medullary velum and is associated with the nodule in the midline and with the peduncle of the flocculus. The lower zone is formed by the tela choroidea and is associated with the tonsils. The 3D shape of the roof the fourth ventricle resembles that of a rhomboid-based pyramid; the edges of the base represent the borders of the ventricle, and the apex is the cerebellar fastigium. The lateral recess is shaped like a triangular-based pyramid, with its base connected to the cavity of the fourth ventricle and its tip opening into the lateral cerebellomedullary cistern through the foramen of Luschka. Our results may help in the endoscopic exploration of and microsurgical approaches to the fourth ventricle through its roof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem Salma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University, N1025 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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The intracranial arachnoid mater : a comprehensive review of its history, anatomy, imaging, and pathology. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:17-33. [PMID: 22961357 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The arachnoid mater is a delicate and avascular layer that lies in direct contact with the dura and is separated from the pia mater by the cerebrospinal fluid-filled subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is divided into cisterns named according to surrounding brain structures. METHODS The medical literature on this meningeal layer was reviewed in regard to historical aspects, etymology, embryology, histology, and anatomy with special emphasis on the arachnoid cisterns. Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics are discussed along with a section devoted to arachnoid cysts. CONCLUSION Knowledge on the arachnoid mater and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics has evolved over time and is of great significance to the neurosurgeon in clinical practice.
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Bochdalek’s flower basket: applied neuroimaging morphometry and variants of choroid plexus in the cerebellopontine angles. Neuroradiology 2012; 54:1341-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-012-1065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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